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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Efficacy of two formulations ('injectable' and 'pour on') of moxidectin against gastrointestinal nematode infections in grazing cattle.

The efficacy of moxidectin, 'injectable' and 'pour on', against gastrointestinal nematodes was determined in cattle in two separate field trials (Trial I in 1990 and Trial II in 1991) with respectively 88 and 94 young grazing cattle of either sex. The efficacy was measured on the basis of the reduction of the egg output and of the evaluation of the results from larval differentiation. Animals in Group MI received 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight (b.w.) moxidectin injectable solution in Trial I on Day 0. Group CI was not given any medication on Day 0, but 0.2 mg kg-1 b.w. ivermectin injectable solution (Ivomec) was applied after 2 weeks to prevent clinical disease. In Trial II, animals in Group MP were treated with pour on moxidectin (0.5 mg kg-1 b.w.) on Day 0. Animals in Group CP serving as controls for Group MP during the first part of the trial received the same formulation at the same dose 2 weeks after treatment of Group MP. When the egg output was compared within treated groups, the egg count reduction was very similar post treatment (p.t.) with both formulations being 96.3% and 96.6% on Day 7 after the application of injectable moxidectin or pour on moxidectin, respectively, and 90.7% and 92.5% on Day 28 p.t. When egg counts of treated and control animals were compared (corrected for the e.p.g. values before treatment) the egg count reduction was 95.4% and 91.5% on Day 7 and 92.9% and 84.8% on Day 14 p.t. with either the injectable or pour on formulation. Pour on moxidectin seemed to be more effective against Ostertagia spp. than against Cooperia spp. Animals treated with injectable moxidectin gained significantly more body weight (4.2 kg per animal) than the controls from Day -7 to Day +14, while no significant difference in weight gain was achieved within 2 weeks after treatment with pour on moxidectin.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Advances of the past decade in automated hematology.

During the decade of the 1980s, a wealth of information accumulated concerning automation in hematology. Recent technological advances led the way to the development of blood cell analyzers capable of performing a ten-parameter (or greater) complete blood count and five-parameter (or greater) differential leukocyte count on a small amount of whole blood and in an accurate, efficient, and economical way. The authors summarize the available information concerning the data generated by these analyzers, the mechanisms involved in the data generation, and the clinical applications and usefulness or limitations of the so-called new complete blood count parameters and of the automated differential as it compares with the manual differential.

Automation↗
PubMed1996

Potential advantages in therapeutic index of OK-432 ointment to abdominal skin over systemic applied in a mouse model.

A mixture of OK-432 powder and an ointment base, lanolin, was applied to mouse abdominal skin. After application of the mixture of 5 KE OK-432 and 0.2g lanolin, the leucocyte count and IL-b content in the abdominal cavity increases to up to 3.6 x 10(6) cells and 1.4 ng, respectively. INF-gamma content in the cavity after application of a mixture of 10 KE OK-432 and 0.2 g lanolin also increases, although not after application of the 5 KE OH-432 mixture of dorsum subcutaneous injection of a saline solution of 5 KE OK-432. These results indicate that an application of OK-432 mixed in lanolin to the mouse abdomen is able to exert an influence on the immunomodulatory effect in the abdominal cavity. The concentrations of IL-6 in serum after applying the ointment mixture, and subcutaneous of intraperitoneal injection of the saline solution of 5 KE OK-432, were <20, 370, and 430 pg/ml, respectively. After application of the ointment mixture of 5 KE OK-432, serum IL-6 did not increase. IL-6 levels in the abdominal cavity after 5 KE OK-432 ointment of subcutaneous injection increases to up to 1.4 and 2.1 ng/cavity. From these results, the immunomodulatory systemic response of OK-432 brought about by applying OK-432 ointment to the abdominal skin is lower than that brought about by injecting OK-432 subcutaneously. Therefore, it is thought that application of OK-432 ointment might be most suitable for potentiating local immune response.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2006

A score test for zero-inflation in correlated count data.

To account for the preponderance of zero counts and simultaneous correlation of observations, a class of zero-inflated Poisson mixed regression models is applicable for accommodating the within-cluster dependence. In this paper, a score test for zero-inflation is developed for assessing correlated count data with excess zeros. The sampling distribution and the power of the test statistic are evaluated by simulation studies. The results show that the test statistic performs satisfactorily under a wide range of conditions. The test procedure is further illustrated using a data set on recurrent urinary tract infections.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Individual timing of blood counts in G-CSF prophylaxis after myelosuppressive chemotherapy reduces G-CSF injections, blood counts, and costs: a prospective randomized study in children and adolescents.

In children and adolescents, prophylactic application of G-CSF after myelosuppressive chemotherapy reduces the duration of neutropenia, of hospitalization, and of parenteral antibiotic treatment. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and solid tumors, G-CSF support allows dose intensification of chemotherapy. On the other hand, each G-CSF injection causes pain and costs. We set up the hypothesis that besides strategies as restricted indications, delayed start, lower doses, and stringent rules for discontinuation, individualized timing of blood count might optimize G-CSF prophylaxis. We randomized 64 cycles of G-CSF prophylaxis in eight children and adolescents being treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or solid tumors to standard twice a week or to individually timed blood counts. Primary study endpoints were the numbers of G-CSF doses and of blood counts, and the total costs of G-CSF support. Per cycle, individual timing of blood count resulted in a median of one G-CSF injection fewer [estimated population median (EPM) 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-2.20] and one blood count fewer (EPM 1.00, 95% CI 0.74-1.33). The total costs of G-CSF support and of blood counts were thereby reduced by a median of US $ 152 per cycle (EPM 191, 95% CI 97-318). The results of this study suggest that individual timing of blood counts during prophylactic G-CSF support in children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy for malignant disease can significantly reduce the number of injections and blood counts performed, thus resulting in less pain and lower costs. These findings need confirmation in a larger randomized trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Spectrophotometric method applicable to in vitro studies of Heinz body formation in erythrocytes.

A simple quantitative procedure is described for the estimation of Heinz body formation in erythrocytes, based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the amount of crystal violet absorbed by precipitated Heinz bodies. Good correlation is shown between this method and the counting of Heinz body-containing erythrocytes in a microscopical preparation. This technique is particularly applicable to in vitro studies of the comparative effects produced in the erythrocyte by oxidant agents.

Erythrocyte Count↗
PubMed1993

To dry or not to dry? An assessment of the possible degradation in efficiency of preoperative skin preparation caused by wiping skin dry.

A controlled study of the effects of wiping skin dry after application of aqueous povidone-iodine was carried out in 24 subjects. There was no significant difference in the reduction from baseline counts of skin flora at 5, 30, 60 and 120 min between wiping the agent off after 30 s of application and leaving it to dry. It would appear that wiping skin dry that has been prepared for operation with this solution in order to allow application of adhesive drapes is a bacteriologically safe practice.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1975

[A practical method of numerical evaluation applicable to miniaturized technics of plaque assay].

When one wishes to titrate viruses by counting the number of infective foci on small surfaces of observation, one is rapidly limited by confluences which render counting impossible. Between the use of an all or nothing system which is not accurate and a total field of count, often impossible, there is an intermediate method already described and studied by Tippett, which is very little used in practice. We have performed the calculations again, drawn up reference values and given rules for choice of the field. Two examples show their practical use.

Herpesviridae↗
PubMed1992

Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the reticulocyte population of rabbits.

The effects of repeated applications of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO, epoetin beta, Recormon, CAS 122312-54-3) on the reticulocyte count and the reticulocyte maturation distribution of rabbits were investigated using the automated reticulocyte analysis system Sysmex R-1000. Therefore, 150, 300, and 600 IU rhEPO per animal were injected 3 times in intervals of 5-6 weeks. The strongest reaction was found on the second day after application of rhEPO with respect to maturation distribution characterized by the distribution quotient (DQ) and on the fourth day with respect to reticulocyte count. At this time these parameters showed a distinct dose dependence (p < 0.001). The effect of rhEPO on the erythropoietic system in the same rabbit population could be repeated. Thus, immunological neutralization of rhEPO did not take place in rabbits in response to a 3-fold application. The results indicate a potential basis for a simple bioassay in order to determine rhEPO activity in normocythemic rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical application of gated SPECT imaging to regional function assessment: current status and limitations].

It is likely that clinical applications of ECG-gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are established in nuclear cardiology practice because of the improved diagnostic accuracy of gated SPECT imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease and because this technique enables not only simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion and function but also improvement of risk stratification of coronary patients. Although a gated approach with SPECT imaging has been demonstrated to have high reproducibility and reliability for quantifying global function, there are several limitations in appropriate processing of 4-dimensional data for quantitative assessment of regional function. Even if limited spatial and temporal resolutions and a lack of attenuation and scatter corrections are disregarded, sufficient data collection, image-quality control, and precise application of algorithms to gated SPECT data are prerequisite. The results of several kinds of quantitative analysis of regional cardiac function, such as regional wall motion (distance deviation of the inner myocardial border), regional ejection fraction, percent wall thickening, and percent count increase with or without self-normalization have been reported. Further clinical application of quantitative regional function assessment by a gated SPECT technique, however, requires standardization of data acquisition, data analysis, and data presentation with appropriate quantitative parameters; production of a standard map using quantitative values; and validation study by comparison with results of visual analysis and other modalities in a large-scale patient population.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Effects of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and ATP secretion.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hypertonic (NaCl 7.5%) hydroxyethyl starch (HES 6%, molecular weight 200,000) (HHES) as used for small-volume resuscitation on global coagulation parameters and platelet function. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Intraoperative volume loading after induction of general anesthesia. PATIENTS: 27 consecutive patients [mean age 59 (22-76) years, mean body weight 69.8 (46-98) kg] undergoing abdominal surgery were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Global coagulation tests (aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: prothrombin time; platelet count; thrombelastography: TEG), platelet aggregation and ATP release were measured before and 10 min after the application of 4 ml.kg-1 of HHES (study group H, n = 14) or HES (control group C, n = 13). RESULTS: The aPTT was prolonged and platelet count was significantly reduced in both study groups. In contrast to the HES group, clot formation time in the TEG was significantly prolonged and the maximum amplitude was reduced in the HHES group. Furthermore, platelet aggregation was significantly slowed down, whereas ATP release significantly increased in the HHES group. CONCLUSION: The changes in global coagulation parameters can be explained by dilutional effects of the infused solution. The hyperosmolar saline compound of the HHES solution obviously contributes to the slowing down of platelet aggregation. Osmotic stress and membrane pleating may aggravate HES-induced changes in membrane fluidity and microviscosity and thus explain this impaired interaction. The increase in ATP release suggests a change in receptor-second messenger interaction for delta granule release.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of a one-step iodophor skin preparation versus traditional preparation in total joint surgery.

The purpose of this study was to compare a traditional two-step method of preoperative skin preparation using aqueous iodophors with a one-step method using an iodophor-in-alcohol solution. Sixty patients having clean total joint surgery were randomly divided into two preoperative skin preparation groups (30 in each). In one group, the skin was prepared with a traditional five-minute aqueous iodophor scrub followed by the application of an aqueous iodophor solution as a paint. In the other group, the skin was prepared with a one-step application of a water-insoluble iodophor-in-alcohol solution applied as a paint. Bacterial colony counts were made by sampling the incision area with culture plates before skin preparation and just prior to wound closure. The one-step application of a water-insoluble iodophor-in-alcohol solution was equally as effective as the traditional scrub-and-paint preparation in reducing the number of bacteria about the operative site. The water-insoluble preparation also resulted in significantly improved drape adhesion as compared to the standard scrub-and-paint procedure. The one-step water-insoluble iodophor-in-alcohol solution fulfills the requirements for an operative site skin preparation and significantly improves drape adhesion. It is more convenient, easier to apply, less time consuming, and potentially less expensive than the traditional scrub-and-paint method.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is ultraviolet radiation on haemodialysis RO water beneficial?

The quality of dialysis fluids has become increasingly important in the treatment of HD patients. Purified water represents over 95% of its volume. Bacterial and endotoxin content of Reverse Osmosis (RO) water is usually kept under control by bacterial filters, inserted in the distribution departure loop, and by monthly disinfection of the distribution circuit; the simpler the circuit, the better. This paper reports 12 years experience during which Ultraviolet Irradiation (UV) has replaced bacterial filters. To keep the bacterial growth under control in a complex RO water circuit (including a tank and multiple loops) a simple UV lamp was inserted in the departure line. It proved sufficient to keep bacterial count within AAMI norms. Failure of the UV lamp was associated with a rise of up to 500 cfu/ml in the last (fourth week) before routine disinfection. Normal levels were again obtained after replacement of the UV lamp. Six years later, a second UV lamp was added on the return loop. Bacterial counts and endotoxin levels in RO water promptly fell to <1 cfu/ml and <0.125 EU, till today. It is concluded that UV lamps should be favoured over bacterial filters in systems that are not disinfected daily, such as the RO water circuit. The principle of UV irradiation is explained and its advantage over bacterial filters is discussed. Future possible applications of UV are presented.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2005

Reduced gravity evaluation of potential spaceflight-compatible flow cytometer technology.

BACKGROUND: The presence of a spaceflight-compatible flow cytometer onboard the International Space Station would be extremely beneficial for in-flight medicine and reduced gravity research. In the past, commercially available flow cytometers were not suitable for use during spaceflight due to their size, weight, power, and sheath fluid requirements. Recent advances in cytometer technology have enabled features that now make a spaceflight-compatible cytometer possible. We evaluated a small, robust novel cytometer with design features that minimize or eliminate many incompatibilities with spaceflight. This cytometer is highly miniaturized and lightweight, does not require sheath fluid, and uses a low-energy diode laser. The ability to achieve laminar particle flow without sheath fluid is important because an instrument using large liquid volumes and producing an equivalent amount of hazardous liquid waste would not meet spaceflight constraints. METHODS: For this study the cytometer was modified so that stained liquid cell samples could be delivered during reduced gravity. The cytometer was then evaluated onboard the NASA KC-135 reduced gravity research aircraft. The KC-135 uses a parabolic flight path to generate essentially zero gravity conditions for 30-s increments. Typically 40 parabolas are flown per mission, resulting in approximately 20 min of reduced gravity during which research may be performed. During this evaluation, bead-based cytometer precision, photomultiplier tube linearity, and leukocyte immunophenotype analysis were performed during reduced gravity. The flight data were then compared with ground-based control data and data generated using a reference cytometer (Beckman-Coulter XL). RESULTS: This novel cytometer functioned well during reduced gravity and produced data comparable to those of ground-based controls with only minor caveats. The reduced gravity cell immunophenotype data were indistinguishable from ground control data and reference cytometric data. Bead-based instrument precision (coefficient of variation) was slightly increased during reduced gravity operation, but not to a degree that would affect most common flow cytometric applications. The ability of the instrument to collect absolute cell counts was validated. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first generation of real-time flow cytometry data during zero gravity. With modifications, the evaluated cytometer technology could be the basis from which an operational spaceflight-compatible flow cytometer is developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Surgery of brain neoplasms using 32-P tumour marker.

In a series of 60 patients 62 intraoperative measurements with the 32-P (radiophosphorus) tumour marker were performed. Using miniature semiconductor probes a reliable discrimination between normal brain and neoplastic tissue was possible in nearly all brain tumours. The best results were found in meningiomas, where even small, visually hardly discernible tumour resides within the matrix zone could be reliably detected. Only in low-grade gliomas the application of the 32-P marker was impossible due to count rates similar to or below the basic rates of normal brain. This simple to use, non-invasive method proved its usefulness in all situations where a local radical tumour removal was important.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Anti-staphylococcal effect of enterocin in Sunar and yogurt.

Enterocin was used to control the growth of Staphylococcus aureus strains SA1 and Oxford 209P in Sunar (milk nourishment for suckling babies) and during the yogurt-making process. Reduction by three orders of magnitude was noted in the growth of SA1 strain in Sunar milk nourishment between the enterocin-containing (ES) and the control samples (CS) at 1-d cultivation. An inhibitory effect of enterocin was observed when surviving of SA1 cells were checked 6 h after the start of cultivation (2 h after enterocin application; enterocin was applied after 4 h). Decrease in the count of Oxford 209P strain in yogurt was detected in ES after 1 d of storage in comparison with CS (10(3) and 10(0) CFU mL-1 g-1). Thus a decrease by three orders of magnitude was found between ES and CS at the time mentioned. On the other hand, no bacteriocin activity was detected in ES after 1 d. Activity was detected only immediately after enterocin addition to ES (400 AU/mL) as well as after 1 and 3 1/2 h (200 AU/mL). Although the slight regrowth of the indicator was obtained up to 1 week of yogurt storage, the difference between ES and CS persisted. The lowest pH of the final yogurt product was noted in the reference yogurt sample but differences among the pH values of yogurt samples were not significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Intralaboratory validation of alternative endpoints in the murine local lymph node assay for the identification of contact allergic potential: primary ear skin irritation and ear-draining lymph node hyperplasia induced by topical chemicals.

We validated a two-tiered murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) with a panel of standard contact (photo)allergens and (photo)irritants with the aim of improving the discrimination between contact (photo) allergenic potential and true skin (photo)irritation potential. We determined ear weights to correlate chemical-induced skin irritation with the ear-draining lymph node (LN) activation potential. During tier I LLNAs, a wide range of concentrations were applied on three consecutive days to the dorsum of both ears. Mice were exposed to UVA light immediately after topical application to determine the photoreactive potential of some test chemicals. Mice were killed 24 h after the last application to determine ear and LN weights and LN cell counts. It was possible to classify the tested chemicals into three groups according to their threshold concentrations for LN activation and skin irritation: (1) chemicals with a low LN activation potential and no or very low skin irritation potential; (2) chemicals with a marked LN activation potential higher than a distinct skin irritation potential; and (3) chemicals with LN activation potential equal to or lower than their skin irritation potential. Group 1 consisted only of contact allergens, indicating that LN activation in the absence of skin irritation points to a contact allergenic activity. Since groups 2 and 3 comprised irritants and contact allergens, a tier II LLNA protocol was used to finally differentiate between true irritants and contact allergens. Briefly, mice were pretreated with mildly to moderately irritating concentrations of the chemical to the shaved back and after 12 days were challenged on the ears as described above in order to elicit a contact allergenic response in the ear skin and the ear-draining LN. With this approach, tier II LLNAs have to be conducted only in cases for which skin irritation potential is in the range of LN activation potential and no structure-activity relationship data indicating a contact allergenic hazard are available.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

Development of a rapid pH-based biosensor to monitor and control the hygienic quality of reclaimed domestic wastewater.

The re-use of treated domestic wastewater necessitates a rigorous control and rapid monitoring of the hygienic quality of the reclaimed water. For this purpose, a new pH-based biosensor was developed. The essence of the methodology of the sensor is the monitoring of the acidification due to bacterial metabolism of added glucose. To improve the sensitivity, the alkalinity of the water sample is reduced prior to monitoring the acidification. This is done by stripping CO2 at a neutral or acidic pH value. The hygienic aspect of the sensor lies in the applied temperature (37 degrees C) and the use of N2 as decarbonizing gas, thus creating conditions favorable for enteric bacteria. The developed sensor could be used onsite at an advanced stage of treatment, as an endpoint or intake quality control device. For both applications, a useful correlation was obtained between log total plate count and lag time or acidification rate, respectively. Absolute detection limits lay in the ranges of either 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml in 6 h (endpoint quality control), or less than 10(5) CFU/ml in 1 h (intake quality control).

Biosensing Techniques↗