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PubMed1987

[The flight of dipterans from cat feces and its possible hygienic significance].

Cat faeces can contain pathogens of zoonoses (viroses, bacterioses and protozooses) and stages of parasites (e.g. helminths) which can be spread potentially by Diptera. In reference to this: Remarks on the cat faeces. Spots of defecation of cats in different biotopes of the open land and in buildings. Conditions for the visit of Diptera to cat faeces. List of the 187 species of Diptera of 27 families discovered on cat faeces. Relation of the number of species being vectors found on faeces of cats to the entire number of species found on faeces produced by different carnivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous animals. 84.8% of the dipteran species ascertained on food and folder were also found on the faeces of cats, a remarkable hygienic result, perhaps caused by the composition of the dipteran fauna in the vicinity of traps. Remarks on the species of Diptera on faeces of cats which are vectors of diseases. Cat keeping and hygiene in buildings. Unhygienic and mass keeping of cats (e.g. breedings, laboratory keeping, animal-homes, zoos) may be a potential starting point for the attack of food and fodder by Diptera contaminated but also localities for the transmission of such diseases.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Seroepidemiologic studies on reovirus infections of man, domestic and wild animals in Tanzania (author's transl)].

2238 sera of bovines, 95 of goats, 251 of antelopes (various species), 143 of zebras and 11 of warthogs collected in Tanzania as well as 811 sera of men and females of the city and the region of Dar es Salaam were tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (Ab) to reovirus serotypes (St) 1, 2 and 3. Ab to St 1 resp. 2 could be detected in 24--39% of bovines, goats, antelopes and zebras, and in warthogs to 64%. In human beings the positive percentage was 60%. Ab to St 3 were most prevalent: Sera of domestic animals were positive in 70--84%, of wild animals in 77--100% and of the human population in 91%. These figures include the occurrence of Ab to one St alone as well as to more than one St. A further analysis showed, that Ab to St 3 are definitely dominant especially in sera of animals, whereas the simultaneous occurrence of Ab to all 3 St was more frequently observed in sera of human beings. Other Ab-type combinations were apparently of far less importance. It seems to be significant that the highest infection rate was found in humans (except zebras and warthogs) and that their contact to animals did not result in a higher Ab conversion rate as without such a possibility. The results were discussed under seroepidemiologic aspects and it is concluded that reovirus infections are facultative viral zoonoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Arvicola terrestris (L.), the first rodent found naturally infested with Echinosoccus multilocularis, Leuckart, 1863, in France].

One of 400 A. terrestris trapped in the east of France (Jura and Alpes), contained a hepatic hydatid characteristic of the species E. multilocularis. 1 296 other Rodents, belonging to 11 species had been previously screened unsuccessfully. This positive result and the close resemblance between the distribution of the human cases of the disease and the areas of maximum proliferation of A. terrestris suggests that this species can play an important role in the persistence and geographic localisation of the zoonose.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Wider aspects of veterinary public health.

The field of public health work covered by the Veterinary Branch of the Johannesburg City Health Department is described. This comprises meat hygiene, milk hygiene and the investigation of zoonoses. Meat hygiene embraces hygienic control of wholesale meat premises and inspection of meat imported into the municipal area. Results of the bacterial monitoring of premises and the mass of meat inspected and condemned are given. Inspection of dairy herds, diseases monitored by laboratory tests and other aspects of milk hygiene are discussed. Zoonosis control includes the investigation of unusual animal behaviour and mortality. In carrying out this work the Branch co-operates closely with the Laboratory and Technical Services and Environmental Health Branches of the City Health Department.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Identification of the problems: proceedings of the WHO Expert Consultation on Some Veterinary Public Health Problems.

The growing development of intensive large-scale animal production units has become an essential and unavoidable trend in both the socialist and non-socialist agro-industries. This in turn has led to an increase in the risks to human and animal health because of the unique characteristics of these units. From the public health point of view surveillance should focus on four major areas: 1) the zoonoses; 2) chemical residues; 3) environmental pollution; 4) occupational diseases. The paper elaborates on these points and discusses practical action to be taken at the planning level to minimize the health risks.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1978

Health risks associated with animals in different types of urban areas: present status and new ecological conditions due to urbanization.

For different reasons urban areas are colonized by numerous animal groups. From the aspect of the incidence of zoonoses the following animal groups are primarily significant: 1) food-producing animals; 2) pets; 3) synanthropic mammals; 4) synanthropic birds; 5) synanthropic arthropods. Certain species live in central parts of urban areas which the A. attempts to classify, and particularly in suburban areas which serve for recreation of town inhabitants. From the aspect of the occurrence of different animal species the A. points out the significance of various parts of urban agglomerations.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1995

The simian herpesviruses.

Increased use of monkeys in biomedical research has led to an intensified awareness of potential dangers posed by zoonotic infections. Zoonoses have an impact not only upon human health and safety but also upon continued availability of nonhuman primate resources for the biomedical community. Neurotropic herpesviruses indigenous to primates are significant owing to their potential for causing severe or fatal infections when transmitted between human and nonhuman primates or between different species of monkeys. Although the macaque herpesvirus (B virus) is known to many investigators, other simian herpesviruses have remained relatively obscure in spite of reports of disease-causing potential. In this review we summarize what is known about the natural history and pathogenic potential of simian alpha-herpesviruses. Recent research into the molecular biology of this group of viruses is also reviewed, and recent advances toward development of diagnostic tests based on these data are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The capacity of dogs to serve as reservoirs for gastrointestinal disease in children.

A total of 40 Canine faecal specimens were collected from 10 different halting sites in the Dublin area. Specimens were taken from the site surface. The sites were determined by laboratory confirmed gastroenteritis infections reported in children. Each stool specimen was primarily examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium but was also analysed for the presence of bacterial enteropathogens. The occurrence of canine zoonoses was not established, however the 40% prevalence of Giardia coupled with the 30% prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens on these sites support the supposition that dogs are a potential source of gastroenteritis infections in children within the travelling community. The potential dangers of zoonotic transmission as demonstrated by this survey must be acknowledged.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Animal health, food quality and consumer protection as a unit--introduction to a topic].

As a consequence of widely spread latent infections, animal health and the necessary examination of livestock have become an indispensable level of quality assurance. While so far, legislation in epizootics did not provide for a control of latent infections with an inapparent clinical course, the EC Directive on Zoonoses which has come into force in 1993 requires such an approach for the first time. As a consequence of the further increase in the number of cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, veterinary medicine and agriculture have been compelled to join forces and institute control measures aimed at rendering stocks most of which are maintained under conditions of intensive keeping free from defined agents of zoonotic diseases. This approached requires four levels of action, i. e. a suitable diagnosis, a creation of healthy stocks, the use of suitable immunoprophylactic methods and a safeguarding of the hygienic status achieved. With the aid of methods of genetic engineering, several research groups try to create the necessary conditions for doing so. They take account of the established knowledge that the necessary consumer protection cannot be afforded any longer because the performance of ante-mortem and post-mortem examination of meat animals is a limited one, unless three limits of quality assurance are adopted, i. e. examination at the farm of origin, ante-mortem and post-mortem examination of meat animals and control of food establishments and foods.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Quarantine to be abolished for dogs and cats. New regulations for import of pets from EU/EFTA countries].

Owing to its natural geographical borders and strict import restrictions, Sweden has remained free from rabies since 1886. New regulations are to come into force on May 1st, 1994, permitting pet dogs and cats from EU-EFTA countries to enter Sweden without quarantine, but only after vaccination against rabies and subsequent antibody titre control. Dogs should be at least three months old before vaccination, and cats 14 months old. Antibody titres are to be tested no earlier than four months after vaccination, though in cases of re-vaccination they may be checked already after one month for dogs and after four months for cats. The rabies antibody titre should be at least 0.5 IU to permit entry of the animal into Sweden. The owner will be required to show a Swedish import permit at customs, and some means of identifying the animal will be necessary--e.g., a tattoo in the ear. Other zoonoses could also be introduced into the country by imported animals, the most feared being echinococcosis and leptospirosis. The new regulations stipulate that, in addition to being vaccinated against canine distemper, dogs should also have been vaccinated against leptospirosis less than 12 months before entry in Sweden. This does not apply to cats, but both dogs and cats should have been dewormed less than ten days before entry or re-entry into Sweden. Although the new system should effectively prevent the introduction of rabies into Sweden, an increased demand by the public for information and advice is expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Salmonellae and consumer health protection].

To a major extent, the dramatic increase of food-transmitted infections caused by Salmonella is due to latent Salmonella infections in animal stocks. At the moment, a uniform clone of the phage type 4 of Salmonella enteritidis is mainly responsible. It causes illness through eggs or egg-containing food. Control of salmonellosis is made more difficult by the fact that, apart from affecting animal stocks, it has now contaminated the environment including feed stuffs. In addition, secondary contamination, occurring during both food production and processing, is a constant threat to public health. The most important aim must be the creation of Salmonella-free animal stocks by carrying out regular hygiene control and vaccination programmes and implementing immune-prophylactic measures. Because of the EC Zoonoses Guideline, redevelopment efforts will have to concentrate in the first place on poultry stocks. It is expected from the EC Egg Regulation, in force since May 1993, that it will drastically diminish the risk of infection from the final product. This paper discusses the most recent registration statistics and inspection results regarding food, animal stocks, faeces, sewage, feedstuff and soil samples. Furthermore, epidemiological facts as well as ways and causes of infection are described. Finally, the author gives recommendations for the fight against salmonellosis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[Leptospirosis (author's transl)].

Leptospirosis is one of the most widely distributed zoonoses. Dogs are the pets in which leptospirosis is most common. The use of diagnostic laboratory procedures is discussed. During the first seven days of the disease, leptospires may be detected in the blood and organs; after the seventh day, they are detectable in the kidney and possibly also in the urine. Examination of the serum for antibodies is possible after the first week of the disease. A clinical diagnosis is often hard to establish. Unlike what used to be the case, infections with L. icterohaemorrhagiae are more common today than those with L. canicola. Infections are more common in male dogs than they are in bitches. In addition to antibiotic therapy, preferably consisting in administration of penicillin and streptomycin, symptomatic treatment is useful. Vaccination should be performed in the spring. Dog are probably of minor importance as a source of human infection in the Netherlands.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Means for optimizing epizootiological research and territorial disease eradication].

The authors emphasize the usefulness of parallel studies, based on monitoring the most important components of the parasitic systems of several nosologic forms, co-inhabiting the studied territories. Such studies will improve the informative value of the data and reveal the common regularities in the development of sympatric foci of zoonoses. The knowledge of such regularities will help develop ecologically safe methods for regulation of the foci and sanitization of the territory.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[The veterinarian acting in behalf of poultry production and public health (author's transl)].

It is anticipated that the consumption of meat will eventually show a marked decrease for reasons of scarcity, economic and ethics. This will be made possible by developments in protein technology, For the time being, poultry production can still be expected to expand, particularly in developing countries. Veterinary supervision of the production and processing of poultry is of importance for two reasons: (1) control of quality for the consumers; (2) control of diseases of poultry for the producers. A number of zoonoses in poultry are briefly reviewed. As a rule, they do not constitute a serious hazard to man but they also cannot be posibility ruled out by inspection. Veterinary inspection of poultry has a more general hygienic significance. A number of European regulations are discussed. More effective antemortem inspection, truly equal application of regulations in all EEC countries and adequate education of consumers regarding hygienic handling of poultry products in the household are advocated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Patterns and predictability in emerging infections.

Many seemingly novel infections have a long history as zoonoses, and perhaps in sporadic human hosts; they gain access to new host populations through ecologic changes and human activity. identification of patterns in the emergence of such illnesses--ranging from influenza and Lyme disease to Ebola fever and AIDS--suggests that worldwide surveillance may be more feasible than once thought.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

Accidental injuries associated with nonhuman primate exposure at two regional primate research centers (USA): 1988-1993.

Although occupationally acquired zoonoses of nonhuman primates have been well documented, the epidemiology of work-related injuries associated with occupational exposure to nonhuman primates has not been studied. To investigate such injuries, we retrospectively reviewed injury records at one regional primate research center and distributed a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire to at-risk personnel at two centers. Records of bite, animal-inflicted scratch, needlestick, cut, and mucous membrane exposure injuries were reviewed at one center for the 5-year period 1988 to 1993 to determine incidence and frequency of injuries and to identify possible risk factors. A total of 261 injuries were reported during this period, with an annual incidence for all injuries combined ranging from 43.5 to 65.5 injuries per 100,000 person workdays (pwd) at risk. For specific injuries the highest incidence was observed for animal-inflicted scratches and bites, with a rate of 82 and 81 per 100,000 pwd respectively. The job category Veterinary Resident was found to have the highest incidence for needlestick injuries (547 per 100,000 pwd), scratches (239 per 100,000 pwd), and cuts (171 per 100,000 pwd). The highest rates for bites were observed in the job categories Animal Health Technician and Animal Technician, with 171 and 150 per 100,000 pwd respectively; the category Staff Veterinarian had the highest rate of mucous membrane exposures (71 per 100,000 pwd). The frequency of all injuries was greatest in personnel employed < or = 2 years. Questionnaire responses indicated that having > 20 h per week of contact with nonhuman primates or contact with more than 50 nonhuman primates per week was associated with a significantly increased risk of bites, animal-inflicted scratches, needlesticks, and mucous membrane exposures. In addition, data analysis indicated that under-reporting of work-related injuries was high; 59% of scratches, 50% of mucous membrane exposures, 45% of cuts, 37% of bites, and 20% of needlestick injuries went unreported. Results of this study identify job categories with a high incidence of specific injuries, for which additional targeted training and prevention programs may be beneficial, as well as providing quantitative baseline data for evaluating the effectiveness of any new safety programs or practices.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1996

[Infectious pathology of Canidae and Felidae in zoological parks].

The Canidae (36 species) and Felidae (34-37 species) are two families of carnivores represented by numerous exotic species in zoos or wildlife reserves. To some extent, the diseases of these species are similar to those of dogs and cats, and are therefore relatively well known. However, there are differences in sensitivity to infectious agents, treatments and vaccines. Canidae and Felidae may also act as carriers or even vectors of zoonoses, such as leptospirosis, rabies, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis. Due to their behaviour patterns and morphological adaptations, these species are capable of transmitting various opportunistic infections by biting or scratching. These characteristics mean that Canidae and Felidae are difficult to keep in captivity, and require special health precautions, particularly protection from contact with stray carnivores.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The role of the National Institute of Public Health in the field of infections with natural focality.

In the post-war period the National Institute of Public Health, later Institutes of Epidemiology and Microbiology, headed by K. Raska, ranked among famous laboratories in the world due to its priority findings and original results. Research results of the Institute stimulated further research not only in Czechoslovakia but also abroad, in laboratories of Europe and America. The authors emphasize the significance of certain results in the epidemiology and ecology of infections characterized by natural focality. In the first place they discuss the isolation of TBE in 1948 and 1949 by Gallia et al., and the study of the role of birds and bats as hosts of TBE. Significant for the recognition of zoonotic influenza viruses are papers by Tůmová, and as regards rabies in rodents the studies of Sodja et al. The institute paid attention to the introduction of Coxiella burnetii into the north-west of Bohemia. The institute's activities in the study of tularaemia, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and toxoplasmosis are also described. Raska's concept of epidemiological surveillance in the prevention of zoonoses with natural focality was fully enforced by workers of the institute. Many results of the Institute have been adopted by the WHO; it was demonstrated that it is possible by appropriate methods not only to detect human diseases in places where they are known but also to discover them in nature extensively altered by man.

Academies and Institutes↗