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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Prevalence of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in tribal and non-tribal populations of the Ashti and Karanja tahsils in Wardha district, Maharashtra State, India.

SETTING: Ashti and Karanja tahsils, Wardha district, Maharashtra State, Central India. OBJECTIVE: To find and compare the prevalence of bacillary positive pulmonary tuberculosis amongst the different tribes and in the non-tribal population. DESIGN: Prevalence study of pulmonary tuberculosis by house-to-house survey of symptoms among tribal (n = 20596) and non-tribal (n = 93 670) populations aged 5 years and over, between September 1989 and November 1990. RESULTS: The prevalence of smear and/or culture-positive tuberculosis/100000 population was 133 in the tribal and 144 in the non-tribal population. The difference in prevalence of symptomatic individuals and sputum-positive cases among the tribal and the non-tribal populations was statistically significant only in the symptomatic individuals/100000 (P = 0.01). The prevalence of cases in both groups was higher in males than females; however this difference was significant only in the tribal group (P = 0.05). Only two of the 46 tribes encountered, the Mana and Pawara tribes, showed a high prevalence, of 730 and 612/100000, respectively. The three other tribes with positive cases (the Gond group) had prevalences comparable to that of the nontribal population. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tuberculosis in tribal people was comparable to that of the non-tribal population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The poisons and narcotics of the Amazonian Indians.

The indigenous tribes of the Amazonian rainforest have discovered a vast array of poisons and narcotics from the plant species which surround them. Examples are given from the author's personal experience of a variety of arrow poisons, fish poisons and narcotics used by six different tribes. There is a great variety of different plant species used for each category and no two tribes studied employ exactly the same array of plant species. This makes it important to survey a wide range of tribes and to document this information before it is too late as these people are fast losing their traditional culture. Several of the substances used by Amazonian Indians, such as curare and coca, have entered into western medicine and others such as rotenone, an ingredient of their fish poison, has become a useful insecticide. Further useful chemicals are likely to be discovered from ethnobotanical work among indigenous peoples and it is vital that any commercial gain from their knowledge be of direct benefit to these people in accordance with the rules of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Brazil↗
PubMed2000

Combined phylogenetic analysis in the Rubiaceae-Ixoroideae: morphology, nuclear and chloroplast DNA data.

Parsimony analyses of morphology, restriction sites of the cpDNA, sequences from the nuclear, ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the chloroplast gene rbcL were performed to asses tribal and generic relationships in the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). The tribes Vanguerieae and Alberteae (Antirheoideae) are clearly part of Ixoroideae, as are some Cinchonoideae taxa. Pavetteae should exclude Ixora and allies, which should be recognized as the tribe Ixoreae. Heinsenia, representing Aulacocalyceae, is part of Gardenieae, as is Duperrea, a genus earlier placed in Pavetteae. Posoqueria and Bertiera and the taxa in the subtribe Diplosporinae should be excluded from Gardenieae. Bertiera and three Diplosporinae taxa are part of Coffeeae, while Cremaspora (Diplosporinae) is best housed in a tribe of its own, Cremasporeae. The mangrove genus Scyphiphora, recently placed in Diplosporinae, is closer to Ixoreae and tentatively included there. The combined analysis resulted in higher resolution compared to the separate analyses, exemplifying that combined analyses can remedy the incapability of one data set to resolve portions of a phylogeny. Twenty-four new rbcL sequences representing all five Ixoroideae tribes (sensu Robbrecht) are presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Tribal delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of Loteae and Coronilleae (Faboideae: Fabaceae) with special reference to Lotus: evidence from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences.

The temperate herbaceous tribes Loteae and Coronilleae have traditionally been regarded as taxonomically distinct entities. More recent morphological assessments, however, have challenged this view and suggest combining the two tribes under Loteae. Two key features used to distinguish the Coronilleae from Loteae include jointed fruits and branched root nodules. We evaluate the taxonomic utility of these characters using information derived from phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 + 2, and the intervening 5.8S region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Results from this study show that neither the Loteae nor Coronilleae form individual monophyletic groups, and that key fruit and root nodule characters used to distinguish the Coronilleae are homoplastic. Given these data, we support the recognition of a single tribe, Loteae. We also find that Lotus, the largest and most morphologically complex genus in either tribe, is not monophyletic. Rather, it consists of two geographically distinct lineages, Old and New World, each of which are more closely related to other Loteae genera: Old World Lotus are more closely related to Old World Anthyllis, while New World Lotus show closer affinities to Old World Coronilla. These data also have important implications for the biogeography of New World Lotus: equally most parsimonious reconstructions suggest a complex scenario of intercontinental dispersals that involve not only Old World Lotus but Coronilla as well.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Care of the Native American woman: strategies for practice, education, and research.

Native Americans, the smallest racial minority in the United States, comprise the fastest growing ethnic group and have a myriad of social and health problems. Women play an important role in health care practices and decision making in this community because many tribes are matrilineal. Practice, education, and research strategies should include identification of beliefs and practices specific to the clan or tribe because there is wide variance in values, lifestyles, and taboos from tribe to tribe. Traditional healers, Native American storytelling, and talking circles can be incorporated into the health care of urban Native American women and their families.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) based on the chloroplast MATK coding sequence and flanking TRNK intron spacer regions.

The tribe Acacieae (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) contains two genera, the monotypic African Faidherbia and the pantropical Acacia, which comprise about 1200 species with over 950 confined to Australia. As currently recognized, the genus Acacia is subdivided into three subgenera: subg. Acacia, subg. Aculeiferum, and the predominantly Australian subg. Phyllodineae. Morphological studies have suggested the tribe Acacieae and genus Acacia are artificial and have a close affinity to the tribe Ingeae. Based on available data there is no consensus on whether Acacia should be subdivided. Sequence analysis of the chloroplast trnK intron, including the matK coding region and flanking noncoding regions, indicate that neither the tribe Acacieae nor the genus Acacia are monophyletic. Two subgenera are monophyletic; section Filicinae of subgenus Aculeiferum does not group with taxa of the subgenus. Section Filicinae, eight Ingeae genera, and Faidherbia form a weakly supported paraphyletic grade with respect to subg. Phyllodineae. Acacia subg. Aculeiferum (s. s.) is sister to the grade. These data suggest that characters currently used to differentiate taxa at the tribal, generic, and subgeneric levels are polymorphic and homoplasious in cladistic analyses.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Tribal Self-Governance Amendments of 2000. Final rule.

The Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) hereby issues this final rule to implement Title V of the Tribal Self-Governance Amendments of 2000 (the Act). The final rule has been negotiated among representatives of Self-Governance and non-Self- Governance Tribes and the DHHS. The final rule includes provisions governing how DHHS/Indian Health Service (IHS) carries out its responsibility to Indian Tribes under the Act and how Indian Tribes carry out their responsibilities under the Act. As required by section 517 (b) of the Act, the Department has developed this final rule with active Tribal participation of Indian Tribes, inter-Tribal consortia, Tribal organizations and individual Tribal members, using the guidance of the Negotiated Rulemaking Act.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1991

A brief discussion of the development of Native owned health provider agencies in Alaska within the context of anticipated health and systems issues.

The Self-Determination Act brought about an explosive growth of tribally run programs in Alaska during the 1970s at the same time that the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was being implemented. Tribes demonstrated great creativity in blending IHS with other sources of funds to develop more effective and more acceptable delivery of services to their people. Further, the tribes in Alaska have demonstrated great aptitude in developing effective lobbying techniques with the United States Congress, such that they have actually been able to increase their funding base beyond what was assumed at the time of takeover from the IHS. However, several problems loom on the horizon. First, there is the problem of cost shifting within the IHS which contains the potential that tribes opting not to take advantage of the Self-Determination Act may be victimized by those who do. Second, there is the problem of too few resources to serve too many patients, which from time to time, propels the Indian Health Service toward an attempt to change the rules with respect to eligibility for services. Finally, the ability of the Indian Health Service (and by extension, its contract tribes) to provide an adequate level of services to American Indian and Alaska Native clients is being dramatically eroded by the same inflationary forces that are driving the larger system of health care in the United States toward the brink of disaster.

Alaska↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in coding region in 16 ethnic populations of Yunnan].

The genetic polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in the coding region in 16 ethnic populations of Yunnan was analyzed using PCR-RFLP in a total of 654 samples. Seventeen haplogroups were found, four of which were undefined haplogroups. Haplogroup distribution and Principal Component (PC) analysis showed that the ethnic groups descended from Bai-Yue tribe have B, F and M7 as the predominant haplogroups,which indicated their origination from southern China. Haplogroup A, D and N9 were predominant in the Mongolian ethnic group, reflecting their north-originated characteristics. The groups descended from Di-Qiang tribe shared the predominant haplogroups with both the south and north originated groups,which demonstrated that they inherit the maternal characteristics from both southern and northern populations. There is genetic difference among the populations in the same ethnic group and is usually smaller than that among the ethnic groups from different ancient tribes, but not necessarily smaller than that among the groups from the same tribe.

Asian People↗
PubMed1991

Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia and G-6-PD enzyme deficiency in Rajasthan (western-India).

Venous blood samples of 2922 apparently healthy individuals (both male and female) belonging to four scheduled tribes (408 Bhil, 340 Damor, 190 Garasia, and 186 Mina), five scheduled castes (108 Meghwal, 93 Labana, 86 Mochi, 76 Garg, and 58 Yadaw) and eleven general castes (215 Baniya, 156 Brahmin, 153 Muslim, 130 Patel, 128 Bohra-Muslim, 122 Suthar, 115 Patidar, 112 Rajput, 92 Bhoi, 92 Sompura, and 62 Panchal) of the Dungarpur district of Rajasthan state were investigated by standard techniques for evidence of erythrocyte genetic disorders, abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia syndromes, and G-6-PD enzyme deficiency (Gd). Abnormal haemoglobins were encountered in 122 (4.17%) subjects. Of these, 93 (3.18%) were Hb-AS, 14 (0.47%) Hb-SS, 12 (0.41%) Hb-AD, 2 (0.06%) Hb-AE, and 1 (0.03%) Hb-SC. A higher incidence of these mutant genes was found in scheduled tribes (6.85%) as compared to scheduled castes (3.08%) and general castes (2.32%). Beta-thalassaemia syndromes were encountered in 111 (3.79%) subjects; 96 (3.28%) beta-thalassaemia traits, 13 (0.44%) HbS-thalassaemia, and 2 (0.06%) HbD-thalassaemia. Gd was found in 329 (11.25%) subjects. Of these, 203 (18.06%) belonged to scheduled tribes, 39 (9.26%) to scheduled castes, and 87 (6.31%) to general castes. In our present communication, the incidence and interaction of these mutant genes in different ethnic groups of scheduled tribes (S.T.), scheduled castes (S.C.), and general castes (G.C.) are discussed. Furthermore, their distribution in various ethnic groups residing in different districts of Rajasthan state (Western-India) is also reviewed.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Human leukocyte antigens in inhabitants of Taiwan.

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) were investigated in 200 healthy Taiwan inhabitants of Taiwanese (46 persons), Hakka (36), Tai-Ya Tribe (28) Pu-Long Tribe (30) Pai-Wan Tribe (30) and Lu-kai (30) descent. In those of Taiwanese and Hakka descent, HLA-A11 and A2 were the two most frequently seen human leukocyte antigens. HLA-A11 was seen in 69.6% in those of Taiwanese descent and 61.1% in those of Hakka descent. HLA-A2 was seen in 50.0% of the Taiwanese and 44.4% of the Hakka. For the B loci, B40 (Taiwanese, 43.5%; Hakka, 44.4%), Bw46 (Taiwanese, 28.3%; Hakka, 19.4%) and B13 (Taiwanese, 15.2%; Hakka, 30.6%) were the most common antigens. For the C loci, Cw3 (Taiwanese, 57.1%; Hakka 64.9%), Cw1 (Taiwanese, 28.6%; Hakka, 35.1%) and Cw7 (Taiwanese, 40.5%; Hakka, 29.9%) were commonly seen antigens. The most commonly detected antigens for the DR loci were: DR2 (Taiwanese, 45.1%; Hakka, 56.8%) and DR4 (Taiwanese, 37.3%; Hakka, 32.4%). These results disclose that no major human leukocyte antigenic differences exist between the two aforementioned groups in this study. In addition, there are no major differences in Taiwanese and Hakka descent, and those of south and north mainland Chinese descent. All bear some antigenic similarities. However, for aborigines, the original inhabitants of Taiwan, the HLA antigens are significantly different from the Han Chinese as a whole. Characteristic features are seen in A24, Bw60, DRw6 and DRw8. In the meantime, a high frequency of common antigens are shared among the tribes and consequently a large number of blank alleles are seen in the aborigines. This reflects the homozygosity effect which is often seen in an isolated society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[An evolutionary hypothesis on the absence of the Diego antigen (Di-a) in Chibcha Amerindians].

Diego blood group was studied in 141 Amerindian and Eskimo tribes from Alaska and Canada. Twenty six tribes (18%) did not show the Di-a antigen and 20 tribes (77%) were of the Chibcha linguistic Phyla. In the past, the Di-a absence has been related to several ecological factors such as climate and the presence of clines. I advance an alternative explanation regarding the loss of the Di-a allele in the Chibcha genetic divergence which occurred 6000-7000 years ago, as a consequence of random processes and not of natural selection. It is postulated that the Di-a allele is absent in this Amerindian groups only, and that the presence of the antigen in four tribes (Boruca, Ica, Kuna and Sumo) is due to gene flow across neighboring groups of different languages which carry the Di-a antigen.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1990

Distribution of hemoglobin E in several Mongoloid populations of northeast India.

Nine-hundred seventy-eight subjects from eight Mongoloid tribes of northeastern India were investigated for the distribution of hemoglobin phenotypes by starch-gel electrophoresis. The sample included 157 Khasi and 24 Bodo from Cherrapunji (Meghalaya), 148, Rengma Naga and 81 Hmar of the Cachar district of Assam, 215 Adi from different subtribes, 216 Nishi, 79 Apatani, and a mixed group of 58 individuals from several other tribes of Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India. The frequency of HBB*E was found to be very low (0.01-0.02) in the Khasi, Naga, and Hmar tribes, whereas it varied from 0.06 to 0.18 among the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. As expected, the Bodo group had a very high frequency of HBB*E (0.38), confirming earlier reports. It appears that the lack of HBB*E in the Austro-Asiatic (Khasi) and Naga-Kuki-Chin groups is probably due to the absence of malarial selection pressure as well as to isolation from their neighbors.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1989

Serum cholinesterase polymorphism (CHE1 and CHE2 loci) among several Indian groups from Amazon region of Brazil, and segregation of the C5 variant in families.

Eight Indian tribes from the Amazon region of Brazil (Araweté, Arara, Yamamadi, Kararaô, Karitiana, Waiampi, Surui and Cinta Larga) were studied for the distribution of the atypical and C5 variants of serum cholinesterase. None of them presented the CHE1*A allele, but the C5 variant was found in the Araweté (20.4%), Kararaô (15.6%), Karitiana (50.5%), Surui (12.3%) and Cinta Larga (19.6%) tribes. The frequency of the C5+ phenotype in the Karitiana is the highest reported thus far in human populations. Segregation studies considering the C5 variant were made among the Karitiana, and also among the Urubu-Kaapor and Munduruku tribes previously studied by Guerreiro et al [1987a, 1987b]. Most of the data were in agreement with the genetic hypothesis, but they also revealed a significant lack of the C5+ phenotype in offspring from C5+ X C5+ matings, as well as the occurrence of two C5+ children from C5- X C5- unions, in the Urubu-Kaapor tribe.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum protein polymorphism in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands.

Four protein polymorphisms: haptoglobin (HP), group specific component (GC), third component of complement (C3) and transferrin (TF), were investigated in Baruya tribes and several other Anga tribes living high in the Wonenara and Marawaka valleys in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands. A non-Anga tribe, the Aziana or Kenaze was also sampled. TF*D variant was identified in every group except Usarumpia. A number of anhaptoglobinaemic individuals was noticed. Environmental factors causing hemolysis and haptoglobin consumption are suggested. HP*1 and GC*1 frequencies were high, as usually observed in New Guinea. The Anga tribes are protected from malaria and represent a model of human isolates. The present study confirms this situation.

Black People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood groups in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands.

Blood group polymorphisms were analysed in inhabitants of Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands. The aim of the study was to assess the situation of the Baruya tribe among other Anga peoples: Youwarounatche, Andje, Usarumpia, Langimar. A non-Anga tribe, the Aziana, was also sampled. ABO, RH, MNS, P, KEL, FY and JK systems were tested in each group. ABO*O gene was predominant, ABO*Aint was relatively high, ABO*B was rare in all tribes and absent in the Usarumpia tested. The Ns haplotype was the most frequent in MNS system. All tested subjects were RH*D, KEL (-) and FY (a+b-), with very few exceptions. The presence of one CcdEe and 5 FY (a+b+) subjects may be due to foreign admixture. A noteworthy genetic microdifferentiation was observed between tribes. Geographical isolation and genetic drift has played an important role in the differentiation of the various groups.

Black People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands.

Ten red cell enzyme polymorphisms, malic dehydrogenase (MDH1), adenylate kinase (AK), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), adenosine deaminase (ADA), esterase D (ESD), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (ACP1), phosphoglucomutase 1 and 2 (PGM1, PGM2), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) were investigated in the Baruya tribe and several Anga tribes living high in the Wonenara and Marawaka valleys in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands (6.5S, 145.5E). Also a non-Anga tribe, the Aziana or Kenaze, was sampled. Variants were observed in ADA, PGM1 and PGM2. AK and PHI were monomorphic, all subjects being AK 1 and PHI 1; MDH1 was also monomorphic in Anga while variants were observed in Aziana. This latter tribe differed markedly in each system from the Anga peoples.

Alleles↗
PubMed1988

[Evaluation on the capability of indole pyruvic acid production by members of Proteeae on different brands of sulfide-indole-motility].

Members of Proteeae were vertically inoculated into different brands of sulfide-indole-motility (SIM) medium for evaluating the capability of IPA production. A total of 328 clinical strains of tribe Proteeae was used as tested organisms, including 186 Proteus mirabilis strains, 62 Morganella morganii strains, 31 Proteus vulgaris strains, 27 Providencia rettgeri strains, 14 Providencia stuartii and 8 Providencia alcalifaciens strains. Seven different brands of SIM medium used in this study are Kyokuto and Eiken from Japan; Gibco, Difco, Scott and BBL from U.S.A.; as well as Oxoid from England. The results indicate that SIM medium of kyokuto is the most suitable medium for Proteus spp. and Providencia spp. to produce IPA (positive rates are 95.4% and 93.0%, respectively) but not for Morganella morganii (16.1%). Eiken, Gibco and BBL SIM medium are only good for Providencia spp. to produce IPA (positive rates are 95.5%, 85.1% and 87.8%, respectively). Take account the tribe Proteeae the best SIM medium to detect IPA production was from Kyokuto (80%) and the worst was Oxoid (0.3%). Since SIM medium can constantly detect the production of H2S, the relationship between H2S and IPA was analyzed. We found that there is no obvious interaction between these two characters. Production of phenylalanine deaminase (PD) is one of the important characters for tribe Proteeae. We compared PD and IPA positive rates of each members and found that the ability to produce PD and IPA is almost identical for each member in tribe Proteeae except Morganella morganii.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗