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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Inhibition of the TNF-pathway: use of infliximab and etanercept as remission-inducing agents in cases of therapy-resistant chronic inflammatory disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential of the two tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors infliximab and etanercept as remission-inducing agents in chronic therapy-resistant inflammatory disorders of immune or non-immune pathogenesis. METHODS: 14 patients with adult Still's disease/macrophage activation syndrome (4), Wegener's disease (3), Behçet's disease (3), keratoscleritis (1), lymphomatous tracheo-bronchitis (1) Cogan's syndrome (1), and rapidly destructive crystal arthropathy (1) were treated with infliximab (n = 10) and etanercept (n = 4). All patients showed organ-threatening progression of their diseases with resistance to conventional immunosuppressive medication. Therapeutic benefit was assessed clinically and by documenting organ-specific functional and morphological alterations. Side effects were compared with the data of our clinic's rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated by TNF inhibitors. RESULTS: A rapid and dramatic beneficial effect was documented in 9 patients and a moderate one in 5. Best responses (clinical and laboratory parameters) were seen in patients with macrophage activation syndrome/adult Still's disease and Behçet's disease, while the results were less impressive in those with Wegener's disease, Cogan's syndrome, idiopathic cerato-scleritis and lymphomatous tracheobronchitis. In all cases immunosuppressive agents and systemic glucocorticoids could be reduced or discontinued. CONCLUSIONS: TNF inhibition may be highly effective in patients with severe, therapy-resistant chronic inflammatory disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Seasonal pattern in childhood viral lower respiratory tract infections in Melbourne.

Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses are the major pathogens in acute lower respiratory infection in infants and younger children. They show distinct seasonal patterns. An annual epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus infection is seen in Melbourne and this coincides with the coldest months of the year. Parainfluenza virus Type 1, the most frequent cause of laryngotracheobronchitis, occurs as an autumn epidemic every second year. Parainfluenza virus Types 2 and 3 are present most years and do not show a clear seasonal pattern.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Herpetic tracheobronchitis.

Nine adult patients from three community teaching hospitals had bronchospasm unresponsive to standard therapy. Bronchoscopic, cytologic, histopathologic, and virologic studies confirmed that necrotizing and exudative tracheobronchitis was due to herpes simplex virus. No patient had a history of previous chronic lung disease; most were not immunocompromised. Three patients never had intubation during hospitalization. All patients were successfully treated with intravenous acyclovir. Herpetic tracheobronchitis may be a commoner clinical syndrome than generally assumed. In an elderly patient with unresolving acute bronchospasm, herpesvirus infection of the lower respiratory tract should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In the immunocompetent host, antiviral therapy can successfully treat herpesvirus respiratory infection, with reversal of clinical, virologic, and pathologic findings. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1983

Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to haemophilus influenzae.

Of 30 patients with pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae, 26 had infection due to nontypable and 4 due to typable organisms. Biotype I isolates were implicated with surprising frequency. Blood cultures were positive in six patients. An additional 14 patients, all with nontypable H. influenzae infection, had febrile purulent tracheobronchitis that was clinically indistinguishable from pneumonia except for the absence of a radiographic infiltrate; none were bacteremic. Penicillin susceptibility was shown for 95% of isolates, and response to ampicillin was prompt. Patients had high serum levels of bactericidal antibody on admission but had lower levels of serum opsonizing activity against their own organism than did uninfected carriers with chronic bronchitis; 2 to 3 weeks later, levels of opsonizing antibody had risen to equal those of carriers. Deficient opsonizing activity may have contributed to susceptibility to infection. These findings identify both host and bacterial factors that may cause susceptibility to pulmonary infection from H. influenzae.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Inquiring of the microorganisms of the tribe Mimeae in subjects with acute respiratory affections (author's transl)].

The incidence of the germs appartening to the tribe of Mimeae yolited during acute respiratory affections was studied. The isolement of M. polymorpha and of H. vaginicola results positive in the 15% of the subjects examined and particularly during acute laringo-tracheobronchitis and hyperpyretical bronchopneumonitis. The pathogen function expliqued by Mimeae during the affections of respiratory system is important over all in regard of annexed therapeutical problems.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1999

[Interleukin-8 and airway inflammation].

Airway inflammation is a prominent feature of chronic obstructive diseases of the airways, including asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Neutrophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The present review discusses the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a neutrophil chemo-attractant, in neutrophil accumulation in the airways, and the mechanisms of inducing IL-8 expression. IL-8 presents in the sputum of patients with inflammatory airway diseases, and accounts in large part for the chemo-attractant activity present. Focusing on Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the stimulus, it was discovered that when a supernatant of bacterial culture is introduced into the airways in vivo, bacterial products induce IL-8 expression in surface airway epithelial cells and the recruitment of neutrophils into the airways. The neutrophil chemotactic activity of the airway fluid was inhibited by an IL-8 antibody. The luminal IL-8 concentration increased in response to instillation of bacteria, and an inhibitor of neutrophil recruitment markedly reduced the IL-8 levels. From these results, it was speculated that bacteria-induced neutrophil accumulation in the airways involves a cascade of events, and that early neutrophil recruitment in response to bacteria is due to epithelium-derived IL-8, while the amplification of the response is due, at least in part, to IL-8 induction in the neutrophils themselves.

Bronchial Hyperreactivity↗
PubMed1999

Inhaled antimicrobial therapy.

Although antimicrobial therapy has been administered through the inhaled route for decades, it has always been controversial. There are relatively few accepted indications for this mode of administration. Well-controlled studies of aerosolized antibiotics in cystic fibrosis demonstrate that tobramycin on a cyclical basis may reduce sputum volume, bacterial counts, and improve pulmonary function. Preliminary data indicate that inhaled antibiotic therapy of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis may reduce sputum volume, but the clinical significance of this finding remains to be determined. Inhaled pentamidine is used for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who are intolerant of oral prophylactic agents. Ribavirin has been used for 30 years to treat respiratory syncytial virus. The role, if any, of inhaled antifungal therapy with amphotericin B remains undetermined.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗