Pulse number discrimination in tactile spatio-temporal patterns.
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Discrimination, Psychological↗
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Relationships among measures of preferred tempo and motor rhythm.
Male and female subjects (Ns = 100) performed an accuracy task involving consecutive arm swings at a self-paced tempo. Following this, the subjects performed a motor rhythm task keeping in cadence with audio-visual stimuli presented at their preferred tempo. Previous findings regarding the magnitude of individual differences in preferred tempo and within-individual variability were replicated, as was the absence of sex differences for these attributes. With regard to motor rhythm, the findings indicated that (a) constant and variable error, and not absolute error, were the appropriate measures of performance, (b) there were no sex differences either in spatial or temporal accuracy or in trial-to-trial consistency of performance, (c) substantial individual differences were present in rhythmic accuracy, as were moderate individual differences in variability, (d) neither rhythmic accuracy nor variability was appreciably related to preferred tempo, and (e) spatial and temporal accuracy are relatively independent components of rhythmic accuracy.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Temporal and intensitive factors in comparative judgments of tactile space.
Temporal imbalances between the successive stimulation of pairs of loci on each forearm altered judgments of the equality of the spatial extents between sets of loci. The spatial judgments became increasingly inaccurate as the temporal imbalance was increased, i.e., the Tau effect. Changes in stimulus intensity also influenced the dependency of spatial judgments on temporal factors. The data suggest that concomitant variations of spatial, temporal, and intensitive components of a vibrotactile stimulus "package" can produce systematic perceptual effects of potential significance in the design of vibrotactile sensory substitution systems.
Electric Stimulation↗
Learning a motor skill with spatial and temporal parameters.
The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals learned a motor skill having temporal and spatial parameters. For scores of 10 adult males one-way repeated-measures multivariate analysis indicated that subjects learned the skill but follow-up analysis showed acquisition occurred on accuracy only. Some processing limitations were possible with the number of trials a possible limiting factor.
Adolescent↗
Perceived task quality and estimated interval: foundation for temporal attributions.
48 subjects listened to both a boring and an interesting tape. After listening, subjects rated each tape and estimated the duration of each--the order of the evaluation was manipulated. Choice was also varied regarding task involvement by assigning subjects to either with or without volition group. Altered temporal judgments did not independently reduce dissonance. A distinctive relationship between the subjective duration of the task and its perceived quality also affected subjects' attributions regarding a task.
Adult↗
Perceived duration as a function of pitch.
It was demonstrated with 7 observers that the duration of a high frequency tone was perceived to be longer than the duration of a low frequency tone, even though the actual duration of the two tones was equal.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Hearing-impaired children's rhythm perception and speech.
The role of rhythm in the speech intelligibility of 18 hearing-impaired children, aged 15 years with hearing losses from 40 to 108 db, was investigated. Their perceptual judgement of visual rhythm sequences was superior to that of the hearing controls, but their scores were not correlated with their speech intelligibility.
Adolescent↗
Spatial coding of information on temporal order in short-term memory.
This study examined the effect of spatial cues on judgments of temporal order for digits presented to the right or left visual field. 56 subjects were better able to recall temporal order on trials with congruent temporal and spatial cues, and on trials in which stimuli were presented to the right visual field. The implications of these results for several models of temporal encoding are discussed.
Adult↗
Spatial information and temporal representation in memory.
This study examined the effect of spatial cues on memory for temporal order. Improved performance for temporal order with added spatial cues was found only for certain directions and orientations. Dependent measures included memory for items, order, and response latency. The presence of a spatial cue had a significant effect on memory for order but not on memory for an item. For response latency, there were significant main effects for visual field and direction. There were also several significant interactions of visual field, direction, and orientation. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the relationship of spatial and temporal information in memory are discussed.
Humans↗
Spatial and temporal locations in child Jordanian Arabic.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of cognitive development on the acquisition of the spatial and temporal systems in Jordanian Arabic. 60 Jordanian children 2 to 6 years old received a comprehension test based on a 1991 sentence-picture matching task of Weist, wherein each problem contained a minimal morphological contrast. These contrasts were either spatial, e.g., 'in/on', or temporal, e.g., past/future tense. Further, the contrasts required either a single referent object or event, e.g., 'in/on' and past/future tense, or they required two or more referent objects or events, e.g., 'between' and 'before/after'. Firstly, significant change across age groups was noted. Secondly, problems which required two referent objects or events were more difficult than those requiring one referent object or event. Finally, spatial contrasts were easier than temporal ones. The findings were related to the general issue of the interaction of language and thought during the acquisition of language.
Arabs↗
Task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance: subjective workload and boredom.
Participants (24 men, 24 women) were asked to perform either a spatial or temporal vigilance task. Task-related Boredom and NASA-Task Load Index scores were collected. The results replicate Dittmar, Warm, Dember, and Ricks' 1993 finding of task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance and subjective workload. The present study also showed task-specific sex differences for boredom ratings. These results suggest that two explanations may account for the sex differences. More accurate perceptual discriminations may account for some of the differences in performance; however, sex differences in perceived boredom may more likely be responsible for the task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance and subjective workload.
Adolescent↗
Key components of the Mozart effect.
The results of studies intended to replicate the enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning following exposure to 10 min. of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major (K.448) have been varied. While some studies have replicated the effect, others have not. We suggest that researchers' diverse choice of dependent measures may account for these varied results. This paper provides a neurophysiological context for the enhancement and considers theoretical and experimental factors, including the choice of dependent measures, the presentation order of the conditions, the selection of the musical composition, and the inclusion of a distractor task, that may contribute to the various findings. More work is needed before practical applications can be derived.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Contribution of stimulus attributes to errors in duration and distance judgments--a developmental study.
In Matsuda's 1996 study, 4- to 11-yr.-old children (N = 133) watched two cars running on two parallel tracks on a CRT display and judged whether their durations and distances were equal and, if not, which was larger. In the present paper, the relative contributions of the four critical stimulus attributes (whether temporal starting points, temporal stopping points, spatial starting points, and spatial stopping points were the same or different between two cars) to the production of errors were quantitatively estimated based on the data for rates of errors obtained by Matsuda. The present analyses made it possible not only to understand numerically the findings about qualitative characteristics of the critical attributes described by Matsuda, but also to add more detailed findings about them.
Child↗
The tau and anti-tau effects in successively presented stimuli.
It was confirmed by the reproduction method with 20 adults that (a) the tau effect, i.e., the greater the temporal separation between successively presented stimuli with a constant spatial interval, the greater the apparent spatial interval, occurred, especially in the situation in which the participants were assumed to form a set easily using temporal interval as the cue for spatial interval estimation, and (b) the anti-tau effect occurred in the special situation in which the participants were assumed to form a set using speed of an imaginary movement as the cue for it. These findings supported the hypothesis of "cue-selection sets."
Adolescent↗
The In Air phenomenon: temporal and spatial correlates of the handwriting process.
From 10 to 30% of elementary school-aged children have handwriting difficulties. Examination of such difficulties is important given the variety of academic, emotional, and social consequences that they can impose. One such common problem is the tendency of children to pause while writing. Thus the objective of this study was to use a computerized digitizer system to examine the tendency of poor writers to pause while writing. Handwriting samples of varying type and length were collected from Grade 3 students, 50 of whom were proficient writers and 50 of whom were poor writers as judged by a questionnaire completed by the classroom teachers and verified by the Hebrew Handwriting Evaluation. Analysis indicated that the so-called pauses are not stationary breaks between the writing of successive segments because letters and words were usually associated with considerable movement of the pen above the writing surface. This In Air writing occurred with significantly greater frequency for poor writers than for the proficient writers in most handwriting tasks. The results suggest possible underlying perceptual-motor difficulties, which could be considered when planning effective handwriting interventions.
Child↗
A Mozart effect for women on a mental rotations task.
During the past decade, there have been numerous reports of a brief, but statistically significant, improvement in immediate spatial-temporal performance after listening to 10 min. of Mozart's Sonata K.448, known as the "Mozart effect." The purpose of the present study was to assess whether production of the effect is influenced by length of listening conditions or sex. Each of 52 right-handed participants (26 females, 26 males) completed a paper-folding and cutting task and a Mental Rotations task following a listening condition in which the Mozart sonata was played and a silent condition (no music was played). A significant 3-way interaction among sex, listening condition, and task indicated that an effect was present only for women on the Mental Rotations task. As such, researchers should investigate the role of sex in production of the Mozart effect.
Adult↗
Adaptation and well-being.
An overview is given of the strategies individuals use to overcome misfortune and to restore their subjective well-being. Using adaptation-theory as a frame of reference, three groups of adaptive mechanisms are described, i.e., shifting intrapsychic criteria, cognitive reconstruction, and future-time perception. The differences and similarities with related theoretical perspectives (for instance, 'coping' and 'control') are identified. Many other theoretical notions are briefly discussed and given a place in the presented framework. In the concluding section the possible role of moderating factors (e.g., social support) is discussed. Finally, some adaptational views on psychological dysfunctioning are presented.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Effect of trichloroethylene on spatiotemporal pattern of LTP in mouse hippocampal slices.
The effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) on long-term potentiation (LTP) was studied using both electrical and optical recording. The hippocampi from mice injected with 300 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg TCE were sliced 24 h after administration. The field potential from the CAI was recorded. After the application of tetanus, population spikes (PS) were potentiated in all groups, but the post-per-pre ratio of PS was smaller in TCE groups than in the control. Optical recording was also carried out in 1000 mg/kg TCE-injected mice and a new analytical method using a high speed camera was employed. After the induction of tetanus, the optical signal was potentiated in both TCE and control groups. However, the post-per-pre ratio of the optical signals and response area were smaller in the TCE groups than in the control. It was suggested that the impairment of LTP is one of the mechanisms of the impairment of immediate memory after acute exposure to TCE in humans.
Animals↗