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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Economic effect of using a comprehensive program for the control of Varroa infestation].

The control of Varroa infestation in honeybees embraces a system of veterinary measures requiring an overall economic evaluation as a prerequisite for the wide use of a special programme. A comparative economic analysis of the dynamics of the process is made for two periods: a basic one, when no programmed control measures have been taken, and a planned one, when the programme has been put into practice and the results thereof by the end of the time are compared with those of the basic period. Employed has been the method of the index factorial analysis taking into consideration the complex and individual effects of definite factors, contributing to such effects. The increased absolute volume of material expenditures (chiefly therapeutic agents) is reflected in the absolute and the relative growth in the end-product economic results obtained with the two apiaries studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The natural control of the tracheal mite of honey bees.

The natural control of the tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, of the honey bee depends greatly on good foraging opportunities for bee colonies and on limited competition between colonies. The severe, widely-publicised disease of bees, referred to as 'the Isle of Wight disease' in Britain early in the last century when colonies were more numerous than subsequently, was wrongly attributed to the mite, which causes no overt symptoms. The disease was almost certainly caused by bee paralysis virus, which does cause the symptoms and is independent of the mite, and which is similarly associated with large densities of bee colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Epidemiological aspects and economic impact of bovine theileriosis (East Coast fever) and its control: a preliminary assessment with special reference to Kibaha district, Tanzania.

A cross-sectional study based on clinical examination, inspection of herd health records and a questionnaire was designed to determine the epidemiology, economics and potential impact of immunisation against theileriosis in Tanzania. The results showed annual theileriosis costs to be US$ 205.40 per head, whereas the introduction of immunisation reduced this by 40-68% depending on the post immunisation dipping strategy adopted. Morbidity risk due to theileriosis was 0.048 in immunised and 0.235 in non-immunised cattle, and the difference was significant (chi(2)=66.7; P=0.000). The questionnaire results indicated that immunised cattle had a significantly (chi(2)=6; P=0.015) higher risk of anaplasmosis compared with non-immunised cattle, whereas the risk of bovine babesiosis did not differ significantly (chi(2)=0.06; P=0.807) between the two groups. Mortality risk due to anaplasmosis was 0.046 in immunised and 0.018 in non-immunised cattle and this difference was statistically significant (chi(2)=4.48; P=0.043). The theileriosis mortality risk was 0.203 in the non-immunised cattle, while the risk was 0.009 in the immunised cattle and these differences were also significant (chi(2)=103; P=0.000). It was concluded that farmers who have immunised their cattle may cautiously cut down acaricide application by 50% for extensively grazed herds and by 75% for zero grazed animals depending on the level of tick challenge at the herd level.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Reflections on the control of mites and mite allergens.

In cool climates, the humidity circumstances in a home during the summer months are more important for allergen accumulation than those in the winter months. For the same reasons, a reduction of humidity will have a much greater impact during the summer months. Not only the relative humidity, but also the removal of the dust mites' food by cleaning can be an important factor in determining the ultimate level of mite allergens. These theoretic deductions remain to be experimentally tested. An understanding of the dynamics of mite populations and allergen concentrations in homes and public buildings is still hampered by gaps in our knowledge. These gaps mainly concern the food availability and food requirements of dust mites and the kinetics of mite allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Strategies for reducing the risk of Lyme borreliosis in North America.

The incidence of Lyme borreliosis continues to increase in the United States. In 1991, when Lyme borreliosis first became a nationally reportable disease to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a total of 9470 cases were reported; in contrast, by 2002 a total of 23,763 cases were reported, >2.5x the total in 1991. Area-wide acaricides can be highly effective in killing nymphal Ixodes scapularis, with >95% of nymphs killed in studies using cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, or carbaryl. The majority of residents living in households within the area hyperendemic for Lyme borreliosis will not, however, consider the use of area-wide acaricides. A survey of communities in 4 states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York) demonstrated that <25% of the populace have used area-wide acaricides on their own property. In searching for alternative methods of reducing Lyme borreliosis risk, host-targeted methods have been proven to be effective. Newly developed methods include the use of acaricides applied to deer feeder stations. This method is called the 4-poster method and has been shown in trials to reduce populations of nymphal I. scapularis by 69%. In addition, rodent-targeted bait boxes containing fipronil have been shown to eliminate ticks on mice and negatively impact the population of questing I. scapularis and reduce the proportion of these ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Host eradication can also be utilized. On Monhegan Island, Maine, white-tailed deer were totally eradicated from the island from 1999 to 2000. By 2004, no immature I. scapularis could be found on rodents on Monhegan Island. Landscape management practices can also be utilized to reduce the risk of Lyme borreliosis as can personal protection procedures including regular tick checks. These practices have been nicely summarized in a new Tick Management Handbook produced by Dr. Kirby C. Stafford III with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Although there is no magic bullet available to completely eliminate the risk of Lyme borreliosis from large geographic areas, the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices holds the prospect for reducing and managing Lyme borreliosis risk in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Phytoseiid dispersal at plant to regional levels: a review with emphasis on management of Neoseiulus fallacis in diverse agroecosystems.

Dispersal behaviors of phytoseiid and tetranychid mites are key factors in understanding predator-prey dynamics and biological control of pest mites at different spatial levels in agricultural and natural ecosystems. In this review, ambulatory and aerial dispersal of both mite groups are discussed at spatial levels of leaf, plant, crop and region. Emphasis is on dispersal of phytoseiids, and specifically, the specialist-predator, Neoseiulusfallacis (Garman), and two-spotted spider mite prey, Tetranychus urticae (Koch). Dispersal aspects that are discussed are ambulation on a leaf; plant or in a prey patch; aerial dispersal between plants; behavior and aerodynamics of aerial take-off; modeling vs. monitoring of dispersal distance; fates of dispersing mites that land on soil substrates; plants as take-off platforms and landing targets for dispersers; and regional dispersal patterns and integrated mite management.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Immunological control of scab mites: digestive enzymes as candidate compounds.

Phosphatases, C4 and C8 esterases, leucine and valine aminopeptidases, n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase were active in extracts of scab mites (Psoroptes spp.) raised on sheep or rabbits. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were not detected. Haemoglobin was hydrolysed by a detergent-soluble fraction of the mite extracts in a pH-dependent fashion with an optimum of pH 3-5. Acid proteinase activity was greater in mites raised on rabbits than in those raised on sheep. Inhibitors of cysteine, serine and metallo-proteinases failed to inhibit the hydrolysis of H-Pro-Thr-Glu-Phe-Phe(NO2)Arg-Leu-OH while pepstatin A, a specific inhibitor of aspartic proteinases, totally inhibited its hydrolysis at a concentration of 1 nM.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1995

Portable dehumidifiers in the control of house dust mites and mite allergens.

Humidity is a decisive limiting factor for house dust mite (HDM) population growth and decreasing humidity may be the control method of choice. This study investigates the effects of portable dehumidifiers on the mite counts and concentration of the HDM allergen Der p I in the homes in northwest England. Mite counts and Der p I were measured in the paired dust samples collected by vacuuming a 1 m2 area of bedroom carpet, living room carpet, mattress and sofa for 2 min in six houses supplied with the dehumidifier and six control houses, before and 1, 2 and 3 months after the installment of dehumidifier. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded daily. There was no difference in mite counts in either of the groups throughout the study. Der p I decreased significantly in both groups and in all sampling sites, but no significant differences in the levels of reduction between the groups were found. Condensation was decreased in the dehumidifier group, but the level of indoor humidity capable of retarding mite population growth was not achieved. A single portable dehumidifier placed centrally in the house is unable to decrease indoor humidity to the level capable of retarding mite population growth and decreasing HDM allergens in the type of houses predominantly found in the northwest of England.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Field evaluation of neem and canola oil for the selective control of the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae).

Neem oil, neem extract (neem-aza), and canola oil were evaluated for the management of the honey bee mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans) and Acarapis woodi (Rennie) in field experiments. Spraying neem oil on bees was more effective at controlling V. jacobsoni than feeding oil in a sucrose-based matrix (patty), feeding neem-aza in syrup, or spraying canola oil. Neem oil sprays also protected susceptible bees from A. woodi infestation. Only neem oil provided V. jacobsoni control comparable to the known varroacide formic acid, but it was not as effective as the synthetic product Apistan (tau-fluvalinate). Neem oil was effective only when sprayed six times at 4-d intervals and not when applied three times at 8-d intervals. Neem oil spray treatments had no effect on adult honey bee populations, but treatments reduced the amount of sealed brood in colonies by 50% and caused queen loss at higher doses. Taken together, the results suggest that neem and canola oil show some promise for managing honey bee parasitic mites, but the negative effects of treatments to colonies and the lower efficacy against V. jacobsoni compared with synthetic acaricides may limit their usefulness to beekeepers.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spraying tick-infested houses with lambda-cyhalothrin reduces the incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in children under five years old.

Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of children in central Tanzania. This study assessed the effect of house interior residual spraying with lambda-cyhalothrin on domestic tick infestation and the incidence of TBRF in children under 5 years old. Two neighbouring villages were studied: one was sprayed with insecticide, the other left untreated. Samples of earth from the floors of 50 houses before and after spraying, and 50 houses in the control village, were sieved and ticks counted. The incidence of TBRF was estimated by microscopy of thick blood films taken from all children under 5 years old presenting with fever to the village dispensary or health workers. After 2 cycles of spraying, no tick was found in the treated houses; in the controls, tick numbers remained high. In the treated village there were 29 cases of TBRF among the 960 children under 5 years old in the 4 months before spraying, and one in the 4 months after spraying. In the control village there were 10 and 4 cases in the same periods among the 510 children. There was a significant reduction of 0.09 in the odds ratio of infection after spraying (95% confidence interval 0.01-0.87).

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Treatment of whole houses with liquid nitrogen for control of dust mites.

A large volume of liquid nitrogen, (120-150 L) was applied to the houses of 4 asthmatic patients, and the mite densities of the floor dust from these houses were monitored every 2 wk for 4 mo from July to November 1989. The 1st liquid nitrogen treatment was applied in early August and decreased the mite densities to 20-44% of the pretreatment level in all cases, but they returned to the pretreatment level 3-4 wk later (on 3 occasions). The 2nd liquid nitrogen treatment was applied in early September and decreased the mite densities to 6-27% of the pretreatment level within 3 wk in all cases. However, mite numbers again increased to the pretreatment level 4 wk after treatment. The 3rd treatment was applied in mid-October and reduced the mite densities to < 6% of the pretreatment level within 2 wk, and mite numbers remained low thereafter. The results suggested that using liquid nitrogen to freeze houses reduces mite numbers, but that mite recolonization of the houses is an important problem.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chemical control of Penthaleus major (Acari: Prostigmata) in hayfields in Iceland.

The plant parasitic mite Penthaleus major (Dugès) occurs as a pest on perennial grasses in hayfields in Iceland, northern Norway, and southern Greenland. In these areas it appears as a summer phenomenon, contrary to more southern locations, where it appears as a pest on winter crops. Up to 500 individuals of P. major were collected per day in pitfall traps. Spring application of 44 ml/ha of permethrin and 5 ml of deltamethrin significantly reduced but did not eliminate the populations of P. major the following weeks. In addition to this immediate effect, spring application also decreased the mite populations in the fall and even the following spring. Additional effects might be obtained by earlier spring application. Despite a significant reduction in mite populations and reduction in visible plant damage, significant differences on dry matter yield were rarely registered. A side effect of application was a small but significant reduction in potassium-content of the yield, and the reduction in mite population was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the number of spiders.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acarosan and the Acarex test in the control of house dust mite allergens in the home.

House dust mites are believed to be major triggers for allergic disease in atopic individuals. As part of a programme controlling dietary and aero-allergen exposure in high-risk infants, an acaricidal foam and powder (Acarosan) was applied to bedroom and main living room carpets, as well as upholstered furniture, on four occasions in the first year of life. Dust was assayed for mite antigen (Der p1) and these results compared with the semi-quantitative assay of guanine content (Acarex Test). After nine months mean Der p1 levels had decreased by 70% in the treatment group. Proportionally, the greatest fall occurred in those items that had the highest initial mite antigen content. The Acarex score does show a correlation with Der p1 levels, but cannot replace antigen assay when accurate data is required. A chemical acaricide may help reduce house dust mite antigen levels, but is not by itself sufficient to reduce levels below that considered critical for sensitisation.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Persistence and effectiveness of pyrethroids in plastic strips against Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and mite resistance in a Mediterranean area.

An apiary trial was conducted in 1997 in Sardinia, Italy, to verify the effectiveness of fluvalinate in polyvinyl chloride strips and flumethrin in polyethylene strips against Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans. Two indices to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments were adopted: percentage change in mite infestation of worker-sealed brood cells considering only treated hives and percentage change in mite mortality, and the natural variation in mite populations recorded in control hives during the trial. All acaricide treatments reduced the level of mite infestation of both sealed brood and adult bees. However, their effectiveness was slightly reduced in comparison to previous studies because of mite resistance phenomena. Portions of polyethylene strips of flumethrin from treated hives were sampled weekly to determine acaricide persistence using gas chromatography. After 4 wk, a slight reduction (approximately 9%) of the active ingredient content was observed. A laboratory bioassay also was performed to establish the resistance of adult female mites to fluvalinate. Mites were sampled from the experimental apiary and from various Sardinian apiaries which had primarily been subjected to fluvalinate applications in plastic strips or wood inserts for years. Mite resistance varied from 0 to 96%, depending on the acaricide management adopted. The lowest resistance level occurred in an apiary where pyrethroids had never been used, whereas the highest level occurred in an apiary, with intensive use of fluvalinate in wood inserts.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of formic acid in gel for Varroa control in Apis mellifera L.: importance of the dispenser position inside the hive.

The efficacy of formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated in two groups of honeybee colonies. In Group 1, a dispenser with 120 g of formic acid (70%) in gel was placed on the brood combs and another dispenser with the same dose was located on the hive bottom (total dose, 240 g). Group 2 received two doses of 240 g of formic acid (70%) in gel and each application was applied in two dispensers containing 120 g of the formic acid solution each and they were located over the brood chamber (total dose, 480 g). In Group 2, the period between both applications was 15 days, and the efficacies after the first and both applications were calculated. Significant differences were registered for final efficacy between both groups. When final efficacy of Group 1 was compared with efficacy after first application of Group 2, significant differences were found (P=0.0005). Same doses in different positions within the hive have different final efficacy. The higher efficacy was registered when the dispensers were placed over brood combs and on the hive bottom. It is suggested that efficacy is related to dispenser position within the hive.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Allergen avoidance: does it work?

The first recorded example of allergen avoidance in the treatment of allergic disorders dates from the 16th century. The Italian physician Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576) was invited to Scotland by John Hamilton, Archbishop of St Andrews (and brother of the Regent), to give advice on the treatment of his asthma. Cardano recommended that the Archbishop should get rid of his feather bedding, which was followed by a 'miraculous' remission of otherwise troublesome symptoms. The first controlled attempts to treat asthma by environmental manipulation date to the beginning of 20th century. In 1925, the Leopold brothers treated patients with asthma and other allergic disorders by moving them into a dust free room. Storm van Leeuwen created a 'climate' chamber in The Netherlands in 1927 and demonstrated that asthmatic patients improved when moved from their homes into the chamber. One year later, Dekker observed that measures aimed at reducing the amount of dust in bedrooms had a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms in patients allergic to house dust. Van Leeuwen wrote: 'In our endeavours to find the cause of the attack ... we utilised the known fact that the environment of the asthmatic patient is, as a rule, of primary importance in determining the intensity and frequency of his attacks'. Nowadays, more than ever, it is essential to address the environmental influences on the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1994

The effects of a single treatment of an acaricide, Acarosan, and a detergent, Metsan, on Der p 1 allergen levels in the carpets and mattresses of asthmatic children.

Baseline levels of the house-dust mite allergen, Der p 1, were measured on the carpets and mattresses of 60 pure-mite-sensitive asthmatic children in the Cape Peninsula, by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High levels of mite allergens were recorded (range 2-50 micrograms Der p 1/g dust). In order to investigate the efficacy of the application of acaricides to carpets and bedding, 3 groups of 20 children were studied. Carpets and mattresses in group A were treated with a detergent, Metsan (Snowchem), and in group B with Metsan combined with the acaricide, Acarosan (Noristan). Group C was a control group in which no treatment was applied. The level of airway hyperreactivity (PC20) to histamine was measured at the beginning of the study and again 3 months after acaricide treatment. Significant reductions in carpet Der p 1 levels were achieved in group A (22.83 v. 13.26 micrograms Der p 1/g dust; P = 0.04) and group B (21.76 v. 13.26 micrograms Der p 1/g dust; P = 0.01), but mite levels were not reduced in any of the mattresses treated. There was also no improvement in airway hyperreactivity in any of the groups. This study clearly demonstrates that at present it is not possible to reduce Der p 1 antigen levels in mattresses in the Cape Peninsula with the available acaricides, even when one of these is combined with a detergent solution. Until strategies are developed which will significantly reduce Der p 1 levels in the bedding of sensitive individuals, a reduction in ongoing airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity cannot be expected.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dust-mite allergen removal from feathers by commercial processing.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with allergies or asthma have had a long-standing bias against the use of chicken, goose, and duck feather pillows, comforters, quilts, and mattresses. OBJECTIVE: We show that raw, unprocessed feathers contain dust-mite allergen that is removed by washing, and that feather pillows, whether covered or not, do not internally accumulate dust-mite allergen when used in mite-infested bedrooms over a 3-month period. METHODS: Feathers obtained from six companies as unprocessed feathers (n = 8 batches) and processed feathers (n = 16 batches) were analyzed for dust-mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1) using monoclonal antibody-based immunoenzyametric assays with appropriate internal controls. Five pairs of new feather pillows (one covered and one uncovered) were placed in five bedrooms with known dust-mite contamination for 90 days. The pillows were then assayed for mite content. RESULTS: Dust-mite allergen was detected in 7 of 8 unprocessed feather samples; combined Der p 1 and Der f 1 mean = 524 ng/g, range 152 to 1,850 ng/g, whereas all 17 manufacturer-processed feather samples contained no detectable dust-mite. Although 4 of 5 bedrooms contained significant dust-mite allergen (>2,000 ng or Der p 1 and f 1, range 2,500 to 10,300 ng/g), none of the 90-day feather pillows became contaminated by dust-mite allergen even in the absence of a pillow cover. CONCLUSIONS: Feathers washed using industrial methods do not contain detectable dust-mite allergen. Pillows manufactured with processed feathers, whether encased in a dust cover or not, do not become contaminated by dust-mite allergen after 90 days of use in environments containing significant dust-mite allergen contamination.

Animals↗