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PubMed2004

Social aspects of the new assisted reproduction technologies: attitudes of Israeli gynecologists.

AIM: To evaluate attitudes of gynecologists as to the social aspects of assisted reproduction technologies. METHODS: The survey was sent electronically to 600 gynecologists covering their opinions on impact of reproductive technologies, the role of gynecologists in reshaping social reality, their definition of family, concern for the unborn child, accessibility to the new technologies, and potential partners in the decision-making process. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-five gynecologists completed the questionnaire. The majority agreed that the new reproduction technologies have major social consequences (90.3%); that gynecologists, by putting these technologies to use, play a major role in changing social reality; and that the interests of the unborn child should be taken into consideration (84.5%). More than half included single parents and same-sex couples in the definition of a "family" and believed that fertility treatments should be available to everyone. As to sharing responsibility, 65.2% (n = 101) felt the gynecologist should not be the sole decision-maker regarding the necessity of treatment; among them, 49.7% preferred that social workers or psychologists be involved--rather than jurists. CONCLUSIONS: The gynecologists in the present survey seemed to be well aware of the importance of the social revolution initiated by the development of assisted reproduction technologies. While they accepted a broader definition of the family, they have not lost sight of the rights of the unborn child and as such, the need for related professionals to take a greater part in the decision-making process. These findings have important implications for educational programs in the health care professions and for future legislation regarding public accessibility to these procedures.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Healthcare technology project ownership.

Hospitals have great expectations that technology will address their critical strategic issues. However, obtaining satisfactory results--or having confidence that it can be done well--has been a challenge. Most hospital executives acknowledge that success is not primarily a matter of whether or not the technology is capable of performing required functions; rather, it is a matter of whether people will use the new technology to improve performance. While care delivery, patient safety, and hospital margins stand to gain from the increased use of automation and electronic information, these are not actually technology projects. Instead, these are process breakthroughs that are enabled by technology that yield performance improvements. Hospital clinical and administrative leaders own the results and must take active ownership of projects. This paradigm shift begins when project sponsors have a clear understanding of their role in technology-based change initiatives.

Information Systems↗
PubMed2004

Technical aspects of portal technology application for e-health systems.

E-health is an emerging field on the intersection of medical information technologies, public health and business, referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the Internet and related technologies. Portal technology, allowing services to be accessible over the Internet is a perfect tool for providing e-health services. The use of portal technologies has had deep influence on the architecture of the whole e-health system, both regarding new subsystems and older ones which we want to integrate with the portal. Portals provide new possibilities for creating novel types of e-health applications as well. In this paper we provide a brief overview of e-health systems and portal technologies, and present many technical aspects of portal technology application for e-health systems such as the architecture of portal-based e-health systems, graphical user interfaces, access to various e-health systems' resources, personalization, security and privacy.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2005

Economic evaluation of medical technologies.

Innovation in medical science is progressing at a rapid pace. As a result, new medical technologies that offer to improve upon or completely replace existing alternatives are continually appearing. These technologies--which include pharmaceuticals, devices, equipment, supplies, medical and surgical procedures, and administrative and support systems--are changing the way medicine can be practiced and delivered, forcing healthcare providers and policymakers to consistently evaluate and adapt to new treatment options. Meanwhile, society is becoming more demanding of new medical technologies. Emerging medical technology, however, has been viewed as a significant factor in increasing the cost of healthcare. The abundance of new medical alternatives, combined with scarcity of resources, has led to priority setting, rationing and the need for more technology management and assessment. Economic evaluation of medical technologies is a system of analysis used to formally compare the costs and consequences of alternative healthcare interventions. EEMT can be used by many healthcare entities, including national policymakers, manufacturers, payers and providers, as a tool to aid in resource allocation decisions. This paper discusses the four current popular methodologies for EEMT (cost-minimization, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility), and describes the industry environment that has shaped their development.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Assisted reproductive technologies in cattle: a review.

Over a period of approximately thirty years, commercial bovine embryo transfer has become a large international business. The technology is well established, and more than 500,000 embryos are produced annually from superovulated cows world wide. Since bovine embryos with intact zonae pellucidae can be specified pathogen-free through washing procedures, thousands of frozen embryos are routinely sold and transferred between countries. Throughout the world, approximately 15% of bovine embryos are produced by in vitro technology. Polymerase chain reaction technology is currently being used for sexing embryos on a small scale, and it is likely that this technology will be used for 'embryo diagnostics' in the future. Semen sexing is an established technology and is likely to be used on a small scale in the near future, especially in in vitro embryo production systems. The cloning of adult cattle through nuclear transfer and the production of cloned, transgenic cattle has been technically achieved. However, this is an expensive and inefficient technology, which is being used primarily by the pharmaceutical industry. Benefits in agriculture are likely to be minimal in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Voice over IP: how computing technology is being used in mobile communications.

This article explains how computing technology was used to address the need for mobile communications among nursing staff. In 2004, nursing staff at Fauquier Hospital relocated from one nursing floor in an older building to two floors in a new structure. This resulted in complaints and supervision issues as nursing managers, who had previously been relatively sedentary, now became quite mobile as they attempted to control nursing operations on two separate floors. Complaints arose from several sources. Nursing staff and managers both complained about the increased difficulty in communicating with each other Physicians expressed frustration to hospital administration at playing "telephone tag" with managers. The solution involved Internet Protocol technology that is in widespread use on most computer networks. The article details how this technology was selected over several other communications technologies and used to implement wireless telephony over the hospital's existing computer network. It reviews key standards and technologies and issues surrounding their use. Finally, the article demonstrates how this computing technology improved patient care by facilitating mobile communications.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed2005

[Antigenome technology: rapid and comprehensive identification and validation of antigens as putative components in vaccines against bacterial pathogens].

The resolution of complete genome sequences of many pathogens has dramatically expanded our perspectives in developing novel vaccines by increasing both the speed and scale of target identification. Genomics-based technologies with their significant advantages can be applied to most pathogens and have exploited genome sequence information in alliance with adjunct technologies, including bioinformatics, expression analyses (microarrays, in vivo expression technologies), random mutagenesis or protein/peptide based selection methods (proteomics and immunoselection using expression libraries). A novel approach that combines the advantages of full genome coverage and serological antigen identification has been developed in the laboratory of the authors for the identification of protein antigens from bacterial pathogens. This technology has been applied to several bacterial pathogens and, as a result, defined the most relevant antigenic proteins that are targeted by the human immune system, including their antibody binding sites (epitopes). This catalogue of antigens is termed the antigenome and the novel technology offers an integrated approach for antigen validation in order to select the most promising candidates for the development of subunit vaccines against the targeted bacterial diseases. Using the antigenome technology, novel protective antigens had been discovered from several important human pathogens.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

[Nuclear medicine: medical technology research].

UNLABELLED: AIM, METHOD: The scientific publications in the 2003 and 2004 issues of the journal Nuklearmedizin were analyzed retrospectively with regard to the proportion of medical technology research. RESULTS: Out of a total of 73 articles examined, 9 (12%) were classified as medical technology research, that is, 8/15 of the original papers (16%) and one of the case reports (5%). Of these 9 articles, 44% (4/9) focused on the combination of molecular and morphological imaging with direct technical appliance or information technology solutions. CONCLUSION: Medical technology research is limited in the journal's catchment area. The reason for this is related to the interdependency between divergent development dynamics in the medical technology industry's locations, the many years that the area of scintigraphic technology has been underrepresented, research policy particularly in discrepancies in the promotion of molecular imaging and a policy in which health is not perceived as a predominantly good and positive economic factor, but more as a curb to economic development.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Structural and functional assessment of the body's status after consumption of the waters treated with various technologies].

The use of waters treated by different technologies was studied in animals and volunteers. Rats were used to study the use of the immunomodulated water "Renorm" alone and in combination with ozone-sorption treated Moscow tap water in a dilution of 1:10, that of the bottled water "Grander" (Austria) in combination with ozone-sorption treated Moscow tap water in a dilution of 1: 4 or 1:40; that of the water prepared by the Grander technology through a shower device when, after ozone-sorption purification, Moscow tap water was passed through a Grander shower device at a rate of 1 liter per min or 500 ml per 30 sec; that of the water electrochemically treated by an Izumrud (Emerald) installation. Moscow tap water served as a control for all waters and was Moscow dechlorinated water after ozone-sorption purification, by passing Moscow tap water from a tap into a 3-liter vessel through a household ozone device for 5 min and then passing it through a household coal filter (500 ml). "Troitsa" water also served as a control for Renorm water and as the basis for the water physically treated. The nasal and oral cytological status was followed up in different periods (before and a month after water use and 1, 2, and 6 months following a monthly use) in different groups of volunteers: control and placebo groups, and in the groups of the examinees after using the waters treated by energy-informational technologies (Renorm), and by the Grander technology. Experimental studies have revealed that the consumption of the waters in question not merely fails to cause negative changes in the viscera, but also improves a number of structural and functional indices and, in the volunteers, the use of the waters treated by the energy-informational technologies enhances the protective function of tissue barriers, such as the mucosae of the nose and mouth, by diminishing inflammatory reactions in these organs. Thus, both field and experimental studies have demonstrated that the use of the waters treated by different technologies results in structural and functional improvements.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Decision support-oriented selection of remediation technologies to rehabilitate contaminated sites.

A methodology for selecting remediation technologies is presented as part of a decision support system for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. It includes 2 steps: In the 1st step, a pool of suitable technologies is selected within a technologies database according to their applicability to site-specific conditions; in the 2nd step, the selected technologies: are ranked according to a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach. The MCDA was applied to allow for a transparent procedure and for the integration of expert analyses. The methodology was implemented in a previously developed georeferenced information system-based decision support system for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites and then applied to a case study (Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy). On the basis of the obtained results, the proposed methodology appeared suitable to select remediation technologies according to both technical features and requirements of available technologies, as well as site-specific environmental conditions of the site of concern, such as chemical contamination levels and remediation objectives.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2006

[The advancement of AFLP technology].

AFLP technology has been widely used in molecular biology due to its integration of several advantages of high throughput, high efficiency and requiring no sequence information, etc. Great changes have been achieved in recent years in AFLP-related technologies and platforms. There are several AFLP-expanded technologies available. These improved technologies are capable of distinguishing the heterozygote from the homozygote and of converting any AFLP band of interest, without much effort, into locus-specific markers, which can be deployed for massive locus detection and for gene isolation. This review focuses on these favorable changes from conventional AFLP technology into more effective and more practicable AFLP-related ones. Understanding these advancements and AFLP-expanded technologies will facilitate the achievement of our research goals.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Application of multiplex cytometric bead array technology for the measurement of angiogenic factors in the vitreous.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to compare cytometric bead array (CBA) technology with conventional enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of both vitreous and serum concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiogenin (ANG) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. METHODS: Measurement of vitreous and serum concentrations of IL-8, VEGF, and ANG using both ELISA and CBA was performed in 26 probands (13 diabetics and 13 non-diabetic control subjects). RESULTS: Vitreous and serum concentrations of IL-8, VEGF, and ANG determined by CBA showed a strong correlation with those measured by ELISA. Vitreous levels of IL-8, VEGF, and ANG were significantly higher in diabetics compared to non-diabetic control subjects. No significant correlation between vitreous and serum levels of any of the investigated parameters were found in either diabetics or control individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to utilize cytometric bead array technology for the measurement of angiogenic factors in the vitreous. Measurements obtained by ELISA and CBA technologies were highly correlated for IL-8, VEGF, and ANG in both vitreous and serum samples. Diabetic individuals showed significant elevation of IL-8, VEGF, and ANG in the vitreous but not in serum samples compared to control subjects. The most striking advantage of the CBA technology is the fact that numerous parameters can be measured in parallel using a comparatively small sample volume. It is therefore more rapid and cost effective than ELISA technology. CBA technology is a new, accurate method to measure IL-8, VEGF, and ANG in the vitreous.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Ethical problems of medical technology.

The high cost of new diagnostic and treatment technologies means that they have to be used selectively, and at that point decisions must be made about who should get to use them. In recent years there have been increasing charges of improper use of these new technologies, coupled with increasing discussion of their costs and benefits. Unfortunately, the use of such technology tends to spread indiscriminately and so add indiscriminately to health care costs. Given this situation, there is a need to examine the relevance of new diagnostic and treatment methods, the causes of technological abuse, the ethical aspects of the use of medical technology, and even the relationship between technology and society. Indeed, if there is to be generally effective acquisition and use of health care resources, such examination is essential.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1990

Principles and applications of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology in orthopaedics.

The principles involved in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) technology is presented in this article. It also highlights the current advances and capability of this technology. Application of the CAD/CAM technology in orthopaedics is relatively new. Three broad areas of applications can be defined: (1) three-dimensional reconstructions of skeletal structure based on any of the imaging technique, i.e. CT scan, MRI or X-ray, to analyse, simulate, design and evaluate orthopaedic procedures without having to actually perform the surgery; (2) the production of plastic or wax models for surgeons to have global impressions and understanding of complex cases of bone and joint disorders and the possibility of using the physical models as templates to sculpt allograft pre-operatively; and (3) to design and manufacture geometrically optimal standard and customised implants. CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing in the field of prosthetics, orthotics and orthopaedics footwear. The advantages offered include shorter delivery time, more consistent design, quantifiable rectification and "modern" or remote manufacturing. Apart from these applied usage, the CAD/CAM technology is also an effective tool for education and training. The application of CAD/CAM technology in orthopaedics and its related fields has been shown to have tremendous potential, but may appear to be too esoteric, complex and costly at the present moment. However, with improved generality, simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the system, it will become more practical.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The development, transfer and use of medical technology as a special subject of research].

Regardless of the real exposion of scientific findings and information concerning medical sciences, research in the field, especially fundamental one, has rather insignificant influence on the development of new technologies, applicable in everyday medical practice (pull technologies). Far greater significance has been put on research in other fields, usually initiated with other purposes. "Side product" of that research is the development of these technologies which are best applicable in medicine (push-technologies). This is not the only reason why, as a rule, there is no direct connection between researchers and those supposed to apply and use new technologies. Initiation of evaluational research in the field of medical technologies will be the only way to establish the relationship between the two groups of actors: researchers and implementators.

Medical Laboratory Science↗
PubMed1988

The impact of digital technology on the selection and fitting of hearing aids.

The commercial availability of wearable digital hearing aids begins a new era in hearing aid technology. The impact of the introduction of digital technology extends from differences in hardware configuration to changes in the hearing aid fitting process to improvements in the perceptual experience enjoyed by the hearing-impaired individual. In this article, differences among analog, hybrid, and digital technology are reviewed. Performance differences among these technologies are examined in terms of flexibility, size, power consumption, programmability, and signal processing power. Emphasis is placed on the interdependence of hardware technology, signal processing algorithms, and the fitting procedure. The specific advantages of applying digital technology to fitting procedures are discussed. A number of perceptual and nonperceptual factors for the listener and the need to expand the history-taking process to identify performance-oriented patients are discussed. More rapid and reliable tests of patient preferences and speech intelligibility are needed for digital hearing aid fitting procedures.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1988

[Assessment of technology in intensive care medicine].

In recent years intensive care medicine has been accused of becoming a purely technological medicine. Those of this opinion, however, fail to realize that automatic ECG and blood pressure monitoring have improved the safety and validity of vital parameters and have relieved qualified personnel from unnecessary tasks. The controversial discussion of invasive monitoring, particularly the use of pulmonary artery catheters, led to new and improved technology. Infusion technology and artificial ventilation are characteristic examples which demonstrate the essential need for technology in intensive care medicine. The same is true for extracorporeal CO2 elimination, pacemaker technology, haemofiltration, etc. Computer technology will lead to further improvement in safety and patient care, protecting the patient from human and technical errors.

Critical Care↗
PubMed1984

[Aerospace medicine and its scientific and technological fallout in the field of general biomedicine].

A general preliminary study is made of possible "fall-out" applications from military technology--especially in certain electronics sectors--enabling such technology to be used for non-military purposes that would greatly benefit society, for example in the biomedical field. The continued and profitable exchange that is rapidly developing, not only between technology and science but also between science and technology in the specific sector of aviation medicine, in discussed in detail. The direct and indirect theoretical and practical applications of aviation medicine in medical science, practical medicine and health services are briefly outlined (apparatus for inhaling oxygen; safety and "delethalisation" methods for accidents caused by violent impact; the application of minor technologies in the fields of immunology and hygiene-prophylaxis to air transport and rescue services; the selection and medico-legal check-ups of all military and civilian flight personnel; the emergency transport of transplant organs and seriously ill patients requiring emergency transplants, etc.). Current and possible future practical applications of the vast experience acquired by space medicine had to solve complex problems relating to space flight and man's survival in space, such as: the absence of gravity (and its functional effects on the body's main system and organs), exposure to cosmic and solar radiation, conditioning and prolonged isolation in the space capsule, modifications in circadian rhythms, "space sickness", etc. Finally, the study recalls that the evolution and refinement of aerospace technology has made it possible to make use of exceptional space conditions, such as "microgravity", to conduct in-depth studies--in extreme conditions--of certain biological phenomena and to gain further knowledge of the genesis and to gain of various vital processes. Another area under study is the production--in extremely favourable conditions--of new, vaccines, enzymes and hormones, new drugs for therapy and prophylaxis and for biopharmacology, and new food sources which are of prime importance for man's future requirements.

Accidents, Aviation↗