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PubMed1997

[Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic determination of propofol in human plasma].

An RP-HPLC method is described for the assay of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), a new anesthesia drug, in human plasma. Protein in sample was precipitated with methanol, followed by extraction of propofol with cyclohexane. Both propofol and the internal standard thymol were derivatized with Gibbs' reagent and then chromatographed on an ODS column (Ultrasphere, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetic acid (80:20:0.1) and UV detection at 276 nm. The detectable limit of propofol was 24.8 microg/L (S/N>2) and calibration curves were linear between 50 to 1500 microg/L (r=0.9991). The average coefficient of variation was 6.1%.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2001

Inhibitory effects of spices and herbs towards Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri.

The use of spices and herbs, their essential oils or their active compounds as means of control of pathogens constitutes an alternative to chemical additives In the present study the antibacterial activities of cloves, thyme, oregano, rosemary and basil on Shigella have been established. Although in a model system in agar media addition of 1% basil could contribute to the 'hurdle' principle and delay outgrowth of Shigella sp. this was not confirmed in real food conditions: the presence of 1% basil did not affect growth of Shigella in potato puree at 22 degrees C or survival at 7 degrees C in spaghetti sauce. Thyme and essential oils and thymol and carvacrol showed inhibition of Shigella sp. in the agar well diffusion method (MIC 0.1-1.0%) and they have potential to be used as a desinfectant in the washing water e.g. in the process line of minimal processed vegetables. However, more studies combining sensoric properties with microbial analysis are needed to investigated the possible use of these compounds.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of Thymus vulgaris L. as feed additive in piglets and against haemolytic E. coli in vitro.

The aim of the study was to test Thymi herba (1.66% v/w essential oil with 39% p-cymene and 32% thymol) in the rearing period of piglets as feed additive. Therefore, two feeding trials were performed with piglet groups ranging from 17 to 22 animals each. Either 10 g of Thymi herba/kg feed (Thymi herba group), 10 mg flavophospholipol/kg feed (flavophospholipol group) or nothing (control group) was added to the animals' feed. No significant differences in the performance parameter daily weight gain among any groups were recorded. No differences concerning feed efficiency or isolation of haemolytic E. coli serotypes were shown. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymi herba against 39 haemolytic E. coli isolates from the same weaners was investigated in vitro by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and bactericidal concentration testing. In contrast to the feeding results, the essential oil of the thyme batch fed showed antibacterial activity against all haemolytic E. coli investigated. This interesting antibacterial potential of Thymi herba prompts further investigations as to its value as feed additive.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

Antifungal activity of three mouth rinses--in vitro study.

Mouthrinses are nowadays routinely included in the home care oral hygiene maintenance besides dentifrice/tooth paste. Mouthrinses prevent bacterial attachment and prevent or slow down bacterial proliferation. Fungal organisms have now gained more importance due to increased incidence of AIDS/HIV. This has necessitated for mouthrinses to possess antifungal activity also. The mouthrinses used were Povidone iodine ( Wokadine), Thymol with Eucalyptol and Benzoic acid (Listerine) and fluoride with Triclosan (Colgate Plax), which were tested against oral isolates of different species of Candida. The agar diffusion test was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the mouthrinses and all of them exhibited antifungal activity especially against Candida albicans.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed2007

Effect of different types of enamel conditioners on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

AIM: A unique characteristic of some new bonding systems in operative dentistry is they combine conditioning and priming agents into a single acidic primer solution for simultaneous use on both enamel and dentin. Combining conditioning and priming into a single treatment step results in improvement in both time and cost-effectiveness to the clinician and, indirectly, to the patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the use of a self-etching primer on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets and on the bracket/adhesive failure mode. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-six fresh bovine incisors were collected and stored in a solution of 0.1% (weight/volume) thymol. The criteria for tooth selection included intact buccal enamel, no cracks caused by the presence of the extraction forceps, and no defects. The teeth were cleansed and polished with pumice and rubber prophylactic cups for ten seconds. Brackets were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols following the manufacturers' instructions--Group 1: Conventional multistep bonding system (control group) (n=12); Group 2: Self-etching primer system (n=12); and Group 3: Acid+self-etching primer system (n=12). Specimens were loaded to failure in a Zwick test machine (Zwick GmbH & Co, Ulm, Germany). Shear bond strengths were measured at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength in megapascals (Mpa) (standard deviation) were 11.7 (4.2), 10.5 (4.4), and 10.9 (4.8) for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the three groups. The results indicated no significant difference in the bond strength between the three groups (P=0.800). The results of the Chi square test, evaluating the residual adhesives on the enamel surfaces, revealed no significant difference between the three groups (P=0.554). CONCLUSION: Results of the present in vitro study indicate the use of self-etching primers may be an alternative to conventional phosphoric acid pre-treatment in orthodontic bonding.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1991

[The blood level of cobalamin as an indicator of the functional status of the liver in jaundice of different etiologies].

Blood serum free vitamin B12, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase levels were measured and thymol test made in 168 patients with viral hepatitis A, 13 with chronic hepatitis, 8 with mechanical jaundice of neoplastic origin, 7 with calculous cholecystitis, and 8 with functional hyperbilirubinemia by the microbiologic methods. Elevated blood serum levels of free vitamin B12, conforming to the disease severity and stage, were revealed in the patients with viral hepatitis A, chronic active hepatitis, and mechanical jaundice of a neoplastic origin with liver involvement. Correlations between cobalaminemia and other functional liver tests were observed. Therefore blood serum vitamin B12 measurements may be used for the assessment of the disease activity and severity of liver parenchyma injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Attempts to differential hepatitis B from hepatitis A infection by newly developed serological tests.

An immune Indian ink micro-agglutination method has been evolved for the detection of an antigen present in the blood associated with infectious hepatitis (called IHxAg). In previous studies 86% of serum samples taken from children with hepatitis A proved to be positive by this technique. Present studies were related to 239 adult in-patients with a clinical diagnosis of hepatitis A (123 cases) or hepatitis B (116 cases). Blood samples taken serially during the illness were tested for IHxAg, HBsAg and anti-HBsAg. The results were in accordance with the clinical diagnosis in 60% in contradiction in 30%, whilst all tests brought negative results in 10%. The clinical laboratory findings (SGPT, thymol turbidity) were more in harmony with our laboratory results than with the clinical diagnoses. Rheumatoid factor did not disturb the immune Indian ink reaction, labile serum proteins caused, however, non-specific reaction in 30% of serum samples. When durocytes were used instead of Indian ink the rate of false positive results dropped to 10%. Sera taken in convalescent phase from patients with IHx antigenemia in the acute phase of illness contained an antibody against IHxAg. A crude gammaglobulin preparation from a pool of convalescent sera gave a precipitation line in agarose gel with an antigen present in the fecal extract of children with hepatitis A. This precipitation line proved to contain virus-like particles with an approximate diameter of 25 nm when tested by electronmicroscopy. No precipitation could be seen when sera of the same patients were tested against the same gammaglobulin preparation.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Root caries.

Increasing interest in root caries has resulted in several reports during the year. Problems with diagnosis, epidemiology, structural histopathology, and treatments have clarified some problems concerning root caries. Only active lesions should be registered, but it is important to search for lesions in the periodontal pocket. In several countries, root caries have been found in 30% to 50% of elderly people. In structural investigations, remineralization may occur as irregular precipitation of crystals clearly distinguishable from those of normal sound dentin. Presence of plaque with gram-positive bacteria is closely associated with root caries. Treatment with varnish containing chlorhexidine and thymol may have a reducing effect. Little has been written about the operative treatment of root caries.

Dental Caries↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Umbilical tissue transplantation in progressive myopia].

A new allo-scleroplasty material, umbilical tissue, easily available in clinical practice, is suggested for allo-scleroplasty in progressive myopia. A total of 229 operations were carried out in 144 patients. Indications to and contraindications against umbilical allo-scleroplasty in progressive myopia were defined and the choice of the surgical technique validated. Immediate results of surgery and postoperative complications are analyzed. Umbilical tissue preservation in thymol and lithium chloride solution was found proof enough against the development of postoperative complications. The functional effects achieved by umbilical allo-scleroplasty persisted in remote periods after surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Serological differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis in adults.

Serum samples from different groups of adults were tested for HBsAg and IHxAg, using a complement-fixation microtest and the Indian-ink immune reaction, respectively. (i) In healthy men 18-24 years of age, living in camps in closed communities, HBsAg was demonstrated in 1.5%, IHxAg in 12.2%, and both antigens in 0.7%. The incidence of HBsAg positivity seems to be age-dependent and influenced by environmental factors. (ii) For patients hospitalized with liver and/or biliary-tract diseases other than hepatitis, the respective percentages were 10, 13.5 and 4.5%. (iii) Of the cases clinically diagnosed as infectious hepatitis (IH, hepatitis A) or serum hepatitis (SH, hepatitis B), 14% were positive for both antigens whereas 10% were double-negative; 76% were positive for either HBsAg or IHxAg. In two-thirds of the single-positive cases the demonstrated antigen agreed with the clinical diagnosis, in one-third the unexpected antigen was present. (iv) SGPT and thymol turbidity values agreed better with the serological findings that with the clinical diagnosis. The number of days in hospital appeared to be related to both the serological findings and the clinical diagnosis. The clinical course was the most severe for those having both antigens in blood. (v) IHxantibodies from early convalescence were sensitive, those from a later stage were resistant, to 2-mercaptoethanol. (vi) No correlation was found between the presence of IHxAg and that of the rheumatoid factor. (vii) The IHx Indian-ink reaction is disturbed by the presence of labile serum proteins while the essentially similar reverse passive haemagglutination reaction was not affected by them. (viii) Testing for IHxAg seems to be a procedure valuable in the differential diagnosis of IH and SH, though the results are less convincing in adult age than in childhood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Evaluation of a new immunoturbidimetry technique for measuring microalbuminuria].

Subclinical elevation of urinary albumin excretion is a good predictor of later clinical proteinuria. A simple, sensitive and rapid immunoturbidimetric method was developed to quantify urinary albumin excretion (URIN-PAK ImmunoMICRO LAB, Miles Italia Spa). In the presence of polyethylene glycol 6000, immunocomplex between human albumin and its specific antibody are rapidly formed (5-50 min, at room temperature). Absorbance reading are mode U 340 nm (Automatic Analyzer RA 1000, Technicon). The test is specific for albumin failing to cross react with other plasma proteins present in urine, as well as with glibenclamide, chlorpropamide, phenformin, hemoglobin, glucose, urea and thymol. The present method correlates with SCLAVO H-ALBUMIN RIA Kit (r = 0.9917). The test is suitable for clinical use.

Albuminuria↗

PubMed1991

[The diagnostic value of the aminophenazone breath test in chronic liver diseases].

In 230 patients (90 females, 140 males aged between 20 and 73 years, average age 47.8 years) with and without exception histologically and/or laparoscopically ascertained chronic liver diseases (degenerative damages of liver parenchyma in 45, fatty liver stage I in 28, fatty liver stage II in 36, cholangiohepatitis in 4, chronic persisting hepatitis in 31, chronic active hepatitis in 57 and liver cirrhosis in 59 cases) the incorporation of the aminophenazon breathing test in the so-called laboratory chemical liver spectrum was controlled. The restriction of the microsomal biotransformation established by means of the aminophenazon breathing test behaved parallel to the degree of severity of the disease. The aminophenazon breathing test was performed in the modification after Haustein and Schenker (1985). The largest delays in the decomposition were found in the complete cirrhotic transformation of the liver. The unequivocally pathologic result of the aminophenazon breathing test in severe irreversible damages of the liver parenchyma was confirmed by the formation of correlations with parameters of the conventional laboratory spectrum of the liver. Thus the restriction of the performance of the synthesis of the liver for coagulation factors and albumins was parallel to the loss of function of the mixed functional oxidases. In all patients with chronic liver diseases a connection between the value of the thromboplastin time (Quick's test) and result of the breathing test was found. Positive linear correlation between serum albumin and results of the breathing test could also be proved particularly in the group of the severe chronic inflammatory liver diseases. In chronic fibrosing liver diseases there were positive inverse correlations between gamma-globulin concentration in the serum and thymol turbidity test on the one hand as well as the aminophenazon breathing test on the other. There were no correlations between liver enzyme and aminophenazon breathing test. The results of the own investigations incorporate the aminophenazon breathing test as indicator of a severe liver cell damage which at the same time is established by the pathological result of the so-called synthesis parameters of the liver.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Studies of the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and their constituents against periodontopathic bacteria.

Plant extracts and their constituents were tested for antibacterial activity against periodontopathic bacteria, including Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Eikenella and Bacteroides species. The essential oils of two labiatae plants, Mosla chinensis Maxim. and Pogostemon cablin Benth., and five terpenoids, hinokitiol, thymol, carvacrol, patchoulialcohol and pogostone, showed antibacterial activity. The terpenoids were especially effective against Bacteroides species.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1990

Antibacterial effects of Listerine on oral bacteria.

To evaluate the efficacy of Listerine, a solution for washing the oral cavity consisting of essential oils (thymol, methanol, eukalyptol) and methyl salicylate, minimum concentrations inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms in the oral cavity and the bactericidal effects on bacteria in the saliva and dental plaque were evaluated in vitro. Listerine inhibited the growth of microorganisms over a very broad range. The minimum concentration inhibiting growth of Listerine was a 4 to 32 fold dilution, 2-4 times as potent as the solution after elimination of active ingredient components, in 38 of 54 bacterial strains, indicating the efficacy of the active ingredient in the inhibition of the growth of microorganisms. Bactericidal action of Listerine against from bacteria isolated from saliva and dental plaque from 5 healthy normal subjects was tested. Listerine exhibited a potent bactericidal effect on bacteria in saliva and dental plaque. Most of the bacteria died after a 30 second exposure to Listerine. According to these results, Listerine appears to be effective as a solution used for cleansing the oral cavity and dentures.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1990

Studies on contact dermatitis in stomatological staff.

84 patients with contact dermatitis (38 dentists, 18 dental nurses and 28 dental technicians) were studied. All were patch tested with standard patch test series of the CMEA countries and with some professional allergens. 31 (36.9%) of them had allergic occupational contact dermatitis and 39 (46.2%) had irrtiant contact dermatitis. The highest prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis was found among dental surgeons. The percentage of atopics in the group of patients with irritant contact dermatitis was twice greater compared to that in the group of patients with allergic contact dermatitis. The contact allergens most frequently encountered were acrylic compounds, disinfectants (eugenol, thymol, trioxymethylene) mercury compunds and anesthetics.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of the efficacy of praziquantel and its liposomal form in experimental opisthorchiasis].

Intensive and extensive efficacy of praziquantel pure and that included in multilamellar liposomes was studied. As a result, a high anti-helminthic activity of liposomal praziquantel has been established. Negative effect of praziquantel on protein synthetic and enzymatic function of the liver has been revealed in normal animals. The treatment with liposomal praziquantel led to a rapid normalization of total lipid and bilirubin levels, thymol turbidity test, transaminase indices and also to a decrease in dystrophic liver changes.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Significance of biochemical markers in Morbus Hodgkin.

Statistically significant changes of the values of biochemical tests can be utilized in complex clinical and laboratory diagnosis and in appreciating the status of the disease in Hodgkin's lymphomas. Considering the increasing number of biochemical tests and their common nonspecificity, urgent necessity appears to verify their importance in malignant diseases. The authors analyzed 2626 biochemical examinations in 39 patients with M. Hodgkin. The results were evaluated in untreated patients, in patients in remission with and without BCG vaccination, in relapse, in the course of successful and unsuccessful therapy and the contribution of individual laboratory tests for the diagnosis and the course of the disease was verified. Suitable for the diagnosis are those tests which do not deviate from physiological limits in the sense either of the increase (alpha 2-, beta-, gamma-globulins and transaminases) or the decrease (albumins and albumin-globulin quotient). Statistically insignificant were the changes of the values of total protein, alpha1-globulins, N-urea, thymol turbidity reaction, cholesterol, phosphatases and lactate dehydrogenase. The results presented can be an aid for the clinician in the choice of individual biochemical markers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The measurement of propofol in human blood samples by liquid chromatography.

A simple, sensitive, reliable and rapid column liquid chromatographic method was developed for the measurement of propofol, a new anesthetic agent, in human maternal and placental blood. The assay involved a single extraction of the drug and internal standard, thymol, from blood buffered with 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer into cyclohexane. The organic extract, basified with tetramethylammonium hydroxide, in evaporation tube was evaporated to dryness at 30 degrees C under nitrogen. The residue was redissolved in 80 microliters acetonitrile and an aliquot (25-50 microliters) of the concentrate was injected into a C18 reversed-phase column (4 microns, Nova-Pak) linked to a C18 pre-column. The mobile phase consisted of 60% (v/v) acetonitrile in distilled water containing 1% v/v glacial acetic acid and was eluted at 2.5 ml min-1. The components of the column effluent was monitored by a fluorometric detector with excitation and emission wavelengths set at 276 nm and 310 nm, respectively. The method has been used to measure propofol concentrations in blood from maternal veins and placental arteries and veins during cesarean section.

Adult↗