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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Facial expressions of emotion: an old controversy and new findings.

Evidence on universals in facial expression of emotion and renewed controversy about how to interpret that evidence is discussed. New findings on the capability of voluntary facial action to generate changes in both autonomic and central nervous system activity are presented, as well as a discussion of the possible mechanisms relevant to this phenomenon. Finally, new work on the nature of smiling is reviewed which shows that it is possible to distinguish the smile when enjoyment is occurring from other types of smiling. Implications for the differences between voluntary and involuntary expression are considered.

Emotions↗
PubMed2006

The influence of facial feedback on race bias.

Two studies were conducted to examine whether facial feedback can modulate implicit racial bias as assessed by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Participants were surreptitiously induced to smile through holding a pencil in their mouth while viewing photographs of unfamiliar Black or White males or performed no somatic configuration while viewing the photographs (Study 1 only). All participants then completed the IAT with no facial manipulation. Results revealed a spreading attitude effect, with significantly less racial bias against Blacks among participants surreptitiously induced to smile during prior viewing of Black faces than among participants surreptitiously induced to smile during prior viewing of White faces.

Association↗
PubMed1975

Functional asymmetry in the face.

The possible existence of one-sided dominance in the face, similar to the phenomena of handedness and footedness, has been investigated by studying smiling pattern, movements of the angles of mouth, winking, platysma contraction, raising and everting the upper lip with dilatation of the nostril, and vertical wrinkling of the forehead, on 300 right-handed and 30 left-handed persons. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The large majority of persons investigated do not use the two sides of face equally. 2. Facial ambilaterality is a rare feature. 3. There is no clear-cut correlation between handedness and the dominant side of the face. 4. The greater percentage (58.66%) of right-handed persons show a left-sided smile and find it more convenient to perform almost all exercises with the left side of the face. A still greater percentage (73.33%) of left-handed persons shows a right-sided smile and a better performance of all exercises with the right side of the face. The contralateral relationship of handedness to the dominant side of the face is significant in the right-handed and more so, in the left-handed persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Young burned children: the course of acute stress and physiological and behavioral responses.

OBJECTIVE: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are a focus of much research with older children, but little research has been conducted with young children, who account for about 40% of all pediatric burn injuries. This is a longitudinal study of 72 acutely burned children (12-48 months old) that assessed the course of acute posttraumatic symptoms and physiological reactivity. METHOD: Parents were interviewed shortly after their child was admitted to the hospital and 1 month after discharge. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) module. Nurses recorded the child's physiological data throughout the hospital stay. The child's physical and behavioral responses were assessed in a laboratory at about 1 month after discharge. RESULTS: Reduced social smiling in the children was related to PTSD symptoms, as measured by the DICA, and heart rate at 24 hours and 7 days. Reduced vocalization was related to the child's rating of pain at 24 hours. Smiling and vocalizations were also related to some DICA cluster scores but not avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: Preschool children admitted to a burn unit demonstrated PTSD symptoms and physiological reactivity. There was a relation to the frequency of smiles and vocalizations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Environmental influences on the behavioral phenotype of Angelman syndrome.

Using observational methods, we examined the social influences on laughing and smiling behavior in children with Angelman syndrome by systematically manipulating aspects of social interaction. Seven boys and 4 girls who were between 4 and 11 years of age and who had a confirmed maternal deletion of chromosome 15q11-q13 completed the study. Each child was observed while repeatedly exposed to three conditions in which parameters of social interaction were manipulated. Laughing and smiling behavior varied across all children and was significantly heightened in a condition involving adult speech, touch, smiling, laughing, and eye contact. The findings highlight the importance of examining environmental and social influences on purported phenotypic behavior in genetic syndromes.

Angelman Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Sensitivity of a method for the analysis of facial mobility. I. Vector of displacement.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To determine which facial landmarks show the greatest movement during specific facial animations and (2) to determine the sensitivity of our instrument in using these landmarks to detect putatively abnormal facial movements. DESIGN: Movements of an array of skin-based landmarks on five healthy human subjects (2 men and 3 women; mean age, 27.6 years; range, 26 to 29 years) were observed during the execution of specific facial animations. To investigate the instrument sensitivity, we analyzed facial movements during maximal smile animations in six patients with different types of functional problems. In parallel, a panel was asked to view video recordings of the patients and to rate the degree of motor impairment. Comparisons were made between the panel scores and those of the measurement instrument. RESULTS: Specific regions of the face display movement that is representative of specific animations. During the smile animation, landmarks on the mid- and lower facial regions demonstrated the greatest movement. A similar pattern of movement was seen during the cheek puff animation, except that the infraorbital and chin regions demonstrated minimal movement. For the grimace and eye closure animations, the upper, mid-facial, and upper-lip regions exhibited the greatest movement. During eye opening, the upper and mid-facial regions, excluding the upper lip and cheek, moved the most, and during lip purse, markers on the mid- and lower face demonstrated the most movement. We used the smile-sensitive landmarks to evaluate individuals with functional impairment and found good agreement between instrument rankings based on the data from these landmarks and the panel rankings. CONCLUSION: The present method of three-dimensional tracking has the potential to detect and characterize a range of clinically significant functional deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of interpersonal relationship, interpersonal distance, and gender on nonverbal behavior in dyads of strangers and acquaintances].

UNLABELLED: To investigate the effects of actual relationship in dyads (strangers or acquaintances), interpersonal distance, and gender on nonverbal behavior, 32 (16 male and 16 female) undergraduates interact in same sex pair for 7 minutes. The nonverbal behavior investigated was look, eye contact, body orientation, head orientation, body lean, and utterance. The interactions were video-taped. MAJOR FINDINGS: 1. Effects of the relationship were found in the frequency of look, duration, frequency, and mean duration of smile, and frequency of body lean (forward). 2. Effects of the interpersonal distance were found in the duration and frequency of smile, frequency of head orientation, duration and frequency of body lean (forward), and duration of eye contact and utterance. 3. Sex differences were found in the frequency of look, duration of smile, duration and frequency of body lean (forward), and duration of eye contact.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anterior esthetic gingival depigmentation and crown lengthening: report of a case.

Excessive gingival display space and gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unaesthetic. This problem is aggravated in patients with a "gummy smile" or excessive gingival display while smiling. Esthetic periodontal plastic surgery is especially rewarding in such individuals with compromised esthetics. A case is reported here on the cosmetic correction of "black gums" and "gummy smile." Periodontal plastic surgery combining gingival depigmentation and esthetic crown lengthening was performed in a single appointment using scalpel surgical technique. The outline of steps involved in the surgical procedure is demonstrated and a brief review of the various gingival depigmentation techniques is depicted here.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[A study of esthetic harmony and balance of the facial soft tissue].

Esthetics and harmony of the human body have been for ages sources of research and inspiration for scientists and artists. The face affects the appearance and determines, in a way, the limits in the evaluation of beauty influenced by various psychological, environmental or other factors. There are some studies dealing with facial proportions in which researchers are trying to establish some mathematic norms for the evaluation of the "esthetic face". In this paper, a study of some facial proportions is carried out, in photographs of female faces with three different expressions, seriousness, relaxed position and smile. Our findings show that smiling faces are significantly different from serious and relaxed faces in most of the proportions studied. The "Golden proportion" was closer to the proportions of the serious and relaxed faces than to the proportions of the smiling ones.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1995

A visual method of determining marginal placement of crowns: Part I. Marginal placement of anterior crowns.

The cervical margins of crowns are often placed subgingivally to satisfy patients' demands for esthetics, even though subgingival margins can adversely affect gingival health. Photographs of 527 Saudi citizens (285 men and 242 women) with natural and exaggerated smiles were recorded to determine if subgingival margins are always necessary. The photographs indicated that a substantial percentage of the participants did not display the gingival tissue of their anterior teeth during a natural smile. (Percentages ranged from 43.5% to 69.8% of maxillary teeth and from 93.7% to 97.9% of mandibular teeth). The percentage of subjects who did not reveal the gingival tissue of their maxillary anterior teeth during an exaggerated smile ranged from 22.7% to 39.3%; the percentage of mandibular anterior teeth ranged from 54.1% to 72.7%. There was no statistically significant difference between men and women regarding visibility of anterior teeth. Thus, a substantial number of these subjects could receive anterior crowns with supragingival margins without sacrificing esthetics.

Crowns↗
PubMed1993

Resective surgery: an esthetic application.

The esthetic influence of gingival architecture on symmetry and tooth length as they relate to the "smile line" can be altered through periodontal surgical techniques. An internal bevel gingivectomy can be utilized, with some modifications in technique, to increase the beauty of a smile. The practitioner can influence the appearance of the smile by correcting tooth length problems as they relate to upper lip line and correction of right-to-left asymmetries. The surgical techniques are described in detail for various clinical situations.

Esthetics, Dental↗
PubMed1992

Faces as reinforcers: effects of pairing condition and facial expression.

The reinforcing properties of faces were investigated in two experiments in which tones were first paired with an adult female face and subsequently tested for their ability to potentiate visual fixation when compounded with a checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 1, infants who had been presented six pairings of a 65-dB, 1000-Hz tone with a smiling face later fixated a checkerboard pattern significantly more when it was compounded with the tone than when it was tested alone. Infants in random and backward controls fixated the checkerboard pattern roughly equal amounts in the presence absence of the tone, and infants in a no tone control did not exhibit a novelty response when shifted from the face to the checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 2, facial expression was varied across groups and the effects on conditioning of a 65-dB tone that immediately preceded the face were studied. On test trials, greater fixation in the presence of the tone than in its absence was observed when a smiling or a surprised expression was presented, but not when a neutral expression was presented. Differences scores (fixation on tone minus no tone test trials) were significantly greater than zero in the smiling and surprised conditions, and significantly greater in the surprised condition than in the neural condition. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a conditioned visual fixation paradigm for the study of the reinforcing properties of faces and of infant associative learning in general, and suggest that the expression portrayed by a face contributes to its effectiveness as a reinforcer.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

Synaptic structural plasticity following repetitive activation in the rat hippocampus.

The morphological effects of repetitive neuronal activation following systemic kainic acid administration were examined in hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum synapses. Sporadic activation of CA3 and CA1 neurons began approximately 15-25 min after kainic acid administration, which was followed at 1-2 h by repetitive ictal firing until the completion of the experiments at 4 hr. Synaptic density in the CA1 region increased following stimulation, reaching significance at the earliest time period examined, approximately 5-15 min postactivation. There was an initial increase and then a decline in frown (and then flat)-shaped synaptic subtypes, with an ultimate increase in smile-shaped synapses. This pattern is consistent with either a change in synapses from frown to smile shaped or a selective gain/loss of synaptic subtypes. There was also an increase in the size of smile-shaped synapses, but a decrease in the size of frown synapses. By 4 h there was a decline in most indices of synaptic morphology, suggesting that the stimulation had become cytotoxic. These results indicate that the number and morphology of synapses and synaptic subtypes can be modified with relatively short periods of repeated use and suggest their potential role in activity-dependent phenomenon such as information storage and epilepsy.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The bond strengths of resin systems to etched enamel.

This study was undertaken to compare the resin-enamel bond strengths of seven anterior restorative resins using the acid-etch technique. Six of the materials (Restodent, Enamelite, Smile, Nuva-System, Concise, and Adaptic) were composite resins. Only one, Sevriton, was an unfilled resin. Of the seven, only Sevriton and Smile were not designed for the acid-etch technique. Of the materials tested, Sevriton and Enamelite had the weakest bonds. There was no significant difference in the bond strength among Nuva-System, Smile, and Restodent; the bonds of all these were stronger than those of Sevriton and Enamelite. Concise showed a significantly greater bond strength than all the other materials in the study except Adaptic and the Nuva-System. The resin-enamel bond strength of Adaptic was of a greater magnitude than that of all other test materials.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Effects of early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with non-ST-elevation acute anterior myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: No data are available on the clinical efficacy of the early administration (<24 hours from onset of chest pain) of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in non-thrombolysed patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). We have addressed this issue in a subgroup of NSTEMI patients enrolled in the SMILE trial. METHODS: Of the overall population of 1556 patients, 526 (33.8%) had an anterior wall NSTEMI, defined as an ST elevation <1 mm or an ST depression in at least two contiguous precordial leads with or without new abnormal Q waves. No patient of the SMILE Study received thrombolytic therapy or was reperfused. Patients were randomized, double-blind, to zofenopril (n = 253) or placebo (n = 273) for 6 weeks. The primary end point was the effect of treatment on the 6-week combined occurrence of death and severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Secondary end points included the evaluation of the 6-week rate of severe CHF as well as the 1-year mortality rate. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of treatment, zofenopril significantly reduced both the incidence of the primary end point (risk reduction 65%, 95% CI 20-80, 2P = .003) and the 6-week incidence of severe CHF (84%, 95% CI 33-97, 2P = .006) in NSTEMI patients. One-year mortality was also significantly reduced by zofenopril treatment (43%, 95% CI 14-57, 2P = .036). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this post hoc analysis of the SMILE Study strongly suggest the benefit of the early administration of zofenopril even in patients with an anterior wall NSTEMI.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Depressor labii inferioris resection: an effective treatment for marginal mandibular nerve paralysis.

In patients who show their lower teeth during smiling and facial animation, paralysis of the marginal mandibular nerve (MMN) causes a noticeable asymmetry of the lower lip due to the absence of depressor function. This paper presents a balancing technique for this lower lip asymmetry that involves resection of the depressor labii inferioris (DLI) on the nonparalysed side. The anatomy of the muscle, the operative technique, and the effectiveness of the procedure are outlined. A retrospective chart review was performed for 42 adult patients who were treated for MMN palsy with a DLI resection. Seven cases had only the MMN involved, and 35 cases had unilateral facial nerve paralysis. Thirty-six of these patients were available for a follow-up telephone survey. Of the 42 primary DLI resections performed, 36 cases had successful outcomes. Of the six patients who failed to achieve the expected results, five patients had repeat DLI resection and three of these achieved the desired result; the other two patients required a third resection. One patient continued to have DLI action with smiling and subsequently had a Botox injection into the DLI with good results. Of the 36 survey respondents, 21 patients felt their lower lip was asymmetrical at rest prior to DLI resection and 18 of these patients were improved by the procedure (P = 0.0001). Twenty-nine of the 36 patients reported that their lower lip was more symmetrical when they smiled following the DLI resection (P < 0.0001). The bilateral lack of movement in the lower lip when expressing emotions, such as anger and sorrow, was not as important to the patient as the lack of symmetry when expressing these emotions. Patients' speech either improved or showed no change, the amount patients bit their lower lip significantly improved (P = 007) whereas oral continence showed no significant changes (P = 0.147) following the DLI resection. DLI resection is a simple and effective procedure for the treatment of MMN palsy. The results are permanent and predictable. Lower lip symmetry is produced both at rest and with facial animation, without causing a functional deficit. The expected results of surgery can be trialed by local anaesthetic or botulinum toxin to block the activity of the DLI.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A pooled analysis of seven randomized crossover studies of the palatability of cefdinir oral suspension versus amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefprozil, azithromycin, and amoxicillin in children aged 4 to 8 years.

OBJECTIVE: This analysis of the results of 7 trials compared the taste and smell acceptability scores of cefdinir oral suspension and 4 other pediatric antibiotic oral suspensions--amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefprozil, azithromycin, or generic amoxicillin--using a visual smile-face scale. METHODS: Data from 7 randomized, single-blind, cross-over trials were pooled and analyzed. In each study, children aged 4 to 8 years were asked to taste and smell 2 different antibiotic suspensions and assign preference using a visual smile-face scale. Ratings were converted to a numeric score ranging from 5 (really good) to 1 (really bad). RESULTS: A total of 1011 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment-order groups; 965 were evaluable for the taste and smell analyses. Baseline demographics of evaluable subjects were similar among test groups. Approximately even proportions of participants were female or male (50.1 % vs 49.9%), most (84.1%) were white, and slightly more participants were aged 7 or 8 years rather than younger (age 4 years, 16.0%; age 5 years, 17.4%; age 6 years, 18.7%; age 7 years, 23.2%; age 8 years, 24.8%). Of the 965 children who tasted both antibiotic suspensions and determined their preference, 798 (82.7%) rated the taste of cefdinir as really good or good (the highest possible ratings); 712 (73.8%) assigned the same ratings to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefprozil, azithromycin, or generic amoxicillin (P < or = 0.001). With regard to smell, 671 (69.5%) rated the smell of cefdinir as really good or good; 636 (65.9%) assigned these same ratings to the comparator agents (P = NS). CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of data from 7 randomized, single-blind, crossover trials, children between the ages of 4 and 8 years preferred the taste of cefdinir oral suspension to that of other pediatric antibiotic suspensions. Based on smile-face scores, subjects found the smell of cefdinir oral suspension to be at least as good as that of the comparators.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Using tandem mass spectrometry to predict chemical transformations of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzyl amine derivatives in solution.

Tandem mass spectrometry is used to predict the chemical transformations of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzyl amine derivatives. Compound 1, N-2-2-4,6- dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy benzylamino phenyl benzamide was selected as a model to present our idea. The CID reactions of protonated 1 include an intramolecular S(N)2 reaction and a cyclodehydration reaction. Under in-source CID conditions, deprotonated 1 undergoes a Smiles rearrangement reaction and then dissociates to the ion at m/z 349. Theoretical computations were invoked to shed light on the reaction mechanisms of 1 by the semiempirical PM3 method. These studies of gas-phase reactions show the reactivity of some potential reaction centers in this molecule, which inspired us to explore the solution phase analogous reactions of 1. Further experiments show that 1 has two analogous reactions in acidic solution: the acid-catalyzed cyclodehydration reaction and the acid-catalyzed Smiles rearrangement reaction. Moreover, 1 undergoes the base-catalyzed Smiles rearrangement under basic conditions. The present study demonstrates that mass spectrometry can play an important role in predicting the chemical solution phase transformations of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzyl amine derivatives.

Benzylamines↗