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PubMed1991

Views of classical medicine. Theurgical and secular rational medicine in the healing-temples of ancient Greece.

The medicine described in Homer's epic is essentially a war medicine. The therapies, such as healing herbs, are a gift of the gods, the healing Apollo and Centaur Chiron. According to Hesiod, the author of Opera et dies (Works and days), in the eighth century medicine was a combination of religious and magical elements along with hygienic rules, dietetics and healing herbs. Health and diseases were attributed to the gods and Daímones and Theoí intermediate, as far as human events are concerned, between the Pantheon and men. In ancient times medicine was associated with the gods, especially Apollo, son of Zeus, and only in the 6th-5th century B.C. Asklepius (Asklepiós), the Thessalian king of the Iliad, was deified. Thus, theurgical medicine was practised by the priests of Asklepius and Asklepíeia (Asklepius' temples) were built as places for all kinds of medical treatment. In the 5th century, scientific observation became a common method of medical practice due to the physician working as a craftsman, arising from naturalistic philosophy, knowledge of anatomy, etiopatogenetic view of medicine and consideration of chronic diseases. Therapy was usually ineffective and the best doctors were those especially good at prognosis. Health and diseases were thus seen as a balance of the whole person, holistic view of man. As classical medicine was usually ineffective, in buildings devoted to health (i.e. tà Asklepíeia) the custom was to combine medicine (téchne) with the practice of dreams (incubatio) and theurgical aspects: the sacred spring, an odeîon or theatre, an ábaton for incubation and dreams, a temple devoted to the gods of healing (Apollo, Asklepius, Amphiaraos, etc.) were present together with those health buildings where physicians practised medicine.

Architecture↗
PubMed2001

Secular increase in the incidence of hip fractures in Belgium between 1984 and 1996: need for a concerted public health strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of hip fractures (at the proximal end of the femur) in Belgium from 1984 to 1996. METHODS: Use was made of information from the national database on hospital bills, which fully covers the annual hospital stays in the whole of the country. FINDINGS: The mean annual incidence of hip fractures increased from 107.8 to 140.5 per 100,000 inhabitants between 1984 and 1996. The incidence of fractures of the femoral shaft (diaphysis), taken as a control, remained stable. The female to male ratio of these hip fractures was 2.3:1. Although the incidence by age group was identical for males and females, the fractures occurred approximately seven years earlier in women than in men. The demographic changes observed in Belgium during this period accounted for only 10% of the observed increase in the number of hip fractures. CONCLUSION: If no comprehensive preventive policy is set up promptly, there will be a sevenfold increase in the incidence of hip fractures between now and the year 2050 in Belgium.

Age Factors↗