Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Rodenticides”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

RDX degradation using an integrated Fe(0)-microbial treatment approach.

RDX is a persistent and highly mobile groundwater contaminant that represents a major remediation challenge at numerous munitions manufacturing and load-assemblage-package facilities. This work presents proof of concept that permeable reactive iron barriers might be a viable approach to intercept and degrade RDX plumes. Specifically, RDX was rapidly reduced in aquifier microcosms amended with Fe(0) powder, and in flow-through columns packed with steel wool. The rate and extent of RDX degradation in microcosms was enhanced by anaerobic bacteria that feed on cathodic hydrogen (i.e., H2 produced during anaerobic Fe(0) corrosion by water). Apparently, the hydrogenotrophic consortium that exploits Fe(0) corrosion as a metabolic niche participated in the further degradation of heterocyclic intermediates produced by the reaction of RDX with Fe(0). Reductive treatment of RDX with Fe(0) also reduced its toxicity to microorganisms and enhanced its subsequent biodegradability under either anaerobic or anaerobic conditions. Therefore, a combined or sequential Fe(0)-biological treatment approach might improve treatment efficiency.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2001

Toxicity of sediment-associated nitroaromatic and cyclonitramine compounds to benthic invertebrates.

The toxicity of nitroaromatic (2,4-diaminonitrotoluene [2,4-DANT] and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene [TNB]) and 14C-labeled cyclonitramine compounds (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine [RDX] and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine [HMX]) to the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata and the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus following 10- or 28-d exposures to spiked sediments was investigated. Organismal-level effects on survival, growth, and reproduction and cellular-level effects on apoptosis (programmed cell death) were evaluated. Because cyclonitramines have low affinity for sediment, overlying water was not exchanged in the RDX and HMX exposures. Nitroaromatics sorbed strongly to sediment, resulting in near complete resistance to solvent extraction. Cyclonitramines sorbed weakly to sediment, as more 14C-activity was found in the overlying water than in the sediment at exposure termination. No significant decrease in survival or growth was observed with cyclonitramines at initial sediment concentrations as high as 1,000 microg/g. Survival was significantly affected by nitroaromatics at nominal sediment concentrations as low as 200 microg/g, with L. plumulosus being more sensitive than N. arenaceodentata. Growth was significantly decreased at sublethal concentrations of 2,4-DANT for N. arenaceodentata. Reproduction, measured only with L. plumulosus, was significantly decreased only in the highest RDX treatment and also in the lower TNB treatment. However, no decrease was observed in higher concentrations of TNB. Body burden at exposure termination was below detection limit (1 microg/kg) for all compounds. Significant inhibition of apoptosis was not accompanied by significant decreases in growth or reproduction. Because of its critical function in many biological processes. alterations in this endpoint may result in adverse effects on the organism and could be used as an early indicator of toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Electrocerebral changes in acute alpha-chloralose poisoning: a case report.

A patient who had swallowed a high dose of alpha-chloralose (AC) exhibited a severe CNS depression, myoclonic convulsions and a flat EEG tracing. An episode of respiratory depression occurred also during hospitalization. The cerebral electrical activity reappeared after 18 hrs., EEG and clinical pictures subsequently showing a rapid improvement. Chemical tests revealed the presence of 0.3 mg/100 ml of trichloroethanol in the blood. Treatment included the administration of diazepam against convulsions and assisted respiration. This case confirms previous clinical and experimental observations, proving that AC should be regarded as a convulsant in addition to being an anesthetic agent.

Chloralose↗
PubMed2001

Identification of hydroxylamino-dinitroso-1,3,5-triazine as a transient intermediate formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine.

The metabolic fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in a mixed culture incubated under methanogenic conditions was studied. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the loss of RDX and the formation of mono-, di-, and trinitroso-RDX as transient biodegradation intermediates. An additional peak observed in the HPLC chromatograms was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as hydroxylamino-dinitroso-1,3,5-triazine. This is the first report identifying hydroxylamino-dinitroso-1,3,5-triazine as a transient intermediate produced during the anaerobic biodegradation of RDX.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1975

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of strychnine in grain baits.l.

A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of strychnine. Grain baits containing strychnine alkaloid are ground, mixed, and extracted by shaking with chloroform. Without further cleanup, extract filtrates are injected directly into a liquid chromatograph. Chromatography is complete within 7 min and peak heights are used for quantitation. Separations were made on a 30 cm times 4 mm id stainless steel column packed with mu Porasil (8-12 mum silica). The eluting solvent was methanol-chloroform (10+90) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Recovery of spiked samples ranged from 91.5 to 95.2%. Confirmation of strychnine from a commercial sample was made by high resolution mass spectrometry with mass agreement to 1.2 ppm.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1975

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of strychnine in grain baits.

A simple and rapid gas-liquid chromatographic procedure, using a 6' times 1/4'' glass column packed with 5% SE-30 on Chromosorb W (DMCS) and a flame ionization detector, is described. Grain baits containing strychnine alkaloid are ground, mixed, and extracted by shaking with chloroform containing an internal standard, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene. Without further cleanup, extract filtrates are injected directly into a gas chromatograph. Peak height ratios are used for quantitation of strychnine. The analysis of commercial samples shows that the method compares well with a commonly employed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method; good precision, with recoveries ranging from 89.9 to 91.7%, is obtained in the analysis of prepared samples. The method is sensitive to 2 mug strychnine.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2001

Effect of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate on antagonism of tetramethylenedisulphotetramine to GABA receptor.

AIM: To study effects of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS) on the antagonism of tetramethylenedisulphotetramine (TETS) to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. METHODS: Acute toxicity experiments were conducted to observe the effects of DMPS and TETS on mice. Contents of free amino acids in mouse brain were determined with automatic analyzer for amino acids. Autoradiography was used to observe the [3H]GABA bindings in the rat brain slices under different conditions. RESULTS: After icv and ip DMPS, the number of mice experiencing convulsions reduced from 20 in control group to 4 and 2 respectively in TETS poisoned mice. The content of GABA was altered in DMPS control group and TETS control group compared with DMPS protection group and NS control group [micromol/g: (2.09 +/- 0.05) and (2.67 +/- 0.15) vs (2.40 +/- 0.10 (micromol/g)) and (2.41 +/- 0.21)]; the content of glutamic acid was (12.3 +/- 1.2), (12.0 +/- 0.8), (10.2 +/- 0.6), and (11.8 +/- 1.0) micromol/g in NS control group, DMPS control group, TETS control group, and DMPS protection group, respectively. The OD value of autoradiograms decreased in TETS group compared with buffer control group in cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, and brainstem [(0.084 +/- 0.008), (0.081 +/- 0.009), (0.094 +/- 0.006) and (0.081 +/- 0.006), vs (0.102 +/- 0.003), (0.109 +/- 0.005), (0.128 +/- 0.007), and (0.125 +/- 0.008), respectively]. OD value was maintained or higher than the normal level in DMPS+TETS group in the four brain areas [(0.116 +/- 0.008), (0.125 +/- 0.011), (0.129 +/- 0.005), and (0.128 +/- 0.010) vs (0.102 +/- 0.003), (0.109 +/- 0.005), (0.128 +/- 0.007), and (0.125 +/- 0.008), respectively]. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effects of DMPS on the antagonism of TETS to GABA receptor are due to the increase in the GABA binding to its receptors in brain caused by DMPS

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Photocatalytic degradation of explosives contaminated water.

This study was undertaken to examine the degradation of TNT, RDX and HMX in a circular photocatalytic reactor with TiO2 as a photocatalyst. We examined the impact of parameters such as the initial concentration, initial pH of solution on rates of photocatalized transformation, and the mineralization. The results showed that photocatalysis is an effective process for the degradation of TNT, RDX and HMX. They could be comoletely degraded in 150 min with 1.0 g/L TiO2 at pH 7. An increase in the photocatalytic degradation of HMX was noticed with decreasing initial HMX. The rates of RDX and HMX degradation were greater in neutral pH than in acidic and alkaline conditions. In case of TNT degradation, the rate of degradation was the fastest at pH 11. Approximately 82% TOC decrease in the TNT degradation was achieved after 150 min, whereas TOC decrease in RDX and HMX was 24% and 59%, respectively. Nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions were detected as the nitrogen byproducts from the photocatalysis, and more than 50% of the total nitrogen was recovered as nitrate ion in every explosives.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical analysis of 15 cases with tetramethylenedisulfotetramine].

In our study, we observed the clinical manifestations of 15 tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TEM) toxicosis emergency patients diagnosed by plasma toxin chemical analysis, and evaluated the effect of emergency treatments. All cases could not be differentiated from the other kinds of toxicosis by clinical manifestations, and toxin chemical analysis was the sole definite diagnosis method. The effect of gastric lavage in early stage was especially obvious, 13 cases with convulsions got immediate relief after plasma exchange, the use of large dosage of tranquilizer resulted in better control on convulsion in 4 cases treated with ventilator than that in the others. Gastric lavage and chemical toxin analysis in early stage are of vital importance, plasma exchange, tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation are the most effective reatment methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Study of diphacinone in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector].

An analytical approach has been developed for high performance liquid chromatographic determination of diphacinone extracted from liver, blood, urine and kidney of rabbit by solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (using SAX, CN or SILICA GEL) with coumarin as the internal standard. Diphacinone was separated by reversed-phase gradient chromatography with DAD detection at 286 nm. The Analytical column was Hypersil BDS C18(150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microns) and the guard column was Phenomenex ODS(4 mm x 3.0 mm i.d.). The mobile phase was a gradient mixture of aqueous solution (A) and methanol solution (B) both containing 0.5% ion pair A. There was a good linear relationship between the concentration of diphacinone and the ratio of peak areas of diphacinone and coumarin (internal standard) (r = 0.9999). The linear range was 1 mg/L-100 mg/L, and the lower detection limit was 5 ng (S/N = 3). The average recoveries of diphacinone in urine, blood and liver were 88.4% (n = 3, RSD = 1.25%, SPE by CN column), 82.2% (n = 3, RSD = 1.67%, SPE by SAX column), 91.0% (n = 3, RSD = 2.77%, SPE by SILICA GEL column), respectively.

Animals↗