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A pilot study of the efficacy of groups given single and multistimulus reminiscence therapy versus no treatment controls gave no significant effect in reducing depression in 12 nursing-home residents 68.5 yr. of age. However, the data indicate that effectiveness of treatment was likely attenuated by including participants with dementia.
An argument is made for the existence of entities which are neither necessarily material nor mental as real and which are apprehensible and generatable by human beings. Money, color, triangle, natural and social law, instruction, danger, and invention are given as examples. It is the task of the science of psychology to grasp, conceptualise, and characterise the human being that lives in a world of incorporeal intelligibles and makes them as well. The tradition of Aristotle, Brentano and his two students, Freud and Husserl, and Wertheimer is identified favorably in this connection.
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Although alcoholism is often regarded as an intractable disorder that requires intensive treatment, studies of the natural history of alcoholism indicate that unaided, spontaneous recovery may be the most common pathway to remission from alcoholism. Negative environmental consequences of alcoholic drinking have been invoked to explain spontaneous recovery, but a more compelling reason for sudden changes in drinking behavior concerns shifts in the personal meanings surrounding alcohol use. Extensive interviews in a multimodal format were conducted with two groups of alcoholics: one group comprised of 7 subjects who spontaneously recovered without treatment and the other group comprised of 9 people who believed formal treatment was necessary to abstain from drinking. Spontaneously recovered alcoholics reported experiencing vivid sensations and images at the time they decided to quit drinking, and they reported subsequent transformations of their personal identities. Active alcoholics reported no comparable experiences in imaginal, sensory, and cognitive modalities. Implications of the results for current alcoholism treatments are discussed.
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This presentation is an extension and amplification of the ego-psychological assessment of Rorschach data initiated in 1946 by Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer whose focus was on the quality of the perception of reality and the assessment of defence. A more contemporary view of ego psychology not only includes an expanded view of defence but also of the nature of self- and object representations and the nature of object relations. An assessment of the synthesizing function of the ego was also discussed. The present purpose was to present a comprehensive assessment of Rorschach data from the point of view of contemporary ego psychology.
Emotional aspects of owning hearing dogs were explored in 38 hearing-dog owners and a control group of 23 prospective owners. Both groups listed companionship and hearing assistance as pleasant reasons for owning such dogs. Having a dog and personal independence were reasons mentioned only by prospective owners. Both groups mentioned travel complications as unpleasant problems. Owners referred to dogs' behavior problems significantly more often than did prospective owners who appeared to have unrealistic expectations that dog ownership would be problem-free.
The study investigated the relationship between the Jungian psychological functions Sensing (S) and Intuition (N) and preference for art. It was hypothesized that S-persons would prefer realistic and representational art, where N-persons would like abstract art. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was administered to 179 subjects to assess the preference for either the S- or N-function. Subjects indicated how much they liked 20 painted portraits. The hypothesis was partly confirmed. Not only S-subjects (n = 100) but also N-subjects (n = 79) prefer realistic paintings over abstract ones. On the whole, abstract paintings are valued less than realistic paintings, but N-subjects like abstract paintings more than S-subjects.
In a study of irrational beliefs among nonclinical populations, 54 male and 75 female college students completed the Irrational Beliefs Survey. Analysis suggests that the survey measures a coherent construct and that a simple summary score is adequate for most uses. Factor analysis disclosed a unidimensional monotonic dimension of irrationality in beliefs among nonclinical respondents. The findings contrast with the appearance of ambiguous clusters of irrational beliefs reported with an inpatient population. The existence of a single dimension of irrational belief is substantially supported.
To explore the construct validity of the Attitudes About Reality Scale, a measure of personal epistemology grounded on a social constructionist to logical positivist continuum, 118 employees of a mental health center completed the Attitudes About Reality Scale, three subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Inventory as a measure of empathy, the Social Interest Inventory as a measure of the Adlerian social interest concept, the Multistimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance-I as a measure of tolerance for ambiguity, the Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Significant correlations were found between scores on the Attitudes About Reality Scale and both The Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale and Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance-I as hypothesized. Those individuals holding master's and doctoral degrees scored significantly lower on the Attitudes About Reality Scale in the social constructionist direction than those with technical or trade school education, but no other differences on demographic measures were noted.
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I have been living with a psychiatric disorder, schizophrenia, for 2 decades. I will relate how important medication is to the treatment of this illness. I will also relate how important the assessment of the level of medication to be used is to recovery. Specifically, I will explain how I learned to manage hallucinations and delusions and also how I acquired an experience which I refer to as spiritual, mystical and psychic.
In his new book, Living Outside Mental Illness: Qualitative Studies of Recovery from Schizophrenia, Larry Davidson, PhD, has opened up a very important arena for consumers writing of their recoveries. While consumers have written of recovery as an experience, an attitude and a vision, they have not reported the actual processes of how they got there, according to Professor Davidson (Davidson, 2003). In this article, I would like to begin to bridge that gap Professor Davidson has pointed out by describing three methods and strategies that have been crucial for building a new life for myself in recovery.
This article takes a psychoanalytic perspective on incest and child sexual abuse. It concentrates on what could be called "the loss of the sense of reality" that is experienced by the victim of incest. The position in which a child of five is placed when she is sexually abused by her father is considered; this is followed by detailed material from the analysis of a woman who had an incestuous relationship with her brother. Transference and counter-transference difficulties that arise in work with abused patients are explored. A theoretical explanation of the damaging effects of an incestuous relationship is outlined.
OBJECTIVE: The modern scientific tendency to disavow the relevance of faith is questioned, particularly in relation to psychiatric practice. An experience-near approach to psychiatric practice, inclusive of human values such as faith, is highlighted. METHOD: Drawing upon the philosophical work of Jaspers and the developmental psychology of Stern, a model is built up of the flow of lived experience that relies to a large extent on what can be 'taken on faith' rather than 'known about'. An argument is presented that from this standpoint of 'lived reality', the separation of fact and value inherent in modern scientific thought is not valid. CONCLUSIONS: It is found that lived experience is infused with faith in three senses: that of faith-in-oneself, that of faith-in-the-other; and that of transcendent faith. Each of these is shown to be relevant to praxis in psychiatry. Failure to include faith in psychiatric thinking may lead to a distancing of the discipline from the level of everyday experience.
In 3 studies and 2 pilot experiments, the author examined whether attending to the subjective status of mental representations would affect the ways humans view representational contents. The author found that simple drawing tasks were executed differently depending on whether or not the subject of the drawing was defined as a mental content (belief, imagination, perception). The results challenged particular lay epistemological concepts. They were partly accounted for by Gricean conversational rules (H. P. Grice, 1975), but the author postulated a subjective status bias to fully explain them. The discussion and recommendations for research center on the nature of this bias and relate it either to a tendency to conceive subjective representations as vague shadows of reality, or to an increased impact of the law of pregnance.
Readers rely on fiction as a source of information, even when fiction contradicts relatively well-known facts about the world (Marsh, Meade, and Roediger, 2003). Of interest was whether readers could monitor fiction for errors, in order to reduce suggestibility. In Experiment 1, warnings about errors in fiction did not reduce students' reliance on stories. In Experiment 2, all subjects were warned before reading stories written at 6th- or 12th-grade reading levels. Even though 6th-grade stories freed resources for monitoring, suggestibility was not reduced. In Experiment 3, suggestibility was reduced but not eliminated when subjects pressed a key each time they detected an error during story reading. Readers do not appear to spontaneously monitor fiction for its veracity, but can do so if reminded on a trial-by-trial basis.