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PubMed2005

Combined effects of uncertainty and organizational justice on employee health: testing the uncertainty management model of fairness judgments among Finnish public sector employees.

We examined whether the combination of uncertainty (lack of work-time control, and negative changes at work) and organizational justice (i.e., justice of decision-making procedures and interpersonal treatment at work) contributes to sickness absence. A total of 7083 male and 24,317 female Finnish public sector employees completed questionnaires designed to assess organizational justice, workload and other factors. Hierarchical regression showed that after adjustment for age, income, and health behaviors low procedural and interactional justice were related to long sickness absence spells. In accordance with the uncertainty management model, these associations were dependent on experienced work-time control and perceived changes at work.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The family impact of childhood atopic dermatitis: the Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire.

Little information is available about the effect of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) on family function. The aim of this study was to identify the areas of family life most affected and their perceived importance. Intensive qualitative interviews with 34 families were conducted and 11 basic problem areas were identified. A detailed questionnaire was prepared, part of which addressed the perceived importance of particular issues using the framework of multi-attribute utility theory. The results from using this questionnaire in 41 families were analysed and a shorter 10-question one-page Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI) questionnaire designed (maximum score = 30). In affected families the mean DFI score was 9.6 +/- 7.0 (range 0-27, n = 56) and in unaffected families the mean score was 0.4 +/- 0.9 (range 0-3, n = 26, P < 0.0001). The DFI could potentially be used as an extra measure in clinical studies, or to help guide appropriate management of AD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) for health surveys in public health surveillance: methodological issues and challenges ahead.

This article describes methodological issues, challenges, and a vision for using computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) in a comprehensive public health surveillance system in the 21st century. Methodological issues include funding of surveys, survey frequency, sample size considerations, response rates, and types of bias to be considered in questionnaire design. Challenges include the recognition of the merits and limitations of CATI, and the potential for greater use in surveillance of public health issues in health regions requiring rapid and regular data. The vision of a CATI survey-based, rapid, flexible, cost-effective public health surveillance system is described. It is concluded that further discussion and views on improvements with regard to CATI methodological and practical issues will help build a better CATI survey-based public health surveillance system for the future.

Canada↗
PubMed1990

Definitions of normal alcohol consumption held by male University of Zimbabwe senior year medical students.

A structured questionnaire designed to assess the definition of the normal, non-problem use of Western type alcohol for the average male and the average female was administered to 40 Black male University of Zimbabwe 4th- and 5th-year medical students. The students' definition of the normal, non-problem use of alcohol was established for the average male and the average female. The students defined it as normal for males to drink significantly more alcohol than females.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The sexual excitation/sexual inhibition inventory for women: psychometric properties.

This article reports on the development of a new questionnaire designed to assess the propensity for sexual excitation and sexual inhibition in women: The Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W). The theoretical model underlying this research, the Dual Control Model, postulates that sexual response depends on a balance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms and that individuals vary in their propensity for excitation and inhibition. This study describes the development and initial validation of the SESII-W in a sample of 655 women (M age, 33.9 years). Factor analysis identified eight factors and two higher-order factors: one related to sexual excitation and one to sexual inhibition. The measure demonstrated good test-retest reliability and discriminant and convergent validity. Our data underscore that a number of factors affect women's sexual arousal and these appear to be related to opposing processes of sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. Theoretical issues, possible gender differences, and the value of using qualitative data to inform questionnaire development are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Characteristics of 'low risk' and 'high risk' dives by young adults: risk reduction in spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: To establish benchmark normative data for dive entries performed by young adults of the age range most likely to sustain a diving spinal cord injury. Data acquired from analysis of the dives performed, along with survey information, were used to determine which factors make the most contribution to the level of risk in diving. OBJECTIVES: To identify influential variables which could contribute to risk of spinal cord injury for each of four types of dives. The types of dives investigated were: dive entries from deck level to tread water (Treadwater); deck level to swim 25 m (Deck); starting block height to swim 25 m (Block); and a running dive entry to swim 25 m (Running). SETTING: Victoria, Australia. METHODS: Ninety-five first year university students (average age 19.9 years) performed three or four dives which were video-recorded for later analysis. Maximum depth reached was used as an indicator of risk, and velocity at maximum depth, distance at maximum depth, angle of entry and flight distance were measured for each dive. Participants also completed a questionnaire designed to elicit information about their swimming and diving background. Unlike previous diving studies, participants were recreational rather than competitive swimmers. They were not aware that the dive was the focal point, assuming that the researchers were investigating their swimming and treadwater ability. RESULTS: A stepwise multiple regression was applied to predict depth for each dive condition, and demonstrated that four variables were able to account for 56% of the variance for Treadwater, 68% for Deck; 73% for Running and 79% for Block. In all conditions involving swimming after the dive (ie Deck, Block and Running), beta weights showed that distance at maximum depth had the greatest influence on the depth of a dive. Flight distance and angle of entry were the next most influential variables. For the Treadwater condition, beta weights showed angle of entry was the most influential variable, followed by velocity at maximum depth, distance at maximum depth and swim rank. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that divers strive to surface in as short a distance as possible by maximising flight distance and aiming for a low entry angle. Implementation of steering-up techniques will assist in minimising dive depth.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The self-report of punitive childhood experiences of young adults and adolescents.

A questionnaire designed to assess childhood disciplinary experiences was administered to a large sample of university students. The responses of these subjects indicated many of these predominantly middle-class young adults had experienced disciplinary activities that could be considered abusive. The results provide prevalence data on child abuse histories in a nonclinical sample and were seen as supporting the idea that physical abuse of children is widespread and not restricted to groups identified on the basis of clinical service or social deviance. Regardless of the criterion for physical abuse applied to the data, most respondents who met a criterion for having been abused failed to label themselves as having been abused. Additionally, correlations between severe physical punishment and abuse-related domains were shown to obtain in these nonclinical samples in a manner consistent with descriptions of abusive families in the clinical literature. A second study conducted with truly abused and nonabused adolescents established the validity of the questionnaire approach used in this research, and the two studies indicated the feasibility of conducting research on physical child abuse in natural collectivities of nonclinical subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Maternal acceptability of a dietary intervention designed to lower children's intake of saturated fat and cholesterol: the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC).

OBJECTIVE: This report examined the acceptability to mothers of a dietary educational and behavioral intervention for preadolescent children with elevated levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) who were enrolled in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). DESIGN: DISC is a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to either an intervention or usual-care (control) group. SUBJECTS/SETTING: To be eligible for the study, participants were required to have the average of 2 fasting LDL-C values fall between the 80th and 98th sex-specific percentiles. Three hundred thirty-four 8-to 10-year-old children and their families were randomly assigned to an intervention group, and 329 were assigned to a usual-care (control) group. This study examined data from 232 subjects in the intervention group. Data were collected at 6 intervention sites around the United States. INTERVENTION: Those assigned to the intervention group participated in a multidisciplinary dietary intervention that included a series of group and individual sessions over a 3-year period. Children and their caretakers were taught to follow a nutritionally adequate diet that was low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three nonconsecutive 24-hour diet recalls were collected at baseline and at 1 year by trained and certified dietitians. A questionnaire designed to assess diet acceptability was administered at months 4, 8, 11, and 15. Demographic measures were collected at the onset of the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Statistical procedures included factor analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: Regression analysis suggested that perceived effectiveness of the dietary intervention and mothers' having few concerns about disadvantages of the diet were significantly related to higher overall fat intake in children in one-parent families. Maternal willingness to implement the diet was significantly related to lower saturated fat intake. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: In attempts to change eating behavior of children, interest and cooperation of the parents are essential to achieving successful results. These analyses further suggest that maternal acceptability translates into willingness to implement the diet and may facilitate changes that are associated with reduced saturated fat intake in children.

Child↗
PubMed1985

[The attachment structure and the heterosexual relationship among university students].

Research on adolescents in romantic love has suggested that their heterosexual relationship may be influenced by their attachment to their mothers and to friends of the same sex. Three hundred fifty-nine college students responded to a questionnaire designed to explore this correlation. The results indicated that male sexual behavior and feelings of romantic love towards their girl friends were not influenced by the attachment to their mothers nor to their friends whereas those of the females were. Females who were involved in intimate sexual relationship had weaker attachment to their mothers; on the other hand, females who had strong romantic feelings, yet without sexual relationships, tended to have strong attachment to their friends of the same sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Medical interviewing and interpersonal skills teaching in US medical schools. Progress, problems, and promise.

OBJECTIVE: To assess educational practices, problems, and needs in the teaching of medical interviewing and interpersonal skills. DESIGN: Questionnaires sent to curricular deans and introductory course leaders at all US medical schools in 1991. RESULTS: Of 130 programs, 114 deans (88%) and 92 course directors (71%) responded. Respondents indicated some advances since a similar survey in 1977: Virtually all medical schools now offer teaching in medical interviewing and interpersonal skills. More faculty from a greater variety of disciplines are involved in this teaching. Most programs feature observation and feedback of students' interviews with patients, and use a variety of effective teaching methods, including simulated patients and role-playing, both little used in 1977. The majority of schools address students' personal growth through discussion or support groups. However, there are problems. Most schools lack a faculty development process. About half of the introductory courses on medical interviewing take place within physical diagnosis courses, often, it appears, without systematic observation, feedback, and evaluation of student skills. Many programs do not explicitly incorporate certain educational principles into their course designs. As in 1977, there appears to be little coordination or sequencing of teaching interpersonal skills throughout the curriculum in most medical schools. Most deans identified significant barriers to improving teaching. CONCLUSIONS: While a number of educational advances have occurred there is still great variation in the quality and intensity of courses offered in US medical schools. However, the pace of progress bodes well for the future.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Test-retest reliability of the Upper Extremity Questionnaire among keyboard operators.

BACKGROUND: Questionnaires are often used in research among workers although few have been tested in the working population. The Upper Extremity Questionnaire is a self-administered questionnaire designed for epidemiological studies and tested among workers. This study assessed reliability of the instrument. METHODS: A two-part assessment was conducted among 138 keyboard operators as part of a large medical survey. Test-retest reliability was analyzed using the kappa statistic, paired t-test, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Logistic regression models were used to test the effect of demographic and work-related factors on reliability. RESULTS: The average respondent was a white woman, age 35 years, with some college education, in permanent employment with tenure of 1.4 years. Overall, reports of symptoms were stable from Round 1 to 2. Most kappa values for symptom reports were between 0.60 and 0.89. Kappa values for right and left hand diagrams were 0.57 and 0.28, respectively. Among psychosocial items, Perceived Stress and Job Dissatisfaction Scales were most reliable (ICC = 0.88); co-worker support was least reliable (ICC = 0.44). CONCLUSION: Reliability of items on the Upper Extremity Questionnaire were generally good to excellent. Reports of symptom severity and interference with work were less stable. Demographic and work-related factors were not statistically significant in modeling the variation in reliability. Repeated use of the questionnaire with similar results suggests findings are applicable to a larger working population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lack of long-lasting consequences of starvation on eating pathology in Jewish Holocaust survivors of Nazi concentration camps.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether Holocaust survivors will show the same eating pathologies that were found in other participants who had also undergone starvation. Fifty-five Holocaust survivors and 43 matched control participants answered a questionnaire designed to explore eating problems and pathologies described in the literature as lasting for decades after a period of severe food restriction. Confirmation of the survivors' reports was obtained from their children. No significant differences in current eating habits were found between the Holocaust survivors and their matched controls. Prolonged starvation in Holocaust survivors did not lead to disordered eating habits in the sample. These results conflict with the notion that severe starvation consistently leads to food preoccupation and disordered eating.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Emotions involved in college students' sexual encounters.

The number of sexually transmitted infections continues to rise among late adolescents and young adults. One possible explanation is that an important variable, emotion, is missing from theories and programs promoting safer practices. This study performed a thorough examination of emotions involved during and after sexual encounters and how these related to risk and planning of the sexual encounter. Eighty-two college students were given recall instructions and a questionnaire designed to elicit detailed information about their recent or most memorable sexual encounter. Using content analysis, open-ended questions concerning emotions and thoughts about the sexual partner, the participant in the situation, the place of the encounter, and feelings after the encounter were analyzed. Major findings included individuals who experienced negative or mixed emotions expected certain sexual behaviors less than those who had positive emotions. Unlike previous studies, there were no differences in emotions and planning of the sexual encounter, type of partner, and sexual risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Exploring the factorial composition of the transcultural self-efficacy tool.

The factorial composition of the transcultural self-efficacy tool (TSET) was explored using data from 1,260 culturally diverse undergraduate nursing students. The TEST was an 83-item questionnaire designed to measure and evaluate students' confidence for performing general transcultural nursing skills among diverse client populations. A principal component analysis, with the varimax rotation, yielded nine factors: recognition, kinship and social factors, professional nursing care, cultural background and identity, lifecycle transitional phenomena, awareness of cultural gap, communication, self-awareness and appreciation. The results indicate that the TEST assesses the multidimensional nature of transcultural self-efficacy and taps the three dimensions of learning: cognitive, practical and affective.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Metamemory in multiple sclerosis.

MS patients and age- and education-matched normal controls were administered several laboratory tests of metamemory and a questionnaire designed to measure subjects' capability to appraise their ability to remember events that might occur in everyday life. On laboratory tasks involving newly acquired information, MS patients with poor recognition memory abilities or poor performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) exhibited impairments on one test of metamemory; patients with deficits in both recognition and on the WCST showed more extensive impairments in metamemory. In contrast to their performance on tests involving newly acquired information, all groups of MS patients predicted their ability to recognize answers to general information questions that they could not recall as accurately as controls, and, like controls, they also searched their memories longer for answers to items that they believed they would recognize. In general, the results support the hypothesis that both trace-access and inferential mechanisms, which are thought to involve the prefrontal cortex, contribute to metamemory, but the nature of the memory task importantly influences the accuracy of metamemory, as well. Results from the questionnaire indicated that many MS patients with demonstrable memory deficits do not acknowledge their memory difficulties. Hence, patient self-reports about memory are likely to be unreliable sources of information for clinical purposes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Providing mental health services to survivors: a Kwa Zulu-Natal perspective.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to deal with the history and future prevention of the abuse of human rights in South Africa. It aimed to restore relationships between the state and/or other perpetrators and victims of violence. Nevertheless, the process has highlighted the alarming prevalence of psychological trauma in our society. This paper reports on a study of individuals and/or families who presented their testimonies to the TRC in the Kwa Zulu-Natal and Free State Provinces of South Africa. The participants were asked to complete a semi-structured questionnaire designed by the author and a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Most witnesses had recognisable psychiatric disorders. The most common was post-traumatic stress disorder (chronic), followed by either anxiety and mood disorders. The results from this study point to the pervasiveness and seriousness of the sequelae of trauma experienced by individuals and communities (both victims and perpetrators) in South Africa. Health professionals in South Africa have the mammoth task and responsibility to assist in the process of healing and reparation.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2003

The use of food supplements among women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent of use of over the counter food supplements in women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands. STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of women attending menopause clinics in Solihull Hospital, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Rugby and Walsgrave Hospitals and Birmingham Women's Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Type and rate of use of food supplements in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) users and nonusers and perceived benefits. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty women completed the questionnaire. 95% (n = 326) belonged to the white European ethnic group. The median age was 53 years, with 50% (n = 170) in the 50-59 years age group, and 30 % (n = 95) in the age range 40-49 years. Overall use of over the counter supplements in the clinic was 43% (n = 147), with Oil of Evening Primrose (53%) and vitamins (44%) being the most commonly used preparations. 71% (n = 242) women were users of conventional HRT. Of these, 46% were also using food supplements. The use of food supplements was higher amongst HRT users (46%) as compared to non-HRT users (32%). The use was similar between smokers and non-smokers. The most commonly perceived benefit was a feeling of well-being, 39% (n = 58/147). The proportionate use was highest in social class I and class II (51% and 54% respectively), in keeping with amount of disposable income. Friends (27%), the internet (26%) and magazines (20%) were the most commonly quoted sources of information. 79% (n = 116/147) were spending up to 10 each month on alternative remedies. 10% (n = 14/147) of women were visiting practitioners of alternative remedies. CONCLUSIONS: The use of food supplements is widespread and particularly in those already taking conventional HRT. This study was not designed to test confidence in orthodox medicine, but the prevalence of use of supplements amongst menopausal women attending menopause clinics. The most commonly perceived benefit is a feeling of well-being, but users of food supplements are unsure of any additional benefit when supplements are taken in conjunction with conventional therapy. There is a misapprehension that "herbal" or "natural" equals safe. In addition, the correlation between supplement use and side effects is very seldom made, as these compounds are mistakenly considered almost universally safe, and physicians often fail to enquire about their use in routine history taking.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Providing parents with information before anaesthesia: what do they really want to know?

BACKGROUND: Videotapes presenting information concerning children's anaesthesia are often based on what the makers of the videotape believe the parents want to know rather than what parents actually want to know. They frequently do not take into account the parent's coping style. Two common parental coping styles are information-seeking (monitoring) and information-avoiding (blunting). METHODS: We wished to take parent needs into account when making our local videotape and accordingly constructed a questionnaire designed to elicit these needs. RESULTS: Of the parents questioned, 55% wanted more extensive preoperative information and 41% of parents wanted a videotape as part of this preparation. Information about premedication, induction of anaesthesia, side-effects of anaesthesia and postoperative pain management were sought by more than 70% of parents. Parents had concerns about induction of anaesthesia, emergence from anaesthesia and postoperative pain and nausea. When asked a question concerning preference about being present at the induction of anaesthesia, 90% of parents wanted to be present at the induction and 75% of parents thought that their child should receive a premedicant. The number of parents requesting to be present at the induction decreased to 72% after an explanation about the purpose and effects of premedication. There was no correlation between the coping style of the parent and the responses given to the questions. There was no correlation between the level of education and the coping style of the parent. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a questionnaire of parental attitudes towards information and anaesthesia provided a useful tool in the production of a video as part of our preoperative preparation. Our videotape has proved a success with staff and parents and children and enhances the quality of our service. Its popularity stems from the fact that it addresses what the parents want to know and also conveys what the staff of this hospital would like the parents to know.

Adaptation, Psychological↗