Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Promotion”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

An Escherichia coli gene divergently transcribed from a promoter overlapping the metA promoter.

The upstream region of the metA gene in Escherichia coli contains two promoters. We have identified by lacZ fusion an additional promoter in this region, and showed that it is transcribed in the opposite orientation from the metA gene. The putative translation product corresponds to a peptide of 147 amino acids-ORF19 by molecular mass. This peptide is probably not essential for growth, as an insertion mutant is viable.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of promoter 3 of the human thromboxane A receptor gene. A functional AP-1 and octamer motif are required for basal promoter activity.

The TPalpha and TPbeta isoforms of the human thromboxane A(2) receptor (TP) arise by differential splicing but are under the transcriptional control of two distinct promoters, termed Prm1 and Prm3, respectively (Coyle et al. 2002 Eur J Biochem269, 4058-4073). The aim of the current study was to determine the key factors regulating TPbeta expression by functionally characterizing Prm3, identifying the core promoter and the cis-acting elements regulating basal Prm3 activity. Hence, the ability of Prm3 and a series of Prm3 deleted/mutated subfragments to direct reporter gene expression in human erythroleukemia 92.1.7 and human embryonic kidney 293 cells was investigated. It was established that nucleotides -118 to +1 are critical for core Prm3 activity in both cell types. Furthermore, three distinct regulatory regions comprising of an upstream repressor sequence, located between -404 to -320, and two positive regulatory regions required for efficient basal gene expression, located between -154 to -106 and -50 to +1, were identified within the core Prm3. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of consensus Oct-1/2 and AP-1 elements within the latter -154 to -106 and -50 to +1 regions, respectively, substantially reduced Prm3 activity while mutation of both elements abolished Prm3 activity. Electromobility shift and supershift assays confirmed the specificity of nuclear factor binding to the latter Oct-1/2 and AP-1 elements. Moreover, herein it was established that the core AP-1 element mediates phorbol myristic acid-induction of Prm3 activity hence providing a mechanistic explanation of phorbol ester up-regulation of TPbeta mRNA expression.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1991

Promoting comprehensive school health programs through summer health promotion conferences.

This study reports on the evaluation of the second North Carolina Healthful Living Institute (HLI), a statewide conference to promote comprehensive school health education. A comparison of year one and year two evaluation results is included. Based on a theoretical framework derived from the theory of diffusion of innovations within organizations, the impact of the HLI was assessed by studying characteristics of school districts sending representatives to the HLI and the composition of teams from each school district, and using pretest and posttest measures of participants' perceptions of the importance of health as a content area and participants' perceptions of the importance of the various components of comprehensive school health. Results indicate the effect of school health promotion conferences is linked to characteristics of school district teams, with the Institute needing to attract more varied teams, and teams from smaller, rural districts.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Guidelines for school and community programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and prevention.

Regular physical activity is linked to enhanced health and to reduced risk for all-cause mortality and the development of many chronic diseases in adults. However, many U.S. adults are either sedentary of less physically active than recommended. Children and adolescents are more physically active than adults, but participation in physical activity declines in adolescence. School and community programs have the potential to help children and adolescents establish lifelong, healthy physical activity patterns. This report summarizes recommendations for encouraging physical activity among young people so that they will continue to engage in physical activity in adulthood and obtain the benefits of physical activity throughout life. These guidelines were developed by CDC in collaboration with experts from universities and from national, federal, and voluntary agencies and organizations. They are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and current practice in physical education, exercise science, health education, and public health. The guidelines include recommendations about 10 aspects of school and community programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people policies that promote enjoyable physical activity and social environments that encourage and enable physical activity; physical education curricula and instruction; health education curricula and instruction; extracurricular physical activity programs that meet the needs and interests of students; involvement of parents and guardians on physical activity instruction and programs for young people; personnel training; health services for children and adolescents; developmentally appropriate community sports and recreation programs that are attractive to young people; and regular evaluation of physical activity instruction, programs, and facilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Translation control of trpG from transcripts originating from the folate operon promoter of Bacillus subtilis is influenced by translation-mediated displacement of bound TRAP, while translation control of transcripts originating from a newly identified trpG promoter is not.

Bacillus subtilis trpG encodes a glutamine amidotransferase subunit that participates in the biosynthesis of both tryptophan and folic acid. TRAP inhibits translation of trpG in response to tryptophan by binding to a site that overlaps the trpG Shine-Dalgarno sequence, thereby blocking ribosome binding. Similar mechanisms regulate trpP and ycbK translation. The equilibrium binding constants of tryptophan-activated TRAP for the trpG, ycbK, and trpP transcripts were determined to be 8, 3, and 50 nM, respectively. Despite TRAP having a higher affinity for the trpG transcript, TRAP exhibited the least control of trpG expression. The trpG Shine-Dalgarno sequence overlaps the stop codon of the upstream pabB gene, while six of nine triplet repeats within the TRAP binding site are located upstream of the pabB stop codon. Thus, ribosomes translating the upstream pabB cistron could be capable of reducing TRAP-dependent control of TrpG synthesis by displacing bound TRAP. Expression studies using pabB-trpG'-'lacZ fusions in the presence or absence of an engineered stop codon within pabB suggest that translation-mediated displacement of bound TRAP reduces TRAP-dependent inhibition of TrpG synthesis from transcripts originating from the folate operon promoter (P(pabB)). A new trpG promoter (P(trpG)) was identified in the pabB coding sequence that makes a larger contribution to trpG expression than does P(pabB). We found that TRAP-dependent regulation of trpG expression is more extensive for a transcript originating from P(trpG) and that transcripts originating from P(trpG) are not subject to translation-mediated displacement of bound TRAP.

Anthranilate Synthase↗
PubMed1990

Evidence for multiple OmpR-binding sites in the upstream activation sequence of the ompC promoter in Escherichia coli: a single OmpR-binding site is capable of activating the promoter.

We present experimental evidence for the existence of multiple activator-binding sites in the upstream sequence of the ompC promoter, the expression of which is activated by the positive regulator OmpR in response to the osmolarity of the medium. We also found that a single OmpR-binding site can activate the ompC promoter, providing that the binding site is close and placed stereospecifically with respect to the canonical-35 and -10 regions.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1992

Role of alternative promoter elements in transcription from the nar promoter of Escherichia coli.

The effects of mutations in the -10, -35, and Fnr box regions of the narGHJI promoter of Escherichia coli were determined by assaying the expression of beta-galactosidase from narG::lacZ fusion plasmids under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A 1-base change in the -10 hexamer completely abolished expression, whereas a 3-base change to create the consensus TATAAT resulted in significant aerobic as well as anaerobic expression. A mutation in the putative -35 hexamer did not affect anaerobic expression but reduced aerobic expression from the construction with the -10 consensus sequence. A mutation in the Fnr box severely reduced anaerobic expression but did not affect aerobic expression. When the complete 5' region of the nar operon including the NarL box was present, nitrate stimulated both aerobic and anaerobic expression. Stimulation of expression by nitrate occurred in an fnr mutant but not in a narL mutant. We conclude that the rate of transcription of the nar operon is dependent on two distinct modes of transcription. One mode, which occurs at low levels, depends on the -10 and -35 hexamer sequences and is dramatically enhanced by changing the -10 sequence to the consensus TATAAT. The second depends on the -10 and Fnr box sequences but is independent of the -35 sequence. This second mode occurs at a very high level under anaerobic conditions when Fnr is activated and is also enhanced by changing the -10 sequence to the consensus TATAAT. NarL, activated by nitrate, stimulated both modes of transcription, indicating that it does not act through Fnr but that it directly affects the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1998

The nine genes of the Nocardia lactamdurans cephamycin cluster are transcribed into large mRNAs from three promoters, two of them located in a bidirectional promoter region.

The nine biosynthesis genes of the Nocardia lactamdurans cephamycin cluster are expressed as three different mRNAs initiating at promoters latp, cefDp, and pcbABp, as shown by low-resolution S1 nuclease protection assays and Northern blotting analysis. Bidirectional expression occurred from divergent promoters (latp and cefDp) located in a 629-bp intergenic region that contains three heptameric direct repeats similar to those recognized by members of the SARP (Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory proteins) family. The lat gene is transcribed in a single monocistronic transcript initiating at latp. A second unusually long polycistronic mRNA (more than 16 kb) corresponding to six biosynthesis genes (pcbAB, pcbC, cmcI, cmcJ, cefF, and cmcH) started at pcbABp. A third polycistronic mRNA corresponding to the cefD and cefE genes started at cefDp.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Methylation of transcription factor binding sites in the Epstein-Barr virus latent cycle promoter Wp coincides with promoter down-regulation during virus-induced B-cell transformation.

Two Epstein-Barr virus latent cycle promoters for nuclear antigen expression, Wp and Cp, are activated sequentially during virus-induced transformation of B cells to B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro. Previously published restriction enzyme studies have indicated hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in the Wp and Cp regions of the viral genome in established LCLs, whereas these same regions appeared to be hypermethylated in Burkitt's lymphoma cells, where Wp and Cp are inactive. Here, using the more sensitive technique of bisulfite genomic sequencing, we reexamined the situation in established LCLs with the typical pattern of dominant Cp usage; surprisingly, this showed substantial methylation in the 400-bp regulatory region upstream of the Wp start site. This was not an artifact of long-term in vitro passage, since, in cultures of recently infected B cells, we found progressive methylation of Wp (but not Cp) regulatory sequences occurring between 7 and 21 days postinfection, coincident with the period in which dominant nuclear antigen promoter usage switches from Wp to Cp. Furthermore, in the equivalent in vivo situation, i.e., in the circulating B cells of acute infectious mononucleosis patients undergoing primary EBV infection, we again frequently observed selective methylation of Wp but not Cp sequences. An effector role for methylation in Wp silencing was supported by methylation cassette assays of Wp reporter constructs and by bandshift assays, where the binding of two sets of transcription factors important for Wp activation in B cells, BSAP/Pax5 and CREB/ATF proteins, was shown to be blocked by methylation of their binding sites.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1986

Precise assignment of the light-strand promoter of mouse mitochondrial DNA: a functional promoter consists of multiple upstream domains.

Using deletion mutagenesis we localized the promoter for the light strand of mouse mitochondrial DNA to a 97-base-pair region, from -88 to +9 nucleotides of the transcriptional initiation site. Within this region the light-strand promoter could be dissected into at least three different functional domains. The specificity region, a maximum of 19 base pairs between -10 and +9 of the transcriptional initiation site, was essential and sufficient for accurate transcriptional initiation. A second region, extending to -29 nucleotides from the initiation site, facilitated the formation of a preinitiation complex between the template DNA and factor(s) present in the mitochondrial RNA polymerase fraction and was required for efficient transcription. A third, ill-defined upstream region, which extended up to -88 nucleotides from the initiation site, appeared to influence template transcriptional efficiencies in competition assays. Without the specificity domain, the upstream regions were incapable of supporting any transcription. The presence of multiple upstream domains was confirmed by disrupting nucleotide sequences in the upstream region by using linker insertion and linker replacement techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Sp1, a CAAT-binding factor, and the adenovirus major late promoter transcription factor interact with functional regions of the gamma-fibrinogen promoter.

To study the factors which influence the coordinately and developmentally regulated expression of the three adjacent fibrinogen genes, we have defined the functional regions of the gamma-fibrinogen promoter and the proteins which bind to them. Using a series of 5' and internal deletion mutations, we found that sequences between 88 and 43 base pairs (bp) upstream of the gamma-fibrinogen transcription initiation site functioned in cis to direct properly initiated mRNA accumulation in transfected hepatocytes. The efficient function of these sequences was highly distance dependent, since transcriptional activity decreased by 92% when they were moved 32 bp upstream of the TATA box. We demonstrated that two known and one putative transcriptional factors interacted with this 47-bp sequence. The transcription factor Sp1 interacted with sequences between -51 and -46 as demonstrated by protection from DNase I digestion with the purified protein. Directly adjacent to the Sp1 site, between nucleotides -66 and -53, there was a sequence which bound a CAAT-binding factor. Finally, sequences just 5' to the CAAT factor-binding site interacted with the adenovirus major late transcriptional factor as previously demonstrated. Internal deletion mutations which disrupt these interactions diminished the activity of the promoter in vivo. One consequence of the interaction of these proteins is that a bend is placed in the DNA at or near their sites of interaction.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

A common mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene promoter, -93T/G, is associated with lower plasma triglyceride levels and increased promoter activity in vitro.

Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the lipoprotein lipase promoter identified a T-->G transition at position -93. The frequency in healthy white men was 3.4% (n = 1575). There was an 83% allelic association between -93T-->G and Asp9-->Asn (D9N); all N9 mutations occurred on a -93G allele, but not all -93G mutations occurred on an N9 allele. It was thus possible to assess the effect on plasma triglyceride (Tg) levels of the rare -93G mutation in the presence of the wild-type D9. Carriers of the -93G, with genotype TG/DD, had significantly lower Tg levels than TT/DD individuals (1.36 versus 1.78 mmol/L, P = .01); carriers of both mutations (TG/DN) had the highest Tg levels (1.93 mmol/L). When the group was stratified above and below the sample mean for body mass index (BMI), carriers of the -93G on a D9 allele (TG/DD) were "protected" against the Tg-raising effect of obesity, as assessed by BMI. In Afro-Caribbeans (n = 91), the carrier frequency of -93G was 18-fold higher (63%), with weaker (17%) allelic association between -93G and N9. In vitro, the -93G promoter had 24% higher activity than the -93T in a rat smooth muscle cell line and 18% higher activity in a human adrenal cell line. A protein identified by band-shift assays bound to the -93G but not to the -93T allele, which may explain the lower Tg levels in -93G carriers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Genome-wide prediction of transcriptional regulatory elements of human promoters using gene expression and promoter analysis data.

BACKGROUND: A complete understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression is the next important issue of genomics. Many bioinformaticians have developed methods and algorithms for predicting transcriptional regulatory mechanisms from sequence, gene expression, and binding data. However, most of these studies involved the use of yeast which has much simpler regulatory networks than human and has many genome wide binding data and gene expression data under diverse conditions. Studies of genome wide transcriptional networks of human genomes currently lag behind those of yeast. RESULTS: We report herein a new method that combines gene expression data analysis with promoter analysis to infer transcriptional regulatory elements of human genes. The Z scores from the application of gene set analysis with gene sets of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) were successfully used to represent the activity of TFBSs in a given microarray data set. A significant correlation between the Z scores of gene sets of TFBSs and individual genes across multiple conditions permitted successful identification of many known human transcriptional regulatory elements of genes as well as the prediction of numerous putative TFBSs of many genes which will constitute a good starting point for further experiments. Using Z scores of gene sets of TFBSs produced better predictions than the use of mRNA levels of a transcription factor itself, suggesting that the Z scores of gene sets of TFBSs better represent diverse mechanisms for changing the activity of transcription factors in the cell. In addition, cis-regulatory modules, combinations of co-acting TFBSs, were readily identified by our analysis. CONCLUSION: By a strategic combination of gene set level analysis of gene expression data sets and promoter analysis, we were able to identify and predict many transcriptional regulatory elements of human genes. We conclude that this approach will aid in decoding some of the important transcriptional regulatory elements of human genes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Promoting participation: evaluation of a health promotion program for low income seniors.

This article describes a qualitative evaluation of the Seniors Active Living in Vulnerable Elders (ALIVE) program, a 10-month health promotion program for low income seniors. Program interventions delivered in seniors' apartment buildings included exercise classes, health information sessions (i.e., health corners), and newsletters. The evaluation examined program participation, program impacts, and how the program worked. The most frequent reason for joining the program was recognizing the benefits of exercise, and the most frequent reason for not attending the program was having other priorities. The main participant impact was "feeling better." Specific impacts were also noted in physical, mental, and social domains. Fun, program delivery adaptations, autonomy, social interactions, and staff-participant relationships were discovered to be important program processes. These processes all contributed to participant's "comfort" in the program. How and why the program worked is examined in relation to Pender's (1996) revised health promotion model and implications for nursing are indicated.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Functional domains of the BACE1 and BACE2 promoters and mechanisms of transcriptional suppression of the BACE2 promoter in normal neuronal cells.

The beta-amyloid (Abeta) protein present in the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease is cleaved from Abeta precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretases. Following identification of beta-APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) as the beta-secretase, a homologous beta-secretase 2 (BACE2) was described. Our goal is to characterize the regulatory region of the BACE genes. We compare functional domains within the BACE1 and BACE2 regulatory regions. Both BACE genes lack canonical TATAand CAAT boxes, but they contain distinguishing transcription start sites and transcription factor-binding sites. The BACE1 sequence contains more repetitive elements than does BACE2 (no elements). Regulatory domains do not overlap strongly between the two promoter regions. The BACE1upstream sequence contains both negative and positive domains, separated from the transcription seat by a long neutral domain. The corresponding BACE2sequence consists of a weakly positive domain directly upstream of a strongly positive domain, near a functionally active domain. DNA-protein interaction was corroborated by functional data. In primary rat cortical cultures, BACE1-driven reporter protein's expression was twice that of BACE2- driven reporter. The BACE2 gene promoter relatively reduced function in neuronal cells compared with BACE1. The BACE1 gene might operate through a single transcriptional control site. BACE2 operates through dual transcriptional control sites. Two (or more) regulatory pathways might control transcription in BACE2. Thus, BACE2 is partially suppressed in normal neuronal cells and likely to be a highly regulated gene expressed in a particularly tissue-specific fashion.

Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health promoting community design: a new paradigm to promote healthy and active communities.

Richard Killingsworth explains that we have engineered routine forms of physical activity out of our daily lives, and that this is an important contributor to the obesity epidemic which claims at least 200,000 lives each year in the United States alone. A new field of study is emerging to address this problem, and the American Journal of Health Promotion has launched a new editorial section called "Health Promoting Community Design" to provide a forum to disseminate research in this new area.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International collaboration in health promotion and disease management: implications of U.S. health promotion efforts on Japan's health care system.

For more than 25 years, health promotion and disease management interventions have been conducted by large employers in the United States. Today there are more than 100 studies of such multifactorial, comprehensive interventions that all demonstrate positive clinical outcomes. For those interventions that have also been evaluated for return on investment, all but one have demonstrated cost-effectiveness. This article is an evidence-based overview of the clinical and cost outcomes research to elaborate on the insights gained from this research in the areas of implementation and evaluation of such programs; integration of health promotion and disease management programs into conventional, occupational medicine; accessing difficult to reach populations, such as mobile workers, retirees, and/or dependents; areas of potential conflict of interest and privacy/confidentiality issues; health consequences of downsizing and job strain; and, finally, recommendations for improved integration and evaluation of such programs for both clinical and cost outcomes. With medical costs rapidly escalating again on a global scale, these interventions with evidence of both clinical and cost outcomes can provide the foundation to improve the health, performance, and productivity of both individuals and their corporations.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

eHealth promotion: the use of the Internet for health promotion.

The use of the Internet for health promotion is explored in this edition including growth trends, general applicability, and evaluation strategies for online interventions. This article examines the range of preliminary studies of eHealth Promotion interventions and their summary results, and reviews potential evaluation tools and their use in online programming. Also assessed is their utility in population-based programming and review-selected implications for the field.

Health Promotion↗