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PubMedDate not supplied

[Poverty in Mexico. I. Methodology and evolution].

This article is the first of two parts of a research report on the evolution and magnitude of poverty in Mexico. Herein are presented the methodologies used in both parts and the evolution of poverty. The Poverty Line methodology (PL), in its Standard Basket of Essential Satisfiers version, is succinctly explained. Two problems on the definition of normative requirements are emphasized: the foundations of such requirements and the access route by which needs are to be met (private consumption or public transfers). Identification of six household welfare sources allows for criticism of PL and Unsatisfied Basic Needs methodologies which the Integrated Poverty Measurement Method (IPMM) brings together. IPMM is used to estimate the magnitude of poverty in 1989. The results are presented in the second part of this report. Results analyzed in the last section of this article show that while poverty in Mexico decreased steadily from 77.5% in 1963 to 48.5% in 1981, it increased since 1982, reaching 66% in 1992.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Poverty in Mexico. II. Magnitude].

This is the second part of a research report on the evolution and magnitude of poverty in Mexico. Application of the Integrated Poverty Measurement Method, explained in the first part of this report, shows a poverty headcount ratio (H) of 70.6% and an extreme poverty H of 44.7%. H turns out higher by the UBN (Unsatisfied Basic Needs) method than by the PLT (Poverty Line plus working time) approach. The poverty gap or poverty intensity (I), is for all poor 0.44 but reaches 0.58 for the extremely poor. Both H and I are substantially higher in the rural than in the urban areas. UBN poverty gap is bigger than the PLT gap. When UBN is disaggregated into its components, deprivation turns out the highest in health care and social security. Degree of poverty calculations (HI), the product of H and I, which constitute a good basis for anti-poverty expenditures allocation, show that despite the fact that a larger number of poor persons live in the urban areas, the number of equivalent poor people is higher in the rural areas.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

[Data cross-cut and the field of rehabilitation medicine at a vocational re-training centre (author's transl)].

Identified and evaluated were a number of medical and sociological data, e.g. diagnosis, age, population of the place of residence, financially responsible agencies, on 1399 rehabilitees who were admitted to the Dortmund vocational re-training centre during the first five years of its operation (1971-1975). The primary diagnoses (highly identical with those indicative of vocational rehabilitation) and the overall diagnoses (primary and secondary diagnoses) were classified into disease groups according to the ICD and compared with the frequency distribution in the 1970 microcensus. Significance computations determined yearly deviations of the different data, i.e., a significantly steady increase in emotional disturbances. The classification of diseases and disabilities clearly shows the problem complex of adequate comprehensive therapy and medical care, and marks the role of medicine at a vocational re-training centre.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Tuberculosis statistics among the homeless population in Nagoya City from 1991 to 1995].

A survey was conducted to clarify the tuberculosis (TB) situation among the homeless during the period from 1991 to 1995 in Nagoya city, using 5,222 registration cards of TB cases registered at one of Nagoya City's 16 Health Centers. Out of 5,222 TB cases, there were 269 homeless cases (267 male and 2 female). Ninety-seven percent of them were pulmonary TB cases. The incidence and prevalence rates of TB per 100,000 among the homeless were estimated at around 1,500 and around 2,400, respectively, around 20 times higher than those of the non-homeless male over the 19 years of age. A decrease in the incidence rate of TB cases among the homeless was not seen, although the rate among the non-homeless decreased gradually. The percentage of infectious (bacillary and/or cavitary) tuberculous cases among the homeless was higher than in the non-homeless. In the infectious cases, the percentage of smear-positive bacillary cases or far advanced cavitary cases was 52.1% or 9.4% among the homeless compared to 48.1% or 2.6% among the non-homeless, respectively. The detection rate by chest X-ray examination of the homeless was 3.9%.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The fallacy of enrolling only high-risk subjects in cancer prevention trials: is there a "free lunch"?

BACKGROUND: There is a common belief that most cancer prevention trials should be restricted to high-risk subjects in order to increase statistical power. This strategy is appropriate if the ultimate target population is subjects at the same high-risk. However if the target population is the general population, three assumptions may underlie the decision to enroll high-risk subject instead of average-risk subjects from the general population: higher statistical power for the same sample size, lower costs for the same power and type I error, and a correct ratio of benefits to harms. We critically investigate the plausibility of these assumptions. METHODS: We considered each assumption in the context of a simple example. We investigated statistical power for fixed sample size when the investigators assume that relative risk is invariant over risk group, but when, in reality, risk difference is invariant over risk groups. We investigated possible costs when a trial of high-risk subjects has the same power and type I error as a larger trial of average-risk subjects from the general population. We investigated the ratios of benefit to harms when extrapolating from high-risk to average-risk subjects. RESULTS: Appearances here are misleading. First, the increase in statistical power with a trial of high-risk subjects rather than the same number of average-risk subjects from the general population assumes that the relative risk is the same for high-risk and average-risk subjects. However, if the absolute risk difference rather than the relative risk were the same, the power can be less with the high-risk subjects. In the analysis of data from a cancer prevention trial, we found that invariance of absolute risk difference over risk groups was nearly as plausible as invariance of relative risk over risk groups. Therefore a priori assumptions of constant relative risk across risk groups are not robust, limiting extrapolation of estimates of benefit to the general population. Second, a trial of high-risk subjects may cost more than a larger trial of average risk subjects with the same power and type I error because of additional recruitment and diagnostic testing to identify high-risk subjects. Third, the ratio of benefits to harms may be more favorable in high-risk persons than in average-risk persons in the general population, which means that extrapolating this ratio to the general population would be misleading. Thus there is no free lunch when using a trial of high-risk subjects to extrapolate results to the general population. CONCLUSION: Unless the intervention is targeted to only high-risk subjects, cancer prevention trials should be implemented in the general population.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2004

[Statistic-mapping modeling of rheumatic diseases prevalence among population of different regions of Russia].

AIM: To assess feasibility of the method of mapping modeling for spacial featuring of rheumatic diseases (RD) morbidity statistics for population of Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population morbidity statistics for 78 administrative units of the Russian Federation (1993-2000) were processed. Statistic-mapping modeling employed weighted mean interpolation i.e. mathematic prediction of the sign value depending on its magnitude in basic points. RESULTS: Mapped images of RD prevalence, prevalence/primary morbidity values and number of documented cases/number of rheumatologists demonstrate special distribution of the signs studied about the RF territory. The estimation of mean, minimal, maximal values and dispersion of each sign established dynamic trends in the markers for the period under study(increased area with RD prevalence above 95/1000 from 15.9 to 44.5%; increased mean ratio prevalence/morbidity from 2.8 to 3.2 and decreased ratio of patients/rheumatologists from 10882 to 9031). Regions with minimal and maximal values are shown. CONCLUSION: Statistic-mapping modeling demonstrates spacial distribution of the markers, reveals the relations between them.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

M-study; arguments for regional trauma databases.

BACKGROUND: The TRISS methodology, in combination with coefficients derived from the Major Trauma Outcome Study (MTOS), is the most widely used outcome prediction model for the care of trauma patients. Utilizing the M-statistic, different populations of trauma patients can be compared with the population originally enrolled in the MTOS. PURPOSE: We hypothesized that databases outside of North-America would not be well matched to the MTOS study and thus the TRISS methodology would not accurately predict outcome in these different populations. METHODS: All trauma studies utilizing TRISS methodology that were published between 1990-2003 were reviewed and M-statistics calculated based on the population described in the study. The populations were grouped by the following geographic locations: Europe, Asia/Africa and North-America. RESULTS: The median M-statistic for Europe was 0.65, compared with 0.88 for Asian/African databases, and 0.90 for North-American studies. There was a significant difference between European and North-American studies (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The trauma populations described in European studies differ significantly from the MTOS with respect to injury severity match, indicating the need for the development of regional trauma databases and modified TRISS coefficients based on the geographic location of the injured population included.

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution of the ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kell and Duffy blood group antigens in the population of Vojvodina].

INTRODUCTION: Analysis of erythrocyte blood group antigen polymorphisms and genetic variability in population of Vojvodina was performed by investigating gene and genotype frequencies which determine antigens of ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kell and Duffy blood-group systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 350 unrelated persons from Vojvodina in regard to appurtenance of ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kell and Duffy blood-group systems. We calculated gene, genotype, phenotype frequencies and proportion significance test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results of investigation revealed that gene and genotype frequencies of investigated blood-group systems are similar to corresponding data for majority of European populations, while statistically significant differences were established in inhabitants of geographically distant regions. Values of proportion significance test revealed statistically significant differences of genotype frequencies for ABO and MNSs blood-group antigens in populations of: Australian Aborigines, Chinese population, Arabians, Blacks, Eskimos, American Indians (Navaho and Pueblo) and population of Papua New Guinea. Statistically significant differences of genotype frequencies were established in inhabitants of narrow geographical areas of Europe such as: Finland, Germany, Sweden, Albania, England and Netherlands. CONCLUSION: Our results point to the fact that erythrocyte blood-groups have different frequencies in some parts of the world, and that there are great differences in frequencies of some blood-groups among inhabitants of various continents and races. Genetical peculiarity of the population of Vojvodina points to the fact that differences in blood-group frequencies are also present among inhabitants of narrow geographical areas.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1992

Season of birth and recalled age at menarche.

All 8th-form schoolgirls from the municipality of Odense in Denmark were asked at what age they reached menarche, and 886 girls (97.6%) gave this information. There is no evidence for seasonality in the time of birth but for far more girls than expected menarche occurred during winter or summer and fewer than expected during spring and autumn. This pattern appears primarily in girls living in the suburbs and was not seen in those living in central Odense. The seasonality appears to be brought about by differences in mean age at menarche according to time of the year at birth.

Adolescent↗