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PubMed2002

Epidemiologic characteristics and military implications of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia.

AIM: To analyze epidemiologic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Croatia, including military implications of the disease and measures for its prevention. METHOD: We analyzed data from obligatory infectious disease reports and notification of deaths due to infectious diseases, data on the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome epidemics in Croatia, and data collected by survey of the population, serological findings, and studies of wild rodents serving as reservoirs of the infection. RESULTS: During the 1987-2001 period, 235 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome were recorded in Croatia, with 147 (62.6%) of them among Croatian Army soldiers. Mortality rate was up to 15.4% (mean 2.2%) (5/235). The highest number of cases was recorded in months of June and July, ie, during the warm season characterized by increased activity of both the animals acting as infection reservoirs and humans as hosts. The known natural foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome have been Plitvice and Slunj areas, Velika and Mala Kapela mountains, Zagreb area (Velika Gorica and Jastrebarsko), west Slavonia, Novska area, and Dinara Mountain. The disease has not been recorded in the littoral area and Adriatic islands. The identified causative agents include Dobrava and Puumala viruses of the genus Hantavirus, whereas rodents Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus agrarius, and Apodemus sylvaticus serve as the main reservoirs of the infection. Typical biotopes of the infection in Croatia are deciduous woods. The measures of prevention in Croatia include pest control, disinfection, hygienic waste disposal, preventing rodent access to food and water, proper choice of camping sites, and health education. CONCLUSION: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome occurs predominantly in soldiers, in a sporadic or epidemic form. Because of the course of disease and potentially lethal outcome, the disease has a considerable impact on the field task performance and combat readiness of military units, and is of great importance for a military community. Accommodation in permanent buildings with appropriate common and personal hygiene standards is recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Oviposition preferences of Episyrphus balteatus.

A crucial aspect of predator oviposition behaviour is host plant choice, especially in hoverflies where the newly hatched offspring are unable to move a great distance to search for the appropriate prey. Such offspring must generally feed on the host plant aphids previously selected by the mother. Some factors involved in the selection of the oviposition site of Episyrphus balteatus De Geer include aphids associated to chemical stimuli, aphid colony size and host plant characteristics. Here we tested the hypothesis that there will not only be a rank order hierarchy of preference for aphid prey species reared on the same host plant but that a similar hierarchy of different host plant of one aphid species could be established. Therefore we compared the number of eggs laid on different combinations of host plant and aphid species. Vicia faba L., secondary metabolites free, Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L., containing low and high levels of glucosinolates respectively were used. The latter compounds are well known allelochemicals from Brassicaceae having a strong influence on specialist and generalist insects from both phytophagous and entomophagous levels. These experiments enhance the importance of tritrophic interactions in biological control of pests by underlining the host plant influence on aphidophagous predators, either directly or through the odours emitted by the phytophagous prey.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of recommended and reduced insecticide regimes in alfalfa.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the recommended rates of insecticides applied at two different population levels of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera variabilis Hbst. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the reduced levels of insecticides on alfalfa weevil, predators and yield in 1998 and 1999. More specific objective was to search for options to reduce insecticide usage while implementing an effective pest control, thereby developing more economically and environmentally sound alfalfa production systems. The treatments used included: i) recommended rate insecticide (malathion) at population level of 5 weevils/sweep, ii) recommended rate at population level of 10 weevils/sweep, iii) 50% of recommended rate at population level of 10 weevils/sweep, iv) stripe spray of 50% rate at population level of 10 weevils/sweep, where insecticides were applied only on 0.5 m stripes in plots while the next 0.5 m stripes were not treated and v) control. The results indicated that the recommended rate insecticide application at 5 weevils/sweep level provided the highest reduction in the weevil densities in both years. No significant differences occurred among the weevil densities in the plots received the recommended rate, the 50% rate and the stripe spray insecticide treatments at 10 weevils/sweep level. Predators were in general more abundant in the insecticide treated plots compared to the control. The insecticide applications, except the stripe spray in 1999, led to increases in yields.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Study on the physiological activities of the metabolites from Paecilomyces arovirens].

The metabolites of Paecilomyces arovirens exhibited insecticidal activities to many inscct pcsts, including cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, hawthorn Ispidcr mitc, Tetranychus viennensis and larvae of imported cabbage worm, Pietis rapae. A comparison was made between the metabolites of P. arovirens and naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and water melon (Cucumis sativus) bioassays on their physiological effects. Results demonstrated that some of the metabolites physiological activities of P. arovirens are same to that of NAA, some are different between them. It indicate that there is a new kind or many kinds of plant growth regulator in the metabolites and need further analysized. The results can offer reference for exploiting a new insecticid which not only can control insect pests, but also increase plant growth.

Cucumis sativus↗
PubMed2001

Laboratory evaluation of a Helicosporidium sp. (Protozoa: Helicosporida) as an agent for the microbial control of mosquitoes.

A Helicosporidium sp. isolated from diseased larvae of Culex pipiens L. in Egypt was assessed for its microbial control potential against mosquito larvae. Dose infectivity and dose mortality of the pathogen was determined for each larval instar of Cx. pipiens. Helicosporidium sp was infectious to Aedes caspius (Pallas), C. antennatus (Becker), C. perexiguus Theobald, and Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart). Using 24-hr exposures of first instar larvae to a range of concentrations between 50 and 5 x 10(3) spores/ml, Cx. antennatus and Cx. perexiguus were more susceptible than Cx. pipiens, Ae. caspius and Cs. longiareolata with LC50's of 5 x 10(2), 5 x 10(2), 1.6 x 10(3), 1.4 x 10(3), and 1.7 x 10(3), respectively. Current experiments shown that Helicosporidium spores were tolerant of freezing and storage at 5 degrees C, but not to desiccation. Production trails indicated that up to 6.2 x 10(8) spores could be routinely produced in individual cotton leaf worms, Spodoptera littolaris (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Role of contagious infection of Pandora delphacis in suppression of Myzus persicae colonies].

The colonies of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, on detached cabbage leaves (8 replicates) were initiated with each including 3 apterae exposed to 'spore shower' of the entomophthoraceous fungus, Pandora delphacis, to evaluate its potential for aphid control. The colonies were then allowed to freely propagate and infect from one to another for mycosis development at different regimes of temperature (10-30 degrees C) and relative humidity (74-100% RH). During a period of 30-day observation, aphid mycosis developed much more rapidly at the regimes of higher temperature (20-30 degrees C) and humidity (> or = 95% RH), at which, nymphs were effectively infected by contacting the conidia discharged from apterous cadavers. The efficacy of P. delphacis for control of M. persicae was easily visible at all regimes considered, despite variation in mycosis-caused mortality. Compared to the increase of M. persicae colony not contaminated with the fungal agent, the efficacy of control at all humidity regimes of 30 degrees C was the best, and it could be > 60% on day 4, and 100% on day 16. Secondary to the best, the increase of colony size at 20 and 25 degrees C was controlled by > 30% on day 8, and > 80% on day 20 at all the humidity regimes with occasional exceptions. The efficacy of control at 10 and 15 degrees C was usually inferior to those at higher temperatures, but to less degree associated with relative humidity. These results indicate that P. delphacis was of high potential for aphid control, deserving further study for practical utilization.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Effect of diazinon and/or praziquantel on selected protein aspects in healthy and Schistosoma mansoni infected mice.

In Egypt, schistosomiasis is still a major public health problem and praziquantel is the drug of choice for its treatment, whereas diazinon is globally used as an insecticide for controlling pests. They adversely affect the environment. Therefore, the authors studied the effect of 1/20 LD50 diazinon given orally to healthy and Schistosoma mansoni infected mice for 5 successive days up to 9 and 17 weeks coupled with a therapeutic dose (2 x 500 mg/kg Bwt) of praziquantel, 2 weeks before sacrificing. The results showed that non significant differences were obtained from total proteins, albumin, globulins, and albumin/globulin ratio. However, significant differences were revealed from alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-globubins in addition to plasma ceruloplasmin. Diazinon changed the levels of alpha2-, beta1-, and gamma-globubins, while diazinon coupled with schistosomiasis affected the levels of most studied parameters. Consequently, exposure to insecticides should be avoided specially in the rural areas where schistosomiasis is still endemic.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Preliminary field trials with Culicinomyces clavosporus against some Egyptian mosquitoes in selected habitats.

Culicinomyces clavosporus was isolated from diseased larvae of Culex pipiens collected from brackish water habitat. Pure cultures of the fungus were grown on nutrient agar media. In the laboratory, the Egyptian isolate of the fungus was bioassayed against first instar larvae of Aedes caspius, Cx. antennatus and Cx. pipiens. The estimated LC50's for Ae. caspius, Cx. antennatus and Cx. pipiens were 4.4 x 10(2), 7.6 x 10(2) and 11.8 x 10(2) conidia/ml, respectively. Field studies were undertaken in a variety of habitats supporting populations of mosquitoes in Mahalet Marhoom, El-Gharbia Governorate, in the summer of 1999. Evaluations included artificial pool studies and field trials. The fungus was applied once to 3 different natural breeding habitats of mosquitoes at a dose rate of 10(10) conidia/m2. Cx. clavosporus introduction into unpolluted rice field that had high densities of Cx. antennatus and low densities of Anopheles tenebrosus Doenitz and Cx. perexiguus resulted in 100% control of the larvae 5 days post treatment. Introduction of the fungus into brackish water habitat supporting large brood of Ae. caspius, and few numbers of Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart), Cx. Pusillus, Cx. perexiguus and Cx. pipiens was equally effective. Dissection and examinations of larvae from both sites confirmed infection by the fungus. However, introduction of the fungus into a drain supporting high population density of Cx. pipiens was not effective. Microscopic examination of larvae removed from this site revealed that the conidia failed to germinate and penetrate the host cuticle. The presence of organic pollution in the breeding site drastically reduced the infectivity of the fungus. Thus, the fungus appears promising as a possible limiting factor for mosquito populations, and eventually its use in control of mosquitoes merits further investigations.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of plant alcohol extracts on vegetable aphids and their parasitoids].

The repelling and controlling effect of alcohol extracts from 8 common plant species on 3 major vegetable aphids (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Lipaphis erysimi) were studied in the laboratory, and the effect on their parasitoid was also studied. The results showed that the test 8 plant species had some effects on 3 aphids. The plant alcohol extracts from Tephrosia vogelli and Cinnamomum camphora had the most effect. The deterrent rate on Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Lipaphis erysimi was 0.414, 0.729, 0.547 and 0.549, 0.690, 0.729, respectively. These 2 plants had the most controlling effect on 3 aphids, too. The alcohol extract of Cinnamomum camphora was safely for parasitoids (Aphidius gifuensis and Diaeretiella rapae).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of mating delay on the reproductive performance of Cnephasia jactatana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

The leafroller species, Cnephasia jactatana Walker, is an important pest of kiwifruit in New Zealand. The effect of mating delay on its reproductive performance was investigated in the laboratory to provide information for the development of pheromonal pest control measures such as mating disruption. Reproductive performance of both sexes is adversely affected by mating delay. Females are more severely affected by mating delay than males in terms of reproductive potential. Delaying mating in females for 3 and 4 d reduced the reproductive potential by 29 and 88%, respectively. It is suggested that mating disruption may have potential for the control of this species.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

[Program fo the eradication of Cochliomyia hominivorax in Northern Africa].

The New World Screwworm (NWS, Cochliomyia hominivorax) is an obligate parasite of warm-blooded animals. The female lays up to 300 eggs in any break in the skin, and the resulting larvae (screwworms) burrow into surrounding living flesh. Infested animals frequently die, while the annual cost of controlling the pest in domestic animals is about US $10 per head. NWS is endemic in tropical Latin America. In 1988, it was detected in Libya, presumable introduced with imported sheep. By 1990, the infestation had spread to an area of 25,000 km2 containing some 2 million livestock. In early 1991, an internationally funded eradication programme was undertaken by FAO, using sterile insects. Each week, 40 million pupae were flown from a production plant in Mexico, and the emerged adults were distributed by over the infested area. Within a few months, the infestation has been eradicated. Whereas 12,000 infested animals were found in 1990, only 6 were detected in 1991. The programme involved the shipping and distribution of 1.3 billion sterile insects, animal inspections totalling 40 million and laboratory examination of 280,000 trapped flies. While the programme cost close to US $75 million, a benefit/cost ration of 50:1 has been estimated.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed1953

The 1952 outbreak of encephalitis in California; vector control aspects.

The emergency vector control measures used during the summer of 1952 were designed to supplement the normal mosquito control programs of mosquito abatement districts. The emergency measures were aimed at destruction of adult vector mosquitoes in populated areas as contrasted to normal programs which consist of elimination of breeding places or destruction of the aquatic stages of mosquitoes. Experience during 1952 clearly demonstrated the limitations of present techniques for coping with adult mosquitoes and pointed up the need for better understanding of the factors controlling survival of Culex tarsalis over the winter months, as well as the need for better methods of measuring the prospect of a large number of infected vector mosquitoes early enough in the year to permit the establishment of preventive rather than palliative measures.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fishes of District Sundargarh, Orissa, with special reference to their potential in mosquito control.

An extensive fish fauna survey was carried out in Sundargarh, a malaria-endemic district in Orissa, during 1988 to 1990 to identify and evaluate the indigenous larvivorous fishes for mosquito control. In all, 57 species belonging to 19 families under 6 orders were found in the local water bodies. On laboratory evaluation against anopheline and culicine larvae, six potential larvivorous fishes, viz. Aplocheilus panchax, Oryzias melastigma, Oreochromis mossambicus, Gambusia affinis, Danio (B.) rerio and Esomus danricus were selected. Feasibility of mass multiplication of these fishes in village ponds for operational use is being studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mosquito vector control and biology in Latin America--a second symposium.

The second Spanish language symposium presented by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) was held as part of the 58th Annual Meeting in Corpus Christi, TX in March 1992. The principal objective, as it was for the 1991 symposium, was to increase and stimulate greater participation in the AMCA by vector control specialists and public health workers from Latin America. This publication includes summaries of 25 individual presentations that were given in Spanish. The symposium included the following topics: biology and chemical control of Aedes aegypti and anopheline vectors of malaria; field and laboratory studies of biological control agents for Aedes aegypti; community participation in the prevention of dengue; and other various aspects of the biology of other medically important arthropods (e.g., Simulium ochraceum, Lutzomyia and Culicoides).

Aedes↗