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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda.

Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) has become the first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in a number of African countries. Molecular surveillance of resistance-mediating mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) has been proposed as a means of predicting SP treatment outcomes, but optimal methods of surveillance in different populations have not been well established. To investigate the relationship between molecular markers of SP resistance, host immunity, and response to therapy, we evaluated the association between the presence of five key dhfr and dhps mutations at enrollment and clinical outcome in children and adults treated with SP for uncomplicated malaria in Kampala, Uganda. Clinical treatment failure was 11% at 14 days, increasing to 30% at 28 days, after excluding new infections. Outcomes varied markedly based on the number of dhfr and dhps mutations and on the age of treated subjects. All infections with less than two dhfr/dhps mutations were successfully treated. Treatment failure associated with any two, three, or four dhfr/dhps mutations occurred in nine of 24 (38%) children up to 5 years, but not in older patients (0/20). In the presence of all five mutations, treatment failure occurred equally in children aged 5 years or younger [7/16 (44%)] and in older patients [8/16 (50%)]. Our results showed that age, a surrogate marker of antimalarial immunity, had a major impact on the relationship between polymorphisms in SP target enzymes and treatment outcomes. The use of molecular markers of SP resistance to predict treatment failure rates should take age into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone and in combination with chloroquine for malaria treatment in rural Eastern Sudan: the interrelation between resistance, age and gametocytogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyremethamine (SP)+chloroquine (CQ) combination treatment against falciparum malaria with SP treatment alone. METHOD: In-vivo study of 254 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in rural eastern Sudan, where the population is semi-immune. RESULTS: Sulfadoxine-pyremethamine treatment alone cured 68.3% (41/60) and SP+CQ cured 63.4% (123/194). Early and late treatment failures occurred in both treatment groups. Host age (as a marker for immunity) and parasite gametocytogenesis (as a marker for transmissibility) were significantly associated with SP resistance. Patients who were cured were significantly older (median age 21 years) than patients whose treatment failed (median age 12 years). Gametocyte production was significantly higher in patients with treatment failure (0.72 vs 0.45) and associated with younger age. Gametocyte counts were comparable between both groups until day 7 of follow up; thereafter, they were significantly higher in patients with treatment failure. However, the longevity of gametocytes was comparable in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Chloroquine did not improve the parasite response to SP. Age was strongly associated with clearance of SP-resistant parasites. The fast rise of SP resistance may partially be due to selection of SP resistant parasites and expansion of the resistant population through the gametocytogenic effect of SP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in Gambian multigravidae.

We investigated the ability of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine to prevent anaemia and low birthweight in Gambian multigravidae. Between July 2002 and February 2004, 2688 multigravidae living in a rural area of The Gambia received SP (1346 women) or placebo (1342 women) up to four times during pregnancy and were followed until 6-weeks post-partum. Shortly after delivery, 10.7% of women in the intervention group and 8.8% in the control group were severely anaemic [Hb < 7 g/dl, risk difference = 0.02 (95% CI -0.01, 0.04), P = 0.17]. The overall mean birthweight of infants born to women who had received SP (3103 g) was very similar to that observed in infants born to women in the control group [3075 g; difference = 28 g (95% CI -11 g, 67 g), P = 0.16]. However, among women who did not use a bednet (either insecticide treated or untreated), infants born to women who had received SP weighed more than infants born to women in the control group [3147 g vs. 3044 g; difference 143 g (95% CI 53 g, 232 g), interaction test P < 0.001]. This study did not show that IPTp with SP benefited Gambian multigravidae overall but that it may benefit a sub-group of women who do not use a bednet. In areas such as The Gambia, provision of insecticide-treated bednets to multigravidae may provide an adequate means of protection against malaria in pregnancy without the need for additional IPTp.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

In vitro activities of pentamidine, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides against Aspergillus species.

The susceptibilities of 70 strains of Aspergillus species were tested against seven different sulfa drugs and pentamidine by a microdilution method with RPMI 1640 and yeast nitrogen base media. Sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and pentamidine were active in vitro. The MICs obtained with RPMI 1640 were significantly higher than those with yeast nitrogen base. More studies are needed to further elucidate the action of these drugs.

Anti-Infective Agents↗