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PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of B-haplotype on the relative efficacy of Marek's disease vaccines of different serotypes.

To determine if B-haplotype differentially influences vaccinal immunity to very virulent Marek's disease (MD) virus challenge, chickens of five 15.B-congenic lines were vaccinated with vaccines representing serotypes 1, 2, and 3. B-haplotype differentially influenced vaccinal immunity to very virulent MD virus challenge using vaccines of all three serotypes, and different MD vaccines were optimal for some B-haplotypes. Regarding specific haplotypes, the 15.B-congenic chickens with B2 and B13 developed less protection against MD than chickens with B15 following vaccination with all three serotypes of MD vaccine, whereas the chickens with B5 and B21 developed variable protection with different MD vaccines. Thus, for induction of maximum MD resistance, it may be necessary to select a vaccine appropriate for the predominant B-haplotypes of the chicken flock.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skeletal myopathy produced with experimental dosing of turkeys with monensin.

Monensin was given via gavage to 5- and 6-week-old broad-breasted white turkeys. The birds were allotted into four groups--three groups given monensin and one group of controls--in two experimental trials. Treated turkeys in Trial 1 received one dose of monensin per day for 4 days at 4.7 mg monensin/kg body weight, 8.8 mg/kg, or 17.6 mg/kg. Treated turkeys in Trial 2 received one dose of monensin per day for 5 days at 1.93 mg/kg, 4.7 mg/kg, or 8.8 mg/kg. Turkeys receiving the lowest dose showed no clinical signs of myopathy. Birds receiving 4.7 mg monensin/kg developed ataxia after the third dose and rear limb paresis and paralysis after the fifth dose. Turkeys receiving 8.8 mg/kg were ataxic after the second dose and paretic or paralyzed after the fourth dose. Turkeys receiving 17.6 mg/kg were ataxic 3 hours after the first dose and paretic or paralyzed 8 hours after the first dose. Histologically, a necrotizing skeletal myopathy was present in the muscles of the rear limbs. A dose-related response was observed in the percentage of myofibers damaged in birds that survived until the end of the trials. Intrafiber edema and vacuolation were observed in histologic sections from myocardium of turkeys from the two highest dose groups.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enterococcus durans infection in young chickens associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia.

Two unrelated flocks of chicks experienced elevated mortality from 4 to 10 days of age. Clinical signs in affected birds included a full range of neurological disorders. Livers and spleens were grossly enlarged at necropsy. Enterococcus durans was isolated from multiple organs, including brains. Histologically, there were multifocal coagulative necrosis in the liver, areas of malacia in brain stem, and cerebellar white matter. Inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with a suspension of E. durans resulted in bacteremia but did not produce the lesions observed in field cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Salmonella phage types distribution in the Czech Republic in 1991-1994.

The Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium phage types in the Czech Republic during the monitored period 1991-1994 are described. The total number of 2318 strains were examined. From 652 Salmonella typhimurium strains 24 various phage types were identified. PT 104 was predominating in both human and non-human strains. 1666 of Salmonella enteritidis strains were identified and were representative of 14 different phage types. PT 8 was the most common type in humans (91.7%) and in animals (79.1%).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Esophageal and proventricular cryptosporidiosis in a chicken.

Examination of hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections of chicken esophagus and proventriculus revealed Cryptosporidium-colonized surface squamous and mucous gland columnar epithelial cells. This chicken also had malignant lymphoma (lymphosarcoma). The hypothesis that infection by Cryptosporidium sp. was either preceded by or followed by herpesvirus infection, immunosuppression, and neoplasia cannot be refuted. Clinicians and pathologists should be aware that esophageal and proventricular cryptosporidiosis can occur in chickens; they should also be aware that mild inflammation and necrosis can accompany parasitism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concomitant Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and Newcastle disease infection in broilers in South Africa.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was first isolated from broilers in South Africa in 1991. The importance of O. rhinotracheale infections has been established, with growth suppression, respiratory symptoms, and arthritis commonly seen as complications. Dual infection with Newcastle disease and O. rhinotracheale in 28-day-old broilers led to more severe respiratory lesions and higher mortality rates than in birds with only Newcastle disease. It was concluded that the pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus was enhanced when occurring in combination with O. rhinotracheale. Also of interest was the first isolation of O. rhinotracheale from the liver.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of Newcastle disease vaccines and Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis combination vaccines on the head-associated lymphoid tissues of the chicken.

Ten Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and 10 NDV and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) combination vaccines (NDV/IBV) were evaluated for their effect on the head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT) of 2-wk-old chicks. After vaccination, the chicks were subjected to an in vivo assay that measures the ability of the gland of Harder (GH) to respond to killed Brucella abortus antigen given in the eye by titering B. abortus antibodies in the tears. Following this, several sites in the HALT and trachea were examined histologically and scored for microscopic changes. The results indicated that three of the NDV/IBV combination vaccines (one BI/Mass&Conn and two LaSota/Mass&Conn) interfered with the GH response to killed B. abortus, whereas none of the NDV vaccines did Histologically, several changes were noted in the vaccinated chicks; however, no changes in the GH were observed that could explain microscopically the GH depression. With the IBV-only vaccines reported earlier (16), and the NDV-only and NDV/IBV combination vaccines reported here, a total of 36 vaccines have been evaluated using the same testing protocol. The conclusions of these combined studies suggest that several of the modified live virus vaccines containing IBV, either alone or in combination with NDV, interfere with the ability of the GH/HALT to respond to antigenic stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of INOVOJECT egg injection system for delivering Marek's disease vaccine under hatchery conditions.

The ability of the INOVOJECT egg injection system to effectively deliver the appropriate titer of herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine during normal hatchery operation was evaluated. The INOVOJECT machines configured for the Jamesway and Chickmaster commercial hatchers both maintained the integrity of the HVT vaccine without an appreciable loss in titer from the diluted vaccine to the egg.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

[Combined vaccination of birds with inactivated and live vaccines].

Studies were carried out on the immune response of birds-parental forms of broilers--in the combined use of an inactivated vaccine Dessau and a live avirulent vaccine La Sota. The dynamics was followed up till the age of 58 weeks of the changes taking place at an antidody level, and the resistance of the birds after challenging with a virulent virus. After the first immunization with a killed vaccine there was an average geometric titer of 78.65, and the resistance of the birds was low. The revaccination with an inactivated vaccine caused an increase in the amount of antibodies and a rise in the level of resistance. In the immunization with a live La Sota vaccine there was an abrupt rise of the immune titer--214.31 (in the twenty-eighth week), and 207.60 (in the thirty-eighth week). During the following periods there was a gradual drop of the antibody level, however, this was accompanied by a comparatively high resistance of the birds at challenge. The results obtained are in relation to some immunogenic properties of the experimental vaccine Dessau the use of which develops an immunogenic background at which, with a two-fold reimmunization applying a live vaccine La Sota the immunogenesis process is strongly enhanced.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils following stimulation by inflammatory agonists.

OBJECTIVE: To determine functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils to various inflammatory agonists. ANIMALS: 100 one-day-old chickens and turkeys. PROCEDURE: Blood heterophils were isolated and stimulated for 30 minutes at 39 C with ionomycin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), opsonized zymosan (OZ), or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Functional responses (shape change, adherence, phagocytosis, influx of intracellular calcium, and oxidative burst) of stimulated heterophils were measured and compared with responses of unstimulated (control) heterophils. RESULTS: Turkey and chicken heterophils did not respond to FMLP stimulation. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with ionomycin resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, intracellular calcium concentration, and oxidative burst. Turkey heterophils did not respond to PMA stimulation, whereas stimulation of chicken heterophils with PMA resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst but not intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with OZ resulted in significant increases in oxidative burst. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanisms regulating initiation of heterophil activation in neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils are consistent with those described for heterophils isolated from mature birds. The biochemical and cytoskeletal systems of neonatal avian heterophils undergo functional alterations following stimulation with inflammatory agonists. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding heterophil activation and regulation should eventually lead to methods for controlling bacterial diseases in poultry.

Animals↗