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PubMedDate not supplied

Socio-economic and behavioural factors related to caries in twelve-year-old Sardinian children.

Our aim was to describe socio-economic and behavioural factors related to caries experience in school children in Sassari, Sardinia (Italy). Four hundred and three 12-year-old schoolchildren were randomly selected and their teeth clinically examined after air drying, under standard light using a plain mirror and WHO community periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN) ballpoint probe. The clinical DMFS index was recorded following a diagnostic threshold, CPITN following the WHO indications. A questionnaire concerning oral hygiene habits (OHH), the onset of toothbrushing habits (OTH), frequency of dental check-ups (DCU), sweet food and soft drink consumption and socio-economic background factors, i.e. parents' occupational status (SOCFAM) and parents' age, was filled in by children and parent(s)/guardian(s). The caries prevalence was 61.6%. A positive skewness of DMFS was observed. Regarding caries, a significant linear trend (p<0.05) was found among odds ratios at each exposure level in SOCFAM, OHH, OTH and CPITN. A logistic regression model for caries was constructed using related factors. CPITN (gingival conditions) gave a significant contribution in the predictive model (p = 0.01). Gender acted as an effect modifier on CPITN, so logistic regression models were constructed for males and females separately. CPITN was the only statistically significant covariate in males and OHH the only one in females. Our results confirm a high caries prevalence and also a need for preventive and educational programmes for caries in Sardinia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Vegetable, fruit, and cereal intake and risk of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan.

AIMS: There has been little interest in the role of nutrition in prevention of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of vegetables, fruit, cereals, antioxidants, and fiber and the risk of IPF in Japan. METHODS: Included were 104 cases aged 40 years or over who were within 2 years of the diagnosis in accordance with the most recent criteria. Controls aged 40 years or over comprised 56 hospitalized patients diagnosed as having acute bacterial pneumonia and 4 outpatients with common cold. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, sex, region, pack-years of smoking, employment status, occupational exposure, saturated fatty acid intake, and body mass index. RESULTS: Consumption of fruit in the second and third quartiles was associated with a statistically significant reduced risk of IPF. Although not statistically significant, a beneficial association between soluble fiber intake and IPF was found. No statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between intake of green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, cereals, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, or insoluble fiber and the risk of IPF. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that fruit intake may confer protection against the development of IPF.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Prognosis after transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke in young adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We undertook this study to describe the risk of stroke recurrence and functional and occupational status in the long-term follow-up of young adults with ischemic strokes and to identify possible predictors for stroke recurrence, disability, and working status. METHODS: A cohort of 215 patients aged < or = 45 years with ischemic cerebral events (43 transient ischemic attacks, 135 minor strokes, 37 major strokes), evaluated at our institution from May 1985 through March 1992, was followed for a mean of 43.1 months (SD, 39.7 months; range, 1 to 228 months). Information on death and recurrent cerebral vascular events, functional disability (Rankin Scale), retirement, and working status was obtained from direct observation, mail questionnaire, and telephone interviews. RESULTS: Four patients (2%) with major strokes died acutely. Information on stroke recurrence and disability was available for 184 (87%) of the survivors and on retirement and working status for 140 (67%) of the patients. Two patients died from cancer. Seven transient ischemic attacks and eight strokes (two hemorrhagic) occurred during follow-up. Patients with strokes of unknown cause experienced no recurrent strokes, contrasting with two deaths and eight strokes in those whose stroke cause was identified (difference between proportions: 8%; 95% confidence interval, 3 to 13). Eighty-eight patients had a complete recovery, and only 21 were disabled (Rankin grades 4 or 5). Logistic regression analysis identified the severity of the initial stroke (Rankin grade > 3) as the only significant predictor of disability (odds ratio, 10.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 30.6). Of the survivors, 73% were working, and only 18% were retired. Disability at follow-up was the best (but nonsignificant) predictor of retirement (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 3.4). CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic stroke in young adults has a low acute mortality and few recurrences, more so if the cause is not identified. The majority of patients return to an active professional life. Severity of the initial stroke is the major predictor of independence. The relation between disability and return to work or retirement is less clear.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Prediction of outcome in mania by mood-congruent or mood-incongruent psychotic features.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the significance of mood congruence of psychotic features in mania as a predictor of outcome. METHOD: Fifty-four patients with bipolar disorder were followed prospectively for 4 years after recovery from an episode of mania with psychotic features. Assessments of residential and occupational status, interepisode symptoms, and episode recurrences were made at 6 and 48 months after recovery. Categorical outcomes were evaluated by logistic regression and recurrence risk with survival analysis. RESULTS: Mood-incongruent psychotic features during the index manic episode predicted a shorter time in remission at 4 years (hazard ratio = 2.6), and Schneiderian first-rank symptoms predicted poor residential status at 4 years (odds ratio = 20.1). CONCLUSIONS: Differentiation of mood congruence of psychotic features in mania evidently has prognostic validity and, therefore, has utility as a nosological characteristic.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Natural history of male psychological health, XV: retirement satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies of shorter duration have identified numerous risks and protective factors that powerfully influence outcomes in young adulthood and midlife, this long-term prospective study examines the effect of these prognostic factors on age at retirement and satisfaction with retirement. METHOD: In this prospective study, a cohort of socially disadvantaged men (N=151) were followed from adolescence until a mean age of 75 years (SD=2). Periodic interviews, biennial administration of questionnaires, and physical examinations every 5 years were conducted to determine biopsychosocial risk variables, age at retirement, and satisfaction with retirement. RESULTS: Early age of retirement was found to be a function of preexisting mental and physical health and later age of retirement a function of occupational status. A surprising finding was that risk factors such as poor objective physical health, low income, and depression, which are commonly associated with poor outcomes in young adulthood and in midlife, were largely unrelated to satisfaction with retirement. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively high level of satisfaction with retirement was often attained by men who had reported many risk factors for poor child and midlife development (e.g., low IQ, dropping out of school, poor mental health, and being part of a multiproblem family) but who in later life had some positive resources (e.g., a good marriage, a low level neuroticism, enjoyment of vacations, and a capacity for play). In short, retirement may offer some men a fresh lease on life.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The Berlin Poliklinik: psychoanalytic innovation in Weimar Germany.

After Freud proposed in 1918 the creation of "institutions or out-patient clinics [where] treatment will be free," Max Eitingon, Ernst Simmel, and other progressive psychoanalysts founded the Berlin Poliklinik, a free outpatient clinic. Guided by Weimar Republic principles of "radical functionalism," the Poliklinik and its companion inpatient service, the Schloss Tegel Sanatorium, pioneered treatment and training methodologies still used--and still debated--today. Their funding strategies, statistics, and approaches to clinical problems like length of treatment tell the history of an innovative psychoanalytic institute where men and women were generally treated in equal numbers and patients (ranging in occupational status from unemployed to professional) of all ages were treated free. Franz Alexander, Karl Abraham, Theresa Benedek, Paul Federn, Otto Fenichel, Edith Jacobson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Helene Deutsch, Hanns Sachs, Sándor Radó, Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth, Wilhelm Reich, Annie Reich, and Melanie Klein all worked at the Poliklinik, and from there initiated decades of original clinical theory, practice, and education.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Parents' conception of their use of over-the-counter medicines.

To explore their hypothetical responses to management of fever or nasal congestion in their children, 109 patients were interviewed in a clinic waiting-room area. Most parents said they would medicate their children in these situations without first consulting a health professional. Parents were more willing to administer a drug product for fever than for nasal congestion, especially to children under 2 years of age. Although most parents selected appropriate medications for these situations, many were poorly informed about these drugs and falsely attributed germicidal and decongestant properties to aspirin and Tylenol. Younger, less educated, indigent parents in lower-status occupations were the least well informed. Pediatricians need to prepare parents for their role as health care providers.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1986

Visiting in a mental hospital: an Indian study.

On the assumption that moral obligations of the family towards the mentally ill are still strong and that the tertiary support systems share but a small part of the burden, an investigation to understand the pattern of visiting in the relatives of patients was taken up. Sixty visitors (to male and female patients) aged between 20-65 years old were interviewed. Geographical distance, job, expense incurred and presence of young children at home were found to be definite determinants of frequency of visits. The patients' occupational status, duration of illness and history of earlier hospitalisation were added indicators. The results also suggest family size to have a plausible influence on visiting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The profile of parasucide repeaters in Kuwait.

A one-year cohort of 92 parasuicides was followed up at 6 monthly intervals for a period of 2 years since their index parasuicide to study the outcome and evaluate the level of social readjustment. One male patient died of suicide (1.1%) and 18 (19.6%) individuals repeated parasuicide using self-poisoning. The rate of repeated parasuicidal behaviour in this investigation was considerably higher than that reported in comparable studies from developing countries but similar to that from a number of western European cities. The data indicated that the probability of further episodes of parasuicidal behaviour increased in the few months after the index episode. Although the repeaters and non-repeaters were essentially similar in most of their sociodemographic characteristics, the former were a distinctive group in many respects. The factors found to be significantly associated with subsequent parasuicide included self-poisoning by prescribed drugs at the index parasuicide, previous parasuicidal behaviour prior to the index, occupational status of a housewife, past history of depression and/or dependence and precipitating life events in the family environment. Contrary to our hypothesized theory, none of the types of attitudes received by the patients from their family members at the index parasuicide related to outcome. The global level of social readjustment of non-repeaters was about three times higher than that of repeaters of parasuicide. The implications of these findings for future policy making were discussed with respect to prevention of parasuicide.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Asians presenting to a sex and marital therapy clinic.

This paper presents the findings of a retrospective analysis of the clinic registration forms and case files of Asian attenders of a sex and marital problems clinic over a three year period. An age/sex matched English control group was selected for comparison. Diagnoses, presenting patient complaints, sociodemographic characteristics, time between referral and first attendance and outcome of therapy were examined. Our samples of Asian and English attenders of equal educational and occupational status, when examined as two populations, did not differ in terms of diagnoses, sociodemographic characteristics, time from referral to first attendance and outcome of therapy. Differences in presenting complaints reflected individual unique evaluations of changed sexual functioning. There were, however, clearly problems for the Asian group related to differences of language and culture. It may be that our population of Asians was too heterogenous to enable a valid demonstration of these differences between English and Asian samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Distribution of relative attention deficits on the WISC-R by age, sex, social class, and region.

We examined the demographic distribution of 102 subjects with attention deficits in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) (Wechsler, 1974) standardization sample. Neither age nor occupational status was significant; males were overrepresented (3:1); and the West was overrepresented by 50%, largely due to the relatively high proportion of females in the West who appeared within the attention deficit sample (41% in West vs. 19% in the rest of the nation). Replication is encouraged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Use of the Mental Health Act criteria in the decision-making process for compulsory admissions: a study of psychiatrists in South London.

This study investigates the decision-making process for admitting patients compulsorily under the Mental Health Act 1983 of England and Wales. We used three case-vignettes describing different clinical situations: 1) a man with depression and psychotic symptoms; 2) a woman with a possible first episode of psychosis; and 3) a man with a history of substance abuse and bipolar disorder. The vignettes were administered to a group of psychiatrists working at the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals in South London. The psychiatrists were asked to rate 11 factors from the most to the least important in their decision to admit the individual compulsorily. Three factors resembled the criteria considered in the Mental Health Act 1983 for compulsory admission: current mental state; severity of the disease; and dangerousness to self or others. Three were other clinical features of the patient: diagnosis; psychiatric history; and likely response of the mental state to the medical treatment. The remaining five were sociodemographic features of the patient: age and gender; owning a home; occupational status; and social support available. The psychiatrists were not given the option that the patient would accept a voluntary admission to hospital. We obtained responses from 42 psychiatrists (25 males and 17 females). The most important factor for deciding to detain a patient compulsorily was perceived dangerousness to self and others. The current mental state of the patient and the severity of the illness were the next two important factors. Our results confirm that the criteria recommended by the Mental Health Act 1983 of England and Wales were applied consistently in three different hypothetical situations. The need for protection of the patient or others may take precedence over the current mental state of the patient or the severity of the illness, a finding that warrants further investigation in view of the current debate on the responsibility of psychiatrists in deciding to detain subjects affected by personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a brief intervention for increasing seat belt use on a college campus.

The authors evaluated a brief intervention for increasing seat belt use among the front seat occupants of cars at a junior college, in a jurisdiction with a mandatory belt use law. The intervention included public posting of performance feedback and distribution of an informational flyer to cars in target parking lot. Feedback was the display of the proportion of drivers observed wearing seat belts on the previous observation day. Seat belt use among drivers increased from 64% during the baseline phase to 71% during the intervention phase. Seat belt use among front passengers increased from 49% during the baseline phase to 67% during the intervention phase. In both cases, seat belt use at follow-up was comparable to seat belt use during the intervention phase, although a trend toward decreasing belt use was noted. Also found was higher seat belt use among females as compared with males irrespective of their front seat occupant status (driver or passenger). Effects of the intervention are discussed in the context of increasing seat belt use in a hardcore nonuser population of predominantly young adults.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1989

Polarization reversal, migration related shifts in human resource profiles, and spatial growth policies: a Venezuelan study.

"This article examines polarization reversal in terms of changing human resource profiles related to migration and to national policies affecting the spatial pattern of economic growth. It first demonstrates the relationship between these elements through a review that integrates three distinct themes in earlier research. Attention then turns to an empirical study of human resource variation among eight urban districts and the rest of Venezuela treated as a single unit. This comparison utilizes age, gender, educational attainment, and occupational status variables provided by individual records of Venezuela's 1971 Population Census. A concluding section relates empirical findings to policy alternatives."

Americas↗
PubMed1995

Screening for post-partum depression in a community sample.

OBJECTIVE: This study undertook to estimate the prevalence of post-partum depression in the community by means of telephone screening. Demographic correlates of post-partum depression were also investigated. METHOD: The sample was identified through two community health centres. Over a period of 17 months, 1559 childbearing women were screened at six weeks post-partum, using the ten-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). RESULTS: The prevalence of post-partum depression was estimated to be 6.2%, using a cut point of 10 on the EPDS, and 3.4% using the more stringent cut point of 12. Women who were not working or those with lower occupational status, were at greater risk for depression. Recent immigrants, particularly those who were not working or who had given birth to a second child, were also at higher risk. CONCLUSION: Telephone screening for post-partum depression is feasible, and can aid in the identification of women at risk.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: a cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women.

This article presents a cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. Combining data from the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) with United Nations statistics, the findings support the theory. Specifically, the results indicate that the educational and occupational status of women in a country is related to the prevalence of sexual violence against women. In countries where the status of women is low, prevalence of sexual violence against women tends to be higher. In turn, sexual violence is related to higher levels of fear among women relative to men. In comparison, in countries where the status of women is high, sexual violence against women is lower. The findings of this study add confirmation to the argument that we need to look beyond individual level variables to understand and develop strategies for reducing violence against and fear among women.

Battered Women↗
PubMed1998

Patient satisfaction after limb-sparing surgery and amputation for pediatric malignant bone tumors.

We surveyed 65 patients age 13 years or older who had been treated for malignant bone tumors and were in remission at least 1 year after limb-sparing surgery (LS) or amputation (AMP) to assess general satisfaction with the surgical outcome and its impact on various areas of functioning. Of 130 eligible patients, 65 responded (61 treated for osteosarcoma, 3 for Ewing's sarcoma, and 1 for mesenchymoma). The median current age of the cohort was 25.8 years (range, 14.2 to 47.5 years). The median time from surgery was 14.2 years (range, 4.0 to 30.4 years) for the AMP group, and 5.5 years (range, 2.0 to 13.8 years) for the LS patients. Questionnaire responses of patients treated with AMP compared to those who had LS surgery showed no significant differences in the impact of the surgical procedure on educational and occupational status, functional limitations, pain intensity and degree of pain interference, emotional distress, interpersonal/social interactions and self-image, rehabilitation experience, and overall satisfaction with the surgical procedure. Functional limitation was significantly related to pain interference, as well as emotional distress, self-image, and interpersonal difficulties for the entire cohort. Our findings highlight procedure-related advantages and difficulties that may potentially enhance decision making regarding the selection of the surgical procedure for individual patients with malignant bone tumors of an extremity.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

The use of unprescribed medicine in Warsaw during the years 1970-1980.

The author discusses the results of surveys conducted in Warsaw, concerning the extent of use of unprescribed medicine from 1970-1980. Drug use did not increase over the decade studied, and most respondents took the medication to treat particular complaints. No correlation was found between self-medication and social or occupational status. Respondents often began using unprescribed drugs on the recommendation of a doctor; self-medication, while widespread, does not imply a negative attitude toward health professionals or the existing system of medical care.

Drug Utilization↗