Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “National Health Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Managing the health care system under a global expenditure limit: a workshop summary.

There is ongoing debate as to whether global budgets, or expenditure limits, are compatible with a strategy for managed competition. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation sponsored an invitational conference for public and private policymakers to discuss the issue. The meeting's purpose was to explore how global expenditure limits might work and what their implications would be for costs, access, and quality of health care. This article summarizes the ideas presented at the conference, looking in particular at global expenditure limit models in Germany and Canada. Overall, the papers and presentations at this meeting demonstrated that global expenditure limits have the potential to provide the necessary fiscal discipline to manage the health care system and provide a greater degree of certainty and accountability for payers, providers, and patients. However, it is also clear that without a common set of principles about the role health care should play in our society and an agreed upon framework of governance for the system, it will be difficult for the United States to resolve the detailed and complex implementation and administration issues of a reformed health care system.

Budgets↗
PubMed1996

Public health approaches to tobacco use prevention and cessation in the U.S.

Tobacco has a long history of use in the U.S., and its serious health effects have been well-documented during the past half century, U.S. efforts to control tobacco use and tobacco-related morbidity and mortality have been reasonably successful over the past 25 years, during which time there has been a 34 percent reduction in adult smoking. Nevertheless, tobacco use remains a significant public health problem in the U.S., with more than 430,000 tobacco-related deaths per year and over one-fourth of the population continuing to smoke. Many organizations are involved in tobacco use control activities, the most broadly focused of which is the National Cancer Institute (NCI). As an example of the type of program needed to address the problem of tobacco use on a national scale, the NCI's public health research plan and activities are described and its emphasis on a data-based decision matrix in its approach to tobacco and cancer control research and applications of research is discussed. Finally, future approaches to tobacco use control in the U.S. are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Evolution of the national disease prevention and health promotion strategy: establishing a role for the schools.

The history and evolution, during the past decade, of the national disease prevention and health promotion strategy is recounted, culminating with a description of the national prevention objectives. Objectives that directly could be attained by: (1) school health education; (2) school health services; (3) efforts to ensure healthy school environments; and (4) school physical education programs are delineated, as are objectives that could be influenced in important ways by school health programs. The nation's schools could contribute significantly and measurably toward improving the health of all Americans, if school health professionals, individually as well as within their various organizations, could seize and create opportunities to work with other health and educational professionals, and the public, to impel and enable schools to attain relevant national prevention objectives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of the national cancer program and proposed reforms.

A statement by 68 prominent national experts in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, epidemiology, and public health, released at a February 4, 1992, press conference in Washington, D.C., charged that the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has misled and confused the public by repeated claims of winning the war against cancer. In fact, age-standardized incidence rates have escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, while the ability to treat and cure most cancers has not materially improved. Furthermore, the NCI has minimized evidence for increasing cancer rates, which are largely attributed to smoking, trivializing the importance of occupational carcinogens as non-smoking attributable causes of lung and other cancers, and to diet per se, in spite of tenuous and inconsistent evidence and ignoring the important role of carcinogenic dietary contaminants. Reflecting this near exclusionary blame-the-victim theory of cancer causation, with lockstep support from the American Cancer Society and industry, the NCI discounts the role of avoidable involuntary exposures to industrial carcinogens in air, water, food, the home, and the workplace. The NCI has also failed to provide any scientific guidance to Congress and regulatory agencies on fundament principles of carcinogenesis and epidemiology, and on the critical needs to reduce avoidable exposures to environmental and occupational carcinogens. Analysis of the +2 billion NCI budget, in spite of fiscal and semantic manipulation, reveals minimal allocations for research on primary cancer prevention, and for occupational cancer, which receives only +19 million annually, 1 percent of NCI's total budget. Problems of professional mindsets in the NCI leadership, fixation on diagnosis, treatment, and basic research, much of questionable relevance, and the neglect of cancer prevention, are exemplified by the composition of the National Cancer Advisory Board. Contrary to the explicit mandate of the National Cancer Act, the Board is devoid of members authoritative in occupational and environmental carcinogenesis. These problems are further compounded by institutionalized conflicts of interest reflected in the composition of past executive President's Cancer Panels, and of the current Board of Overseers of the Sloan-Kettering Memorial Cancer Center, the NCI's prototype comprehensive cancer center, with their closely interlocking financial interests with the cancer drug and other industries. Drastic reforms of NCI policies and priorities are long overdue. Implementation of such reforms is, however, unlikely in the absence of further support from industrial medicine professionals, besides action by Congress and concerned citizen groups.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

The vanishing health care safety net: new data on uninsured Americans.

New data obtained from the Census Bureau shows that the number of Americans without any health insurance increased by 1.3 million between 1989 and 1990, bringing the total number of uninsured to 34.7 million, more than at any time since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid 25 years ago. This increase coincided with a 10.5 percent increase in health spending, the second largest in the past three decades. The number of people covered by Medicaid grew by 3.1 million, due to a one-time expansion of eligibility mandated by Congress, but this was more than counter-balanced by a population growth of 3 million and a decrease of 1.3 million in people covered by private insurance. Had Medicaid not been expanded, the number of uninsured would have increased by 4.4 million. The increase in the uninsured affected virtually all parts of the nation. Seven states had increases of more than 100,000 persons each. Only Texas experienced a decrease of that magnitude, but still had the second highest rate of uninsurance of any state. Of the 1.3 million additional uninsured in 1990, 77 percent were male, 32 percent had family incomes in excess of $50,000 per year, and 74 percent had annual family incomes above $25,000. Fewer than 9 percent had incomes below the poverty line. The numbers of uninsured children and senior citizens fell slightly (but not significantly), while the number of uninsured working-age adults rose by 1.4 million. The number of uninsured workers in each of four of 20 major industry groups increased by more than 100,000 in 1990. None of the industry groups showed a significant decline in the number of uninsured. Among professionals, there were substantial numbers of uninsured doctors, engineers, teachers, college professors, clergy, and others, but all legislators and judges were insured. The data presented here largely predate the recession and understate current problems. In 1991 the number of uninsured will likely reach nearly 40 million. Also, these estimates are based on the number of people uninsured at a single time during 1990; a far higher number were temporarily uninsured at some point during the year. Moreover the Census Bureau survey ignores the problem of the underinsurance of at least 50 million insured Americans. Patchwork public programs are grossly inadequate to plug the holes. A national health program covering all Americans could assure access to care and contain costs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of human exposures to selected chemicals with thresholds from NTP carcinogenicity studies in rodents.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Technical Reports online database was reviewed to find chemicals that were reported to show clear evidence of carcinogenicity in the NTP rodent studies and for which data on human exposure could be found. Six representative compounds were selected. Three volatile compounds: ethyl benzene, perchloroethylene, and methylene chloride; two drugs in current use: phenytoin and primidone; and one naturally occurring, widely used, flavor: allyl isothiocyanate, were selected. The carcinogenicity data from each of the NTP Technical Reports were plotted using the Rozman scale to determine the threshold for carcinogenicity from the rodent studies. The human exposures for each chemical were calculated and compared with that threshold. The thresholds for carcinogenicity of the three volatile compounds were several orders of magnitude above the levels present in ambient air in the USA. The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for these three compounds varied between several orders of magnitude below the carcinogenicity threshold to being at the threshold. The maximum recommended doses of both drugs were at the carcinogenicity threshold. The estimated mean daily human consumption of the natural flavor was less than 100 x below the carcinogenicity threshold. This method of comparison between human exposure and animal carcinogenicity studies is more objective and informative than those in current use.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1993

Organizations for health care reform.

The following list is meant as a resource for grassroots organizing for health care reform. Many organizations are stepping up their efforts in response to the imminent announcement of the Clinton administration's health care reform proposals. There are three major national organizations working for the same goals in support of a single-payer system: Universal Health Care Action Network (UHCAN!), a network of health care reform groups with a national clearinghouse in Cleveland, Ohio; Citizen Action, with affiliates in more than 30 states; and Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP), centered in Cambridge and Chicago and with local chapters in various states. There is also a national organization, Campaign for Health Security, working in support of the American Health Security Act of 1993 (S 491 and HR 1200), the Wellstone-Conyers-McDermott single-payer bill. Many states have health care campaigns supporting a single-payer system, as do many progressive unions.

Consumer Organizations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The National Cholesterol Education Program: progress and prospects.

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) is a prime example of the role the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has played, in its 50 years of existence, as a catalyst for translating research advances into improved clinical and public health practices. Since its inception in 1985, the NCEP has adhered to 2 principles in mounting educational campaigns for professionals and the public: building on a strong science base and working in partnership with other organizations. In slightly more than a decade, the NCEP has made significant progress toward its goal of reducing the prevalence of high blood cholesterol. The impact of cholesterol education is clearly visible in 4 major trends: increasing professional and public cholesterol awareness; declining dietary intakes of saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol; falling serum cholesterol levels; and a continuing decline in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates. Nevertheless, cholesterol levels are still being undertreated, especially in patients with CHD, and substantial scientific and educational challenges remain. As it looks forward to the 21st century, the NCEP plans to make continued progress by using emerging scientific developments and pursuing the powerful combination of cholesterol lowering in CHD patients and in primary prevention.

Anticholesteremic Agents↗