The economic, demographic, sociocultural and political setting for emigration from Sri Lanka.
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Asia↗
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Emigration dynamics in Bangladesh.
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Asia↗
Immigration, moving house and psychiatric admissions.
This study was designed to elucidate psychiatric admission rates for native Swedes and foreign-born individuals during the period 1991-1994, when Sweden had a great influx of refugees. During the same period, and even earlier, psychiatric in-patient care had been reduced. Tests of differences between Swedes and foreign-born individuals in first psychiatric admission rates were performed using Poisson regressions, and the risk of a readmission was assessed using a proportional hazard model. Foreign-born individuals and native Swedes, both males and females, showed a similar admission pattern with regard to the number of admissions. Foreign-born males under 55 years of age and foreign-born females under 35 years of age had significantly higher admission rates than native Swedes. In total, native Swedes, both males and females, were hospitalized for a significantly longer period than the foreign-born subjects. About 43% of the patients were readmitted. The risk of a readmission was significantly increased among those with a high rate of internal migration. The high admission rates for young foreign-born individuals might be explained by a high incidence of mental illness owing to the trauma of being violently forced to migrate, acculturation difficulties, or unsatisfactory social circumstances such as high unemployment. The shorter hospitalization time could be due to undertreatment or less serious mental illness.
Adult↗
Human population: the next half century.
By 2050, the human population will probably be larger by 2 to 4 billion people, more slowly growing (declining in the more developed regions), more urban, especially in less developed regions, and older than in the 20th century. Two major demographic uncertainties in the next 50 years concern international migration and the structure of families. Economies, nonhuman environments, and cultures (including values, religions, and politics) strongly influence demographic changes. Hence, human choices, individual and collective, will have demographic effects, intentional or otherwise.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Human genetics: lessons from Quebec populations.
The population of Quebec, Canada (7.3 million) contains approximately 6 million French Canadians; they are the descendants of approximately 8500 permanent French settlers who colonized Nouvelle France between 1608 and 1759. Their well-documented settlements, internal migrations, and natural increase over four centuries in relative isolation (geographic, linguistic, etc.) contain important evidence of social transmission of demographic behavior that contributed to effective family size and population structure. This history is reflected in at least 22 Mendelian diseases, occurring at unusually high prevalence in its subpopulations. Immigration of non-French persons during the past 250 years has given the Quebec population further inhomogeneity, which is apparent in allelic diversity at various loci. The histories of Quebec's subpopulations are, to a great extent, the histories of their alleles. Rare pathogenic alleles with high penetrance and associated haplotypes at 10 loci (CFTR, FAH, HBB, HEXA, LDLR, LPL, PAH, PABP2, PDDR, and SACS) are expressed in probands with cystic fibrosis, tyrosinemia, beta-thalassemia, Tay-Sachs, familial hypercholesterolemia, hyperchylomicronemia, PKU, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets, and spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, respectively) reveal the interpopulation and intrapopulation genetic diversity of Quebec. Inbreeding does not explain the clustering and prevalence of these genetic diseases; genealogical reconstructions buttressed by molecular evidence point to founder effects and genetic drift in multiple instances. Genealogical estimates of historical meioses and analysis of linkage disequilibrium show that sectors of this young population are suitable for linkage disequilibrium mapping of rare alleles. How the population benefits from what is being learned about its structure and how its uniqueness could facilitate construction of a genomic map of linkage disequilibrium are discussed.
Genetic Diseases, Inborn↗
Technique and technical problems associated with implantation of neuroaugmentive devices.
The effectiveness of implantation of depth electrodes for pain control in (a) the primary thalamic relay nuclei, and (b) the periventricular gray matter or periaqueductal gray matter is reviewed. In a series of 39 patients, 14 achieved relief with no further need for medication, 16 were able to reduce their drug intake and 9 experienced no relief. These results are compared to those for a series of 76 patients reported on by an international study group of neurological surgeons. 61 patients in this series were considered to have had a successful result immediately after implantation of the electrode, but at the time of follow-up only 42 were still in this category. The implantation of depth electrodes requires a technique that fulfills the following criteria: (1) the procedure must be performed in a fully awake, cooperative patient; (2) a precise stereotactic technique must be employed, and (3) the effects of stimulation must be evaluated before the implant is made permanent. The most common complication was infection at the implantation site; this can be reduced by the use of Teflon-insulated percutaneous leads. Other complications include erosion of the hardware through the scalp and internal migration of the electrodes.
Cerebral Aqueduct↗
Posttraumatic stress in immigrants from Central America and Mexico.
International migration has been associated with increased levels of psychological disturbance, particularly among refugees who have fled from war or political unrest. This study examined self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, somatization, generalized distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community sample of 258 immigrants from Central America and Mexico and 329 native-born Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans. Immigrants were found to have higher levels of generalized distress than native-born Americans. Fifty-two percent of Central American immigrants who migrated as a result of war or political unrest reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD, compared with 49 percent of Central Americans who migrated for other reasons and 25 percent of Mexican immigrants. The authors call for more research to document the psychosocial aspects of migration.
Acculturation↗
On mobility and fertility transitions in east and southeast Asia.
The relationship between fertility and mobility is examined with reference to Zelinsky's [1971] mobility transition hypothesis. Five Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, China) at different stages of development and mobility transition are compared with respect to shifting sectoral patterns of migration and changing levels of fertility. National trends suggest that the development sequence proposed by Zelinsky on the basis of the European experience does not generally apply to Asia. In four out of five cases examined, fertility declined before substantial urbanization took place. Zelinsky's sequence of mobility change should be modified to fit the experience of developing countries, but the importance of the interrelations hip between fertility decline and mobility change remains
Asia↗
Potential movements of capital and labor in northeast Asia.
"This paper provides background information for potential movements of capital and labor within Northeast Asia. First, it reviews recent geopolitical changes...and the current state of capital and labor movements between the countries of Northeast Asia along the broad theme of regional cooperation. Second, the paper assesses potential movements of capital and labor in the near future based on planned or anticipated development projects in the region. Finally, political and social barriers to movements of capital and labor and some measures to facilitate such...movements are discussed."
Asia↗
A new inherited muscular disorder in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
Thirteen adult mutant (LWC strain) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), between the ages of 8 and 60 weeks were examined for a progressive muscular disorder. The disorder, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, was clinically apparent as early as 28 days of age; it was characterized by generalized myotonia, muscle stiffness, and muscle weakness. Affected birds were identified by their inability to lift their wings vertically upward and by their inability to right themselves when placed on their dorsum. Electromyographic studies in two mutant quails showed high-frequency repetitive discharges comparable to those of myotonic runs. These discharges persisted after nerve resection. The distinctive histopathologic changes in the various muscles examined were ring fibers, sarcoplasmic masses, and internal migration of sarcolemmal nuclei. A slight decrease in the size of type IIB muscle fibers and a slight increase in the size of type IIA fibers were observed in the M. pectoralis thoracicus of affected quails. In older affected birds, inter- and intrafascicular fatty infiltration with replacement of type IIB fibers by fat cells was seen in the pectoral muscles. Single fiber necrosis, nonspecific lymphorrages, and variations in the muscle fiber size and shape were also noted. The typical muscle lesions and multisystem involvement, which was manifested by testicular degeneration and atrophy in the male LWC specimens and bilateral lenticular cataracts in 6 of 13 affected mutant quails, suggest resemblance of this new inherited muscular disorder to myotonic dystrophy in man.
Animals↗
Social and economic aspects of immigration.
Flows of people are observed as international migration. Every developed country in the world today has become de facto a "country of immigration" whether the country cares to admit it or not. We have surveyed 99 communities in Mexico and 35 in the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean. The datasets contain basic data on 19,850 U.S. migrants originating in Mexico and 3,322 migrants originating elsewhere in Latin America or the Caribbean. As a result of the contradictions of U.S. policy during the 1990s, what used to be a circular flow of able-bodied male workers has been transformed into a permanent migrant migration of families, which will have profound effects on American society for years to come.
Caribbean Region↗
Choice of residential location: chance, family influences, or genes?
The choice of where to live would appear to be determined by a combination of economic constraints and personal preferences. We have tested how far this choice is affected by the continuing effects of the environment shared within families, and genetic variation between people, using data from twin studies conducted in Australia. The addresses provided by study participants were categorized as urban, suburban and nonurban, and data were analyzed in three adult age groups. There were significant effects of both shared environment and genes, and the balance between them was affected by both sex and age. Shared environment accounted for some 50% of variation in the youngest group, but only about 10% in the oldest. As shared environmental effects decreased, additive genetic effects increased. These results have implications for internal migration of people within countries and, over the long term, for gene flow within and between populations. They may also be pertinent to the different prevalences of certain psychiatric diseases between city and country locations. Comparisons between countries with different demography are needed to confirm and further characterize these effects.
Adult↗
[Risk of minor psychiatric disorders in a metropolitan area of southeast Brazil].
OBJECTIVE: Its aim was to identify and analyse the prevalence and the risks associated with minor psychiatric disorders in bus drivers and conductors in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil, in 1990. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders was analysed in a random sample of 925. A logistic regression approach was used in the analysis which was implemented by means of a forward stepwise model technique. RESULTS: A prevalence of 20.3% was observed in the group as a whole, and a significant difference was found between conductors (28%) and drivers (13%) (p < 0.0001). The logistic regression analysis showed that the two major risk factors were heavy traffic (OR = 1.99; confidence interval 95% = 1.39-2.84) and the conductor's activity (OR = 1.84; CI95% = 1.09-3.10). Other risk factors were sleep privation (less than six hours), absenteeism, seats without mechanisms of adjustment, internal migration and work schedule changes. CONCLUSION: The excess of risk for the occupational category of the conductor suggests the importance of the specific work condition as relevant for psychic suffering, leading to the consideration of the conductor-passenger relationship as possibly an important factor. Further studies for a better understanding of the work specific differences between drivers and conductor are necessary and may provide a basis for changes at the work organization level.
Adult↗
[Dietary and physical activity factors as determinants of the increase in overweight/obesity in Brazil].
Data from Brazilian national surveys conducted since the 1970s have indicated an increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity. The two most frequently cited causes of this trend have been dietary changes and reduction in physical activity, characterizing a "contemporary Western lifestyle". The objective of this paper is to identify and assess some indicators associated with changes in eating habits and physical activity patterns in the Brazilian population in the last 30 years. Despite the lack of detailed data, the following factors appear to play an important role in the process: internal migration; dining out; increased consumption of fast food; labor changes; transportation; and the use of home appliances. More information on dietary and physical activity patterns in association with anthropometric data on the Brazilian population are needed for a better understanding of each factor's role in these relationships. Meanwhile, inter-sector programs and projects with well-defined targets and outcomes are needed for the population's adherence to a healthier lifestyle, in order to control the increase in overweight/obesity.
Adolescent↗
A glucose-containing fraction extracted from the young erythrocyte membrane is capable of transferring glucose to hemoglobin in vitro.
Red blood cell (RBC) membranes are rich in a glycoconjugate that is extractable in chloroform/methanol solutions (2/1, v/v) and contains several hexoses, such as glucose. Old and young RBC are separated and their respective glycoconjugates are prepared. HbA0 is purified by column chromatography and incubated with solutions of this conjugate. After 24-h incubation, Hb is dialyzed and the amount of glycosylated Hb is measured by a method of column chromatography adapted from Trivelli. A very significant amount of HBAlc is formed when young RBC extracts are incubated: 3.6% of total Hb becomes HBAlc with the extracts, versus 3.2% with free glucose, and only 2.5% for controls. No increase in HbAlc is obtained when extracts of old RBC are incubated. Another difference between the action of the glycoconjugate and free glucose is that the former induces the increase of only the HBAlc fraction, whereas glucose induces the increase of all the minor Hb fractions. The evaluation of glucose contained in the conjugate before and after the glycosylation reaction demonstrates that it is due to an exchange of glucose units from the conjugate to Hb. The reaction is stereospecifically inhibited by p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. The nature of the formed HbAlc is demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. A slight increase of HbAlc observed in the incubated controls may be due to an internal migration of some residues of glucose primitively bound to lysyl residues in an unstable form and also to some degree of denaturation during the incubation.
Erythrocyte Membrane↗
Current migratory phenomena: refugees and immigrants.
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Culture↗
The demographic situation as a factor in emigration from the USSR.
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Culture↗
Coroners' records of rural and non-rural cases of youth suicide in New South Wales.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the frequency of certain putative risk factors for youth suicide in New South Wales (especially use of alcohol, social class, unemployment, and internal migration) in metropolitan and rural settings. METHOD: A review of 137 files for 10-19-year-old subjects judged by the Coroner to have committed suicide in 1988-1990 was carried out. RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen males and 21 females were identified (one subjects sex was unavailable). The male-female ratio was higher in rural (13.0) areas than non-rural (4.9 chi 2 = 12.14, p < 0.01). Of 27 subjects migrating within Australia, most migrated in a rural direction, and most to rural shires. Unemployment was somewhat more common among rural (38.5%) than non-rural (28.9%) subjects (chi 2 = 0.75, p = 0.39). Eleven of 50 non-rural parents of the deceased, but none of the 11 rural parents, were ranked as being in social classes 2 or 3. Alcohol consumption appeared more common in rural shires (44%) than metropolitan areas (32.9%), but this was not statistically significant. Medical services were less utilised prior to death in rural (15%) than non-rural (25%) areas (chi 2 = 1.69, p = 0.19), and a psychiatric diagnosis was recorded more commonly in non-rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete coronial file data and relatively small numbers limit this study's conclusions. Male suicides, principally by firearms, predominated in rural areas. Youth firearm access remains highly relevant to rural communities. Possible trends among rural subjects toward rural migration, higher unemployment, lower social class and lower medical attendance may point to resource deprivation among this group; these matters require further investigation.
Adolescent↗