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Results for “Mathematical Concepts”

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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Seventh-grade students at-risk for school failure.

This study was designed to assess the effects of failure on the subsequent test performance in school of young adolescents. Fifty-one seventh-grade students, identified as at-risk for future school failure, were compared to 51 randomly selected classmates on individually administered measures of intelligence, self-concept, problem-solving ability, coping ability, attribution, and locus of control. Teachers' ratings, mathematics ability, and grades of the two groups were also compared. Students with a history of school failure, although of normal intelligence, were found to be significantly less intellectually, academically, and affectively competent than their more successful peers and were rated by their teachers as significantly less able to deal adaptively with normal school stress. A discriminant analysis separated the groups with 93% accuracy. On two equivalent mathematics tests, one given under relaxed conditions, and the other under normal school test-like conditions, approximately thirty percent of both the at-risk and the otherwise normal students got lower scores when they thought they were taking a test. Implications of these results for the understanding and remediation of stress-depressed school performance are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

[Modelling in hemodialysis. Why? How?].

It is an imperative necessity to adapt dialysis therapy patient to patient. This adaptation of dialysis procedure requires appropriate representation of water and solute exchanges. Kinetic modelling of hemodialysis was investigated in this respect. The goal of kinetic modelling is either to estimate one or several biologic parameters which are not easily measurable or to reach a prerequisite optimal physiologic state for a given patient. Constructing a model implies a physiological conception of solute and water exchanges that allows a definition of biologic parameters concerned. Mathematic equations only translate quantitatively water and solute transfers. A suitable model is in agreement with experimental data, and the best is the simplest. Therefore the capital point resides in the choice of assumptions which determine the model's precision and complexity. This review also outlined the limits of kinetic modelling which allows neither the determination of the best target nor the "a posteriori" justification of assumptions.

Body Fluid Compartments↗
PubMed1984

Comprehension of Euclidean space in young children: the early emergence of understanding and its limits.

In two studies Ss (N = 114) aged 3-5 years of age were assessed as to their ability to reconstruct or recognize spatial displays depicting Euclidean geometric features. The Ss responded either with the standard display present or in its absence, a memory condition. Items differed as to whether the objects located in the plane required attention to either one axis, the horizontal or vertical, or to both. In Study I Ss constructed their matches with an open-ended assessment device, while in Study II, they selected the match from a field of four distractors. Results from both studies were convergent despite differences in assessment technique and specifics of data analysis, and indicated an effect for age and condition, and that children do less well when dealing with double-axis displays in the memory condition. In addition, it appears that males were less attentive to display orientation cues than were females. Results are discussed in terms of Piagetian theoretical formulations about children's spatial development, their sensitivity to Euclidean spatial features, and the lack of synchrony between perceptual abilities and memory.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

[Studies on theory and models of systemic conservation of animal and poultry genetic resources. I. Theory analysis of systemic conservation of animal and poultry genetic resources].

The concept and fundamentals of Systemic Conservation of Animal and Poultry Genetics Resources (SCAPGR) and mathematical models of genetic structure with conservation population were proposed. The SCAPGR regarded all genes of a given species in definite time and space as conservation object and live animal preservation combining with modern biotechnology as basic method. The SCAPGR might systematically conserve genes controlling the characters of a given species as well as regional varieties. In a no overlapping generation population with selection, mutation migration and random drift under consideration, two mathematical models presented in this paper might describe change of frequencies of multiple alleles at a locus and population mean of metrical characters resp.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The abstraction of numerical relations: a role for the right hemisphere in arithmetic?

Arithmetical reasoning ability has been investigated in a group study of patients with unilateral cerebral lesions. Two series of 38 and 39 patients, who had suffered unilateral cerebral lesions of the right and left cerebral hemisphere, respectively, were investigated. They completed a neuropsychological battery that included a test of computation (Graded Difficulty Arithmetic, GDA; Jackson & Warrington, 1986), and a new test of numerical series completion (Arithmetical Reasoning Test, ART). Whereas the left-hemisphere lesion group were markedly more impaired on the GDA compared to both the right-hemisphere lesion group and a standardization sample, both lesion groups were equally severely impaired on the ART. It is suggested that the abstraction of numerical relations, which is essential to numerical series completion, relies on the integrity of the right hemisphere. A global model of arithmetic processing that incorporates these findings is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Sex role orientation, level of cognitive development and mathematics performance in late adolescence.

Sex differences in mathematics performance are found in late adolescence. This study investigates the effects of psychological sex role orientation (BSRI: masculine, feminine, undifferentiated, androgynous) and level of cognitive development (concrete, formal) on performance in mathematics. ANOVA analysis (N = 69; 18 males, 51 females) revealed significant effects for level of cognitive development and for masculine by feminine sex role orientation interaction. Subjects whose BSRI masculine and feminine scores were either both low or both high scored significantly lower on the mathematics test than subjects whose scores on either masculine or feminine scales were high. This indicates lower mathematics performance for androgynous and undifferentiated subjects. This result is hypothesized to be a function of the particular age level of these subjects and their concomitant overconcern with appropriate sex role development.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Effective design of greenbelts using mathematical models.

Trees, shrubs, and other vegetation can absorb and assimilate certain air pollutants if the pollutants are present within tolerable levels. This concept is being increasingly used in developing strips of vegetation, often called 'greenbelts' around sources of pollution. But several intricacies are associated with the exercise of effective and optimal designing of greenbelts. The pattern of dispersion of air pollutants, as effected by the density of the gaseous plume and the meteorology of the area, must be studied with great precision because these aspects would determine the location and the geometry of the greenbelt. The species composition in the greenbelt should confirm to the pollutants to be attenuated as to the geoclimatic conditions of the region. Decisions on the tree heights, and the sequence of plantation of trees and other vegetation also similarly require complex inputs. In this paper, the authors have addressed these issues and have presented a set of mathematical models, which may help in the rational and optimal design of greenbelts.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1986

Long-term prediction of achievement and attitudes in mathematics and reading.

The purpose of the longitudinal study was to investigate the prediction of children's academic achievement on the basis of cognitive tasks given prior to kindergarten, and academic attitudes on the basis of teachers' and mothers' ratings of the children's general cognitive abilities and actual achievement. Subjects were tested initially before entering kindergarten; from 105 to 154 of the 255 kindergarten children were followed through grades 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10. A subset of cognitive tasks maintained a high relation to high school achievement scores, especially in reading. Tenth-grade self-concept of ability, expectancy for success, value of success, and perception of task difficulty showed effects of sex and academic content area, with boys generally being more favorable toward math and girls more favorable toward reading. Children's attitudes were related both to mothers' earlier ratings of their children's cognitive abilities and actual achievement scores; this was especially the case for girls. There was a negative relation between mothers' ratings and girls' attitudes toward mathematics. Sex differences in all measures throughout the 11-year period are reviewed.

Achievement↗