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PubMed2002

Relationship between the rorschach and the MMPI-2 in a Swedish population: a replication study of the effects of first-factor related test-interaction styles.

A sizeable amount of research literature has failed to demonstrate a stable relationship between self-report and the Rorschach (Exner, 1993). However, principal component first-factor related test-interaction style has been shown to moderate convergence. In this study 78 psychiatric patients completed the Rorschach and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Hathaway & McKinley, 1989). Practically no correlation was evident between the MMPI-2 and the Rorschach, measuring similar constructs, in all patients. Patients with similar test-interaction styles demonstrated positive intermethod correlations between both conceptually related and conceptually not directly related test indexes. The same scales were negatively correlated in patients with discordant test-interaction styles, and this difference between test-interaction style groups was significant. It is suggested that first-factor related test-interaction style moderates convergence. It is further suggested that test-interaction style moderates convergence between both conceptually related and conceptually not directly related measures of distress or psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The Infrequency-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder scale (Fptsd) for the MMPI-2: development and initial validation with veterans presenting with combat-related PTSD.

Researchers have identified difficulties associated with the use of traditional Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) validity scales with survivors of traumatic events. A new scale, the Infrequency-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder scale (Fptsd), was created from MMPI-2 items that were infrequently endorsed by 940 male combat veterans presenting for treatment at the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clinics of 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. A variety of statistical methods were implemented that preliminarily established Fptsd's validity with a validation sample of 323 additional PTSD-diagnosed combat veterans. Results indicate that, relative to previously established validity and overreporting scales (F, Fb, and Fp), Fptsd was significantly less related to psychopathology and distress and better at discriminating simulated from genuinely reported PTSD. Clinical implications are discussed concerning the use of Fptsd to assess disability-seeking veterans suspected of overreporting PTSD symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

MMPI-2 as a predictor of change in PTSD symptom clusters: a further analysis of the Forbes et al. (2002) data set.

In this study, we reanalyzed the Forbes et al. (2002) data set to examine the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) as a differential predictor of change across posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters following treatment in 141 Vietnam veterans. A series of partial correlation and linear multivariate regression analyses, controlling for initial symptom severity, identified several scales predictive of symptom change. None of the MMPI-2 scales, however, emerged as predictors of change in reexperiencing symptoms. Social alienation and marital distress were the most potent predictors for avoidance symptoms. Anger, alcohol use, and hypomania were the most potent predictors for the hyperarousal symptoms. Of the personality disorders, borderline personality was the strongest predictor of change in the avoidance and hyperarousal clusters. Further replication of the findings of this article and those reported by Forbes et al. (2002) is required.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Psychometric deviance measured by MMPI in adoptees at high risk for schizophrenia and their adoptive controls.

Psychometric deviance in personality traits as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Dahlstrom, Welsh, & Dahlstrom, 1982) was compared between adopted-away, high-risk (HR) offspring of schizophrenic biologic mothers and low-risk (LR) controls. A subsample of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study (Tienari et al., 2000) included 60 HR adoptees and 76 LR control adoptees who were tested by the MMPI before the onset of any psychiatric disorder at the mean age of 24 years. The HR group was found to be distinguishable based on deviant scores on the scales HOS and HYP, indicating emotional unresponsiveness, restricted affectivity, and decreased energy. These may also be considered possible premorbid and prodromal signs of future schizophrenia among the HR adoptees.

Adoption↗
PubMed2004

Personality assessment without borders: adaptation of the MMPI-2 across cultures.

In contemporary psychology, personality assessment knows few national or cultural boundaries. Psychological tests developed in one country are often translated and adapted into cultures that might appear to be greatly different from the country of origin. In this article, I address the factors that are important to international test adaptation and examine problems that can adversely affect cross-cultural test research programs. I address qualities important for verifying the accuracy and adequacy of cross-cultural assessment. I review the extensive adaptation of the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940) and MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989), the most frequently used personality measure. I highlight several contemporary research trends in international personality assessment.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2006

Incremental validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales in a private practice sample.

Building on results reported in Sellbom, Graham, and Schenk (2005), in this study, we examined the incremental validity of the newly introduced MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) Restructured Clinical (RC) scales (Tellegen et al., 2003) over both the Clinical and Content scales. Participants were 647 clients in private practice who were administered the MMPI-2 and the Multiaxial Diagnostic Inventory (Doverspike, 1990) early in therapy. The results indicate that the RC scales had acceptable internal consistency, reduced intercorrelations (compared to the Clinical scales), and promising convergent and discriminant validity. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the RC scales added incrementally to both the Clinical and Content scales in predicting self reported clinical symptoms. These findings suggest that the RC scales are relatively homogenous measures of core clinical constructs that can add unique information to the understanding of private practice clients above and beyond the Clinical and Content scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

MMPI-2 assessment of malingered emotional distress related to a workplace injury: a mixed group validation.

In this study, we examined the capacity of MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 2001) validity indexes to identify malingered depression associated with a workplace injury. We compared 27 graduate students simulating depression with archival records of 33 inpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. We employed a mixed-group validation design to generate true positive rates (TPR) and false positive rates (FPR) for the various MMPI-2 validity scales [F, FB, F(p), FBS, F - K, Ds2] while we accounted for base rates of malingering in each sample. The Fake Bad scale (FBS) was the only validity measure that produced acceptable TPR and FPR or a significant correlation with malingering status.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Development and validation of the Malingering Discriminant Function Index for the MMPI-2.

The predictive capacity of the MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) "fake-bad" validity scales (F, FB, and FP) is diminished when respondents have knowledge (i.e., coached) about the operating characteristics of these scales. In this investigation, we endeavored to develop a MMPI-2 fake bad validity index that would be less vulnerable to validity-scale knowledge. Applying discriminant function procedures, we derived a set of weighted Clinical and Content scales that reliably distinguished large samples of validity-scale coached undergraduate research participants instructed to feign mental illness (n = 534) from psychiatric patient samples (n = 590). We subsequently validated this Malingering Discriminant Function Index (M-DFI) in independent samples of research participants (n = 230) and patients (n = 300) and showed relatively less attenuation in predictive capacity compared with F, FB, and FP across uncoached and validity scale coached feigning conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The trials of separating bath water from baby: a review and critique of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales.

I review the development of the new set of MMPI-2 scales, the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (Tellegen et al., 2003). I identify several conceptual and methodological flaws in the construction of these scales, and I discuss the influence of a central shortcoming, the use of an atypical and depressively biased marker for unwanted ("first-factor") variance and its consequences for the RC Scales. I criticize the monograph introducing and describing the development of these scales for multiple important omissions. I provide examples of RC Scales in which relevant variances were overextracted or underextracted in the process of their construction. I introduce and apply the concept of "construct drift" to the RC Scales corresponding to the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) Clinical Scales, Psychasthenia and Hypomania. I conclude that the RC Scales are highly redundant with and function as routinely scored Content scales and that their designation as Clinical Scales is at best tenuous. I present two more appropriate, unbiased markers for the first factor along with the description of several nonintrusive strategies for increasing the independence of the Clinical Scales without compromising their syndromal fidelity.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

The deconstruction of the Hy Scale of MMPI-2: failure of RC3 in measuring somatic symptom expression.

The MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) Clinical Scales have a long history in psychological assessment. Recently, Tellegen et al. (2003) conducted a series of analyses to restructure the scales to reduce what they considered to be problems that limit scale functioning. In a critique of the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales published in this issue, Nichols (2006/this issue) questions a number of aspects of the approach Tellegen et al. took including their theoretical assumptions, methods of analysis, and failures to report important information needed for scale evaluation such as relationships with existing scales. We concur with many points raised by Nichols. In our analysis of the performance of the RC3 scale, we found that it has "drifted" so far from the original Hy scale as to be a completely different measure- a scale of cynical attitudes that is already well represented in existing MMPI-2 measures. In this article, we take these concerns a step further and examine the history and construct validity of the Hy scale in evaluating the somatic expression of problems that the original authors (McKinley & Hathaway, 1944) intended. We also include new information from a medical setting, an application not represented in Tellegen et al.'s RC Scale monograph. In agreement with Rogers et al. (2006/this issue), it is our conclusion that some RC Scales do not represent the measurement domain of the original scales and should not be relied on for or used to refine traditional interpretation, particularly in medical or forensic situations (such as personal injury cases) because of their confusing and conflicting results.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Maximal measurement or meaningful measurement: the interpretive challenges of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales.

The persisting correlations of the Restructured Clinical (RC; Tellegen et al., 2003) Scales with independent measures of first-factor variance (A, NEGE) suggest that trying to extract demoralization did not work well, and it may not be a clinically realistic task. Nichols's (2006/this issue) description of the clinical scales as "syndromal" and "multivariate" is seen as accurately reflecting their multicore natures so that the emphasis on the extraction of a single core unduly distorts the complexity and richness of the scales. Meehl and Hathaway (1946) cited factorially derived scales as "maximal" measurement, specifically measuring something very well; empirical scales based on criterion groups provide "meaningful" measurement as to the similarities of an individual's behavior to that of the group. I discuss this narrowness of factorial scales, such as the RC Scales, as a limitation of their generalization. I discuss problems with interpreting scales on the basis of the face validity of their items; assuming that self-perception and self report are accurate is a potentially misleading and undependable basis for assessment and intervention. I contrast the narrowness of the interpretive specificity of the RC Scales with the much broader and surprisingly specific interpretations offered by study of the individuals aggregated by the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) and MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) code types.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2006

Bridging the divide: comments on the Restructured Clinical Scales of the MMPI-2.

In this comment, I discuss the target articles written by Nichols (2006/this issue) and Rogers, Sewell, Harrison, and Jordan (2006/this issue) regarding the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (Tellegen et al., 2003) of the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). Both articles provide thoughtful discussion of the extent to which the RC Scales achieved the primary goals set forth by Tellegen et al., but they set different tones and come to somewhat different conclusions. I argue that the initial studies conducted on the RC Scales suggest a promising future for them. However, further studies are needed to explore the construct validity of the scales, assess their incremental validity with respect to other more established MMPI-2 scale sets, and determine their interpretive meaning in clinical contexts.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Four addictions: the MMPI and discriminant function analysis.

Over the past twenty years many MMPI studies of substance abuse have investigated the complex relationship between personality profile and drug of choice. This work has repeatedly established that alcoholics, heroin, cocaine and polydrug addicts share 4-2/2-4 (Psychopathy and Depression) or 4-8/8-4 (Psychopathy and Thought Disorder) MMPI profiles, but that the substance abuse populations differ in the plane of severity in that general profile. The alcoholics occupy the least disturbed sector, the polydrug abusers the most disturbed level and the heroin and cocaine addicts positions of moderate disturbance. The vast majority of studies, however, cite only group means to buttress their conclusions. Our work probed more deeply into the data using Discriminant Function Analysis. With this methodology we discovered important differences between the groups, previously hidden, which may carry differential treatment implications.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Convergent validity of the MCMI-III personality disorder scales and the MMPI-2 scales.

The MCMI-III personality disorder scales (Millon, 1994) were empirically validated in a sample of prisoners, psychiatric inpatients, and outpatients (N = 477). The scale intercorrelations were congruent with those obtained by Millon, Davis, and Millon (1997). We conclude that our Flemish/Dutch version shows no significant differences with the original version of the MCMI-III as far as intercorrelations are concerned. Convergent validity of the MCMI-III personality disorder scales was evaluated by the correlational data between the MCMI-III personality disorder scales and the MMPI-2 clinical (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and personality disorder (Somwaru & Ben-Porath, 1995) scales. Improved convergence was obtained compared with previous versions of the MCMI-I. Only the compulsive MCMI-III personality disorder scale remains problematic. The scale even showed negative correlations with some of the related clinical scales and with the corresponding personality disorder scales of the MMPI-2.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The clinical utility of the MMPI-2 Antisocial Practices Content Scale.

This study explored the ability of the MMPI-2 Antisocial Practices Content Scale (ASP) to correctly classify DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). ASP scores and scores on the MMPI-2 Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) scale were compared in an APD group (n = 10), a Borderline Personality Disorder group (n = 16), a Narcissistic Personality Disorder group (n = 9), an Other Personality Disorder group (representing personality disorders from Clusters A and C; n = 14), and a nonclinical population (NC; n = 67). The ASP exhibited an ability to differentiate APD from other personality disorders and was significantly correlated to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for APD while the Pd was not. Diagnostic efficiency statistics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, negative predictive power, overall correct classification rate, and kappa) were calculated under four different conditions in a clinically relevant manner (Kessel & Zimmerman, 1993. Psychological Assessment, 53, 395-399). The results of this study illustrate the usefulness of the ASP as a tool for the assessment of antisocial attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in individuals suspected of having APD. This information may be valuable to clinicians who are planning treatment or assessing treatment outcome for clients with APD.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Use of the MMPI in predicting completion and evaluating changes in a long-term alcoholism treatment program.

Veterans admitted to a 90-day alcoholism treatment program were administered the MMPI, and those who completed the program were retested before discharge. Completers differed significantly from noncompleters on the Pd scale. Although responses on most MMPI scales indicated improvement after treatment, those on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale were not affected. Neither the MacAndrew nor the Unitary Alcoholism Factor differentiated between completers and noncompleters.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

"Indianism" and MMPI scores of men alcoholics.

Mean MMPI profiles of 40 Indian and 40 White veterans were similar, but "Indianism," as measured by the Indian Culturalization Test, was significantly related to scores on Hs, Hy, Pt and Sc scales. Caution is advised in using the MMPI in the diagnosis of Indians' psychiatric problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pretreatment MMPI profiles of A.A. members and nonmembers.

Historically, researchers in alcoholism have focused a large amount of energy on the search for "the alcoholic personality." From this effort to identify a particular type of personality prone to the development of alcoholism arose the idea that alcoholics are not a homogeneous group. Subsequently, a number of authors reported the existence of alcoholic subtypes. Recently, research has begun to examine the relationship of personality to treatment outcome. In particular, Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) has come under greater scrutiny since high success rates have been ascribed to A.A. attendance. Moreover, the personality characteristics of A.A. members have been compared to alcoholics not attending A.A. Improving on earlier studies, the present research compared the pretreatment Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of alcoholics who later elected to attend A.A. and those who did not attend. Additionally, alcoholics attending A.A. were sorted by drinking outcome and the MMPI profiles of sober and drinking A.A. members were contrasted. Although no personality differences emerged between A.A. attenders and nonmembers, there were several trends within the A.A. attending group, suggesting that successful A.A. members were less depressed, less anxious and less socially isolated than unsuccessfull A.A. members.

Alcoholics Anonymous↗