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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Bovine mastitis therapy and why it fails.

Treatment of bovine mastitis depends on the cause, the clinical manifestation and the antibiotic susceptibility of the agent. Mastitis therapy is commonly unsuccessful owing to pathological changes that occur in the udder parenchyma as a result of the inflammatory reaction to mastitogenic bacteria, pharmacokinetic properties of antimicrobial mastitis drugs, mastitogenic bacterial and related factors, and poor animal husbandry and veterinary interventions.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a postmilking teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination for the prevention of mastitis in lactating dairy cows.

A trial was conducted for 12 months in a herd of 120 Holstein cows in order to determine the efficacy of a teat disinfectant, which contained a phenolic combination, for the prevention of bovine intramammary infections during lactation. Postmilking teat disinfection was compared to a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. The percentage of quarters newly infected by mastitis pathogens was 45% lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant after milking than it was in undipped controls. New infections caused by Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and Corynebacterium bovis were significantly lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant than in undipped controls. No statistical differences in the incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were observed. No irritation or chapping of teats dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant were observed. The results of this study suggest that the experimental teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination is an effective postmilking teat disinfectant for use in the prevention of new intramammary infections by both contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Studies on mastitis in ten groups of female offspring (author's transl)].

The incidence of mastitis in groups of female offspring of ten AI bulls was studied under field conditions. Marked variations in the incidence of symptoms of mastitis were observed. The results of this preliminary study were verified experimentally. Efforts should be made to direct breeding policies towards the selection of animals resistant to mastitis. The possibilities of selective breeding have been considerably improved by adopting modern methods of recording.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Review of the literature illustrated by 4 cases].

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) was described as a specific entity in 1972 by Kessler and Wolloch. Despite the 120 cases reported in the international literature, this pathology remains quite unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four cases of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis are reported in this article in order to outline the main clinical features of this affection. Data in the literature were used to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic particularities. DISCUSSION: The histologic findings of a non-caseating granulomatous inflammation, centered on breast lobules, composed of epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells, allow establishing the diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis (GM). The main presenting symptom of GM is a single inflammatory mass of the breast; the diagnosis is thus often mistaken for breast carcinoma (more than 50% of the reported cases). Radiologic and cytologic findings alone do not enable reaching certain diagnosis because they cannot resolve the differential diagnosis of inflammatory process and malignancy. The diagnosis of IGM can be established after the etiological work up remains negative. A course of oral corticosteroid therapy, non-steroidian anti-inflammatory drugs, or colchicine can be used in order to shrink the breast mass, allowing more conservative surgery. Local excision is of limited benefit as there is a strong tendency for recurrence. CONCLUSION: Different therapeutic options of IGM are explained by its clinical variability. A more pragmatic therapeutic approach would be enabled by a new classification based on course and severity.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2000

Identification of Escherichia coli recovered from milk of sows with coliform mastitis by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using standardized reagents.

A standardized-reagents commercial kit for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for typing 58 Escherichia coli strains that were recovered from the milk of sows, having coliform mastitis, within a single swineherd in Sweden. Previously, the 58 E. coli strains were characterized serologically and profiled biochemically. They were also evaluated for their serum resistance and their ability to adhere to fibronectin and bovine fetal fibroblasts. The RAPD analysis was fast, easily performed, and required only a nanogram of DNA. The indistinguishable banding patterns obtained with repeated analyses of 2 isolates from each strain demonstrated that RAPD analysis using standardized beads is a technique that provides reproducible results for typing E. coli strains that cause mastitis in sows. The results of the RAPD analyses demonstrated that E. coli sow mastitis strains are highly variable in serotype, biochemical profiles, virulence factors, and RAPD type, and that all 58 strains can be differentiated by means of the RAPD technique. The strains grouped into 24 RAPD types by combining the results of 2 primers, and into 38 groups by combining the results of serotype and RAPD type. No relationship between serotypes, virulence factors and RAPD types was found.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification of subpopulations of bovine mammary-gland phagocytes and evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of morphologic and functional indicators of bovine mastitis.

The number and function of bovine mammary-gland phagocytes were assessed in 8 lactating cows, each tested at least twice within an 8-mo period (total number of observations, 20). Macrophages and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were evaluated by conventional cytology, flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and somatic-cell count (SCC). Phagocytosis was evaluated from the uptake of fluorescent beads and expressed as median fluorescence intensity (MFI). Two major subpopulations of phagocytes, of low or high MFI (LFI or HFI), were observed, and there were up to 4 sub-subpopulations within the HFI subpopulation of both macrophages and PMN cells. Fluorescent microscopy identified phagocytes containing up to 4 beads per cell. Cows showing < or = 72.3% phagocytes by cytology were regarded as non-mastitic (11 observations), and those showing > or = 80.7% phagocytes were considered to be mastitic (8 observations). Phagocyte MFI was negatively associated with mastitis; that is, the higher the MFI, the lower the SCC. The percentage of HFI PMN cells was the only indicator of mastitis with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Thus, bovine mammary-gland phagocytes consist of several subpopulations of different phagocytic ability, whose assessment more adequately predicts bovine mastitis than do morphologic indicators.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Interdependence of milk production and the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in cows].

Studied was the milk productivity (milk yield and butterfat percent) of 255 normal and 255 diseased cows with subclinical mastitis, both groups pertaining to the Bulgarian Brown breed within the region of the Sofia Pedigree Breeding Inspection. All animals were examined at one and the same time during the period of their third lactation, and the milk productivity data obtained referred to the same period. It was established that there were no statistically significant variations between milk productivity data of the healthy cows and those of the cows with subclinical mastitis for a 300 day period. The relative number of cows with subclinical mastitis showing a milk yield of up to 4000 kg was lower as compared with the same number of the negatively reacting cows. On the other hand, cows showed yields of more than 4000 kg milk manifested reverse trends.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Some figures for the year 1974 concerning mastitis of cattle in the Netherlands (author's transl)].

With the co-operation of the industry, information has been received for 1974, just as for the years 1971 to 1973, about the number of short-acting and long-acting injectors sold in the Netherlands. This reveals that the sales of short-acting injectors have in 1974 shown practically no change (-0.7 per cent). The use of long-acting preparations shows a clear rise in 1974, in comparison with 1973, namely 16 per cent. This is a favourable trend. The total losses caused in 1974 by mastitis have not changed in comparison with 1973. The individual stock farmer has little idea of the losses suffered by him on account of mastitis. The estimated total damage as a result of lost milk production in the Netherlands is about 100 million guilders a year. The damage due to premature culling occasioned by mastitis of cows runs at about 50 million guilders a year. All in all this represents damages of 75 guilders annually for every dairy cow and every cow in calf. It is imperative that this is realised by all bodies concerned with dairying in the widest sense of the world.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2002

Bacterial cure and somatic cell count response of dairy cows with a positive California Mastitis Test at calving to therapy with cephapirin sodium.

Cows without signs of clinical mastitis were evaluated by the California Mastitis Test at calving (Day 0). Milk samples from 117 of 184 quarters (64 cows) were positive by this test for mastitis and were submitted for bacterial culture and determination of somatic cell counts. Cows with infected quarters were randomly allocated to treatment with cephapirin sodium by intramammary infusion or to be untreated as controls. Two and 4 weeks following calving, milk was again sampled from the infected quarters and tested. By the 4-week evaluation, the quarters treated with cephapirin sodium had significantly (P < or = .05) fewer positive bacterial cultures and somatic cell counts were significantly (P < or =.05) reduced compared with untreated control quarters.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A clinicopathological review of 34 cases of inflammatory breast disease showing an association between corynebacteria infection and granulomatous mastitis.

AIM: Granulomatous mastitis is a rare condition of unknown aetiology. The great majority of cases has not been associated with bacterial pathogens if women with mammary tuberculosis are excluded. We noted that some women in Auckland with a histological diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis had both microbiological and histological evidence of corynebacteria infection and aimed to study this further. METHODS: Thirty-four women were reviewed who presented with inflammatory breast disease and had microbiological specimens from which corynebacteria were isolated and/or histological specimens containing coryneform bacteria. These 34 cases were compared with 28 controls with similar histology but no evidence of corynebacteria infection. RESULTS: Twenty-seven (79%) of the cases and 21 (75%) of the controls had histological and/or cytological evidence of suppurative granulomas. Fourteen of the 34 cases also had Gram-positive bacilli (GPB), recognisable as coryneform bacteria, in histological sections. In all cases the bacilli were confined to empty spaces, consistent with dissolved lipid, and were surrounded by neutrophils and, frequently, suppurative granulomas. Corynebacterium species were isolated from 52 of 116 microbiological specimens taken from the 34 cases. Forty of these 52 cultures were pure. Twenty-four of the cultures were further classified biochemically and using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Twenty of the 24 were lipophilic Corynebacterium species and 14 were identified as Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii. The cases were more likely to present with fever or neutrophilia and more often formed sinuses than the controls but other clinical features were similar. Maori and Pacific Islanders accounted for 77% of the women across both groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest granulomatous mastitis can be associated with corynebacteria infection, particularly infection by C. kroppenstedtii. The significance of this finding, which has previously been described in only a single case report, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of oral selenium supplementation on mastitis markers and pathogens in Estonian cows.

The effects of selenium supplementation on mastitis parameters in milk and on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in blood were evaluated. Fifty-five Estonian dairy cows were allocated to selenium-supplemented (n=39) and nonsupplemented (n=16) groups. The supplemented group received 0.2 ppm organic selenium in the form of selenium yeast in their diet daily for 8 weeks. The nonsupplemented cows received their standard diet with no selenium supplementation. Mastitis parameters (i.e., bacteriologic findings and somatic cell count, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and bovine serum albumin concentration) and GPx levels were monitored. The increase in the activity of GPx was significantly (P<.001) greater in selenium-supplemented cows than in nonsupplemented ones. Milk samples from each quarter were examined before and 8 weeks after initiation of the study. The proportion of quarters still pathogen-free after 8 weeks was significantly (P<.01; odds ratio [OR]=9.7) higher in selenium-supplemented cows than in nonsupplemented cows. However, when quarters milk-tested as pathogen-infected at the start of the study were reexamined after 8 weeks, there was no significant (P=.14; OR 3.6) difference in the proportion of pathogen-free quarters between selenium-supplemented cows and nonsupplemented cows. Differential positive rate (Youden's index) revealed that individual quarters were more prone to be infected by pathogens when the blood GPx activities in cows were below the cutoff value of 3.3 microkat/g hemoglobin than when GPx activity was above this value. It was concluded that selenium supplementation in cows with low GPx activity seems to support udder defense mechanisms that favor reduction of the incidence of new mastitis cases.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2003

Experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis mastitis in dairy cows.

The inoculation of 2000 colony-forming units of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis into one teat canal of each of three cows resulted in severe, chronic, pyogranulomatous mastitis. Within three days the cows had a reduced haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red cell count. The anaemia was initially normocytic, normochromic and non-regenerative, and was associated with a brief peak of neutrophilia; a regenerative response became evident two to three weeks later. Clinical signs of mastitis appeared seven to 14 days after the inoculation, with a peak of high fever, more severe anaemia, a second peak of neutrophilia and the complete cessation of milk production from all quarters; extensive and severe pyogranulomatous mastitis developed in the inoculated quarters. No other lesions were detected postmortem, and C pseudotuberculosis was cultured from the affected quarters but not from the supramammary lymph nodes and viscera.

Anemia↗
PubMed1992

A cohort study of coagulase negative staphylococcal mastitis in selected dairy herds in Prince Edward Island.

The epidemiology and importance of coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) mastitis in Prince Edward Island had not been documented. To investigate this, a cohort of 84 cows at seven farms were quarter sampled eight times over a lactation, commencing with samples taken prior to drying off in the previous lactation. Thirteen species of CNS were isolated. The quarter prevalence of CNS mastitis varied from 4.8% to 6.4% in the first five months of lactation and increased to 14.2 to 16.6% in the last four months of lactation. The geometric mean somatic cell counts (SCC) for quarters infected with CNS and uninfected quarters were 90 x 10(3) and 64 x 10(3) respectively (difference significant at p > 0.005). The two month new infection risk of CNS was 9.0% while the two month elimination risk was 74.4%. Infection with CNS did not alter the risk of subsequent infection with Staphylococcus aureus. The results from this project support the classification of CNS as a minor pathogen in mastitis control programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A multi-method approach to measuring mastitis incidence.

This is the first of two papers describing a retrospective population-based survey of 273 women who initiated breastfeeding and whose babies were now six months old. It measured the incidence of mastitis and the impact of the women's experiences of managing mastitis on their reporting behaviour. The survey took place between January and May 2002. Based on a case definition of four primary symptoms, 56 women indicated they were either 'sure' or 'unsure' whether they had had mastitis. All these cases were included in estimating a cumulative incidence of 40 per cent (95 per cent CI 25-37 per cent). Incidence was highest at four and 12 weeks. Uncertainty of diagnosis was positively associated with effective self-management and not consulting a healthcare professional (p < 0.006). The study concluded that factors that influence reporting pattern are important determinants of incidence.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Resistance of mastitis pathogens in northern Germany].

The data of 1692 susceptibility tests acquired from April 2003 through March 2004 in the mastitis laboratory of the Institute for Food Quality and Safety were summarized in order to help veterinarians confronted with acute mastitis in choosing the appropriate antibiotic. Two thirds of the milk samples were infected with gram-positive cocci. One third of these were identified as Streptococcus (S.) uberis, one fourth as Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. All isolates (100%) of S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, S. agalactiae and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were susceptible to Penicillin and Ampicillin. Concering S. aureus, nearly 100% of the isolates were susceptible to Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Cefacetril, Cefquinom and Neomycin, but only 88% of the isolates were sensitive to Penicillin, Ampicillin and Cefoperazon. The gram-negative rods (Escherichia (E.) coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) displayed an irregular resistance pattern. More than 93% of all examined isolates including Pseudomonas spp. were susceptible to Colistin. The sensitivity of E. coli and Klebsiella spp.to Marbofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Cefquinom exceeded 96%. Thus, the susceptibility of gram-positive mastitis pathogens to common antibiotics is favourable. Because the highly effective Colistin is no longer approved for local therapy, the situation for gram-negative bacteria is more difficult.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Granulomatous mastitis: a review of 14 cases.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis of breast is a rare entity and may be confused with carcinoma of the breast. We present a case series of 14 patients with granulomatous mastitis, seen over a seven-year period from a cancer centre in Lahore, Pakistan. METHODS: The cases were retrieved using electronically coded records and clinical, radiological and pathological data reviewed. Cases with a histologic diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis were included. RESULTS: Granulomatous mastitis was seen at a frequency of 0.37% of the 3768 patients seen with breast diseases (3722 women: 46 men) during this time period. The average age at presentation was 40.7 years [range 14- 65 years]. The most common presentation was a lump in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Mammography showed a range of appearances. Diagnosis was obtained via fine needle aspiration (10 cases), core biopsy (2 cases) and excision (2 cases). Acid-fast bacilli were seen in five out of the 14 patients. Ten out of 14 patients completed treatment at our centre with satisfactory response. CONCLUSIONS: Granulomatous mastits is an uncommon disease and typically presents with a lump in the breast. The diagnosis can be established by fine needle cytology in the majority of cases. Acid-fast bacilli are seen a minority of the cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dependence between acute phase response, oxidative status and mastitis of cows.

There are many studies exploring the topic of acute phase response and oxidative status in inflammation of the mammary gland of cows. However, many phenomena are relatively not well known. Mastitis is associated with significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative mediators in the cells and blood. Results of experiments have shown that there are evident changes in serum interleukins (IL), acidglycoprotein (alpha1AG), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and haptoglobin (Hp). Thus, local as well as systemic inflammation might play important roles in increased mammary oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including mastitis and in transgenic technology leading to production of new bacterial proteins, very important in prevention of mastitis. We can also observe an interaction between inflammatory and oxidative mediators. These results suggest an important role played by acute phase response and oxidative status in inflammation of the mammary gland.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Yeasts and algae isolated from cows with mastitis in the south-eastern part of Poland.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of mycotic and protohecal mastitis in herds in south-eastern part of Poland. A total of 3091 milk samples from udder quarters with clinical and subclinical mastitis from 29 dairy herds was investigated in this survey. Milk samples were plated as soon as possible on blood agar (BA), Mac Conkey agar, aesculin-tallium acetate-crystal violet agar, and Sabouraud agar. A hundred and thirty one yeast (4.23%) and eleven Protoheca zopfii (0.35%) strains were isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. All the isolated fungi were the yeast classified into 4 genera (Candida, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces and Rhodotorula). The most frequently isolated yeasts were Candida sp., C. kefyr, C. humicola, C. rugosa and C. inconspicua. Both fungi and algae were isolated first of all during a confinement-housing season.

Animals↗