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PubMed1989

Retinal projections in the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus).

The retinal projections of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel were determined by tracing anterograde transport of intravitreally injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Label was seen in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and adjacent anterior hypothalamic area, the accessory optic system (the medial, dorsal, and lateral terminal nuclei), the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, the intergeniculate leaflet, the pretectal nuclei (the anterior, posterior, and olivary pretectal nuclei and the nucleus of optic tract), and the superior colliculus. Most of these structures were labeled bilaterally, with dense contralateral label and sparse ipsilateral label, a pattern typical for animals with laterally placed eyes. However, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the nucleus of the optic tract received input only from the contralateral eye. In contrast to previous degeneration studies, the sensitive HRP tracers (in conjunction with cytochrome-oxidase reactivity) revealed an elaborate organization within the lateral geniculate nucleus (dorsal LGN, ventral LGN, and intergeniculate leaflet) that is consistent with existing organizational schemes for other mammalian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between development of diarrhea and the concentration of SN-38, an active metabolite of CPT-11, in the intestine and the blood plasma of athymic mice following intraperitoneal administration of CPT-11.

Severe diarrhea occurred during daily intraperitoneal administration of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11) at a dose of 50 mg/kg in athymic mouse. Serial determination of CPT-11 and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), with the use of an on-line solid extraction HPLC system, demonstrated that much higher levels of the compounds are retained in the intestine and the blood plasma after five consecutive daily injections than after a single injection. Histologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract showed hemorrhagic colitis on day 7 and later after five consecutive daily injections of CPT-11. The direct cause of diarrhea associated with CPT-11 administration is considered to be enterocolitis caused by high levels of SN-38 and/or CPT-11 retained for a long period in the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Acute toxicity and effectiveness of idarubicin in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Anthracyclines have become important components of multi-agent remission induction and continuation therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). New anthracycline derivatives are being investigated in an attempt to shift the balance of side effects and antileukemic potency. To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of idarubicin (IDA) in childhood ALL, a prospective multicenter phase-II study was performed. A total of 51 children with prognostically poor recurrences of ALL were enrolled, all of whom had been exposed to anthracyclines during front-line treatment. A single 48-h continuous infusion of IDA at 24 mg/m2 was started on the first day of salvage treatment without concomitant systemic cytostatic agents. The response was assessed by reduction of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow and other compartments 2 wk later. IDA monotherapy caused complete and partial remissions in 5 and 20 patients, respectively (49%). Delays of treatment with subsequent polychemotherapy courses were frequent and mainly caused by prolonged intervals of myelosuppression and high rates of systemic infection. Non-hematological toxicities including acute cardiac reactions were transient and moderate. Our findings suggest that IDA is an effective drug for remission induction in children with ALL, with acute hematological toxicity being dose-limiting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Imaging the hierarchical Ca2+ signalling system in HeLa cells.

1. Confocal microscopy was used to investigate hormone-induced subcellular Ca2+ release signals from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a prototype non-excitable cell line (HeLa cells). 2. Histamine application evoked two types of elementary Ca2+ signals: (i) Ca2+ blips arising from single ER Ca2+ release channels (amplitude, 30 nM; lateral spreading, 1.3 microns); (ii) Ca2+ puffs resulting from the concerted activation of several Ca2+ blips (amplitude, 170 nM; spreading, 4 microns). 3. Ca2+ waves in the HeLa cells arose from a variable number of initiation sites, but for individual cells, the number and subcellular location of the initiation sites were constant. The kinetics and amplitude of global Ca2+ signals were directly proportional to the number of initiation sites recruited. 4. Reduction of the feedback inherent in intracellular Ca2+ release caused saltatoric Ca2+ waves, revealing the two principal steps underlying wave propagation: diffusion and regeneration. Threshold stimulation evoked abortive Ca2+ waves, caused by the limited recruitment of Ca2+ puffs. 5. The hierarchy of Ca2+ signalling events, from fundamental levels (blips) to intermediate levels (puffs) to Ca2+ waves, is a prototype for Ca2+ signal transduction for non-excitable cells, and is also analogous to the Ca2+ quarks, Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ waves in cardiac muscle cells.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2003

The Drosophila selenoprotein BthD is required for survival and has a role in salivary gland development.

Selenium is implicated in many diseases, including cancer, but its function at the molecular level is poorly understood. BthD is one of three selenoproteins recently identified in Drosophila. To elucidate the function of BthD and the role of selenoproteins in cellular metabolism and health, we analyzed the developmental expression profile of this protein and used inducible RNA interference (RNAi) to ablate function. We find that BthD is dynamically expressed during Drosophila development. bthD mRNA and protein are abundant in the ovaries of female flies and are deposited into the developing oocyte. Maternally contributed protein and RNA persist during early embryonic development but decay by the onset of gastrulation. At later stages of embryogenesis, BthD is expressed highly in the developing salivary gland. We generated transgenic fly lines carrying an inducible gene-silencing construct, in which an inverted bthD genomic-cDNA hybrid is under the control of the Drosophila Gal4 upstream activation sequence system. Duplex RNAi induced from this construct targeted BthD mRNA for destruction and reduced BthD protein levels. We found that loss of BthD compromised salivary gland morphogenesis and reduced animal viability.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for hyaluronan production in the air pouch model in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our work was to investigate the presence of hyaluronan (HA) in the rat air pouch and its behaviour in response to inflammatory stimuli. METHODS: HA levels (by a microplate assay) and the leucocyte count were determined in the fluid obtained from air pouches in which acute or subacute inflammation had been induced by the injection of monosodium urate crystals (MSU) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) debris respectively and in relative controls. RESULTS: In control pouches of both groups, remarkable levels of HA were found; these levels were higher in the very first hours (2475 and 1850 micrograms/l at 6 hrs) and then gradually decreased. In pouches injected with MSU, HA moderately increased (p < 0.001) after 6 hrs, reached a peak after 12 hrs (p < 0.001) and began to taper at 24 hrs (p < 0.001). The leucocyte count was also increased at 6 hrs (p < 0.001), became higher at 12 hrs (p < 0.001) and tapered at 24 hrs (p < 0.001). In the HDPE pouches, HA levels were significantly reduced with respect to controls after 6 hours (p < 0.001), increasing later (p < 0.001) to reach a peak at 24 hrs (p < 0.001), and returning to the original levels, or even below, in the following 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that the pouch lining produces fair amounts of HA and provide evidence that, in this system, HA levels seem to be influenced by the degree of inflammation even if with variable behaviour in relation to the different characteristics and phases of phlogosis. The present data suggest that the air pouch is a useful experimental model for studies on HA metabolism in either acute or chronic inflammation.

Air↗
PubMed1995

Surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusions using cranial base length (corrected and uncorrected) as a reference.

This study was an attempt to show how a variation in the anteroposterior position of nasion, or length of the anterior cranial base, when used as a reference line, affects the esthetic outcome of surgically repositioned bony bases. Five white female subjects exhibiting a short anterior cranial base and characterized by maxillary retrusion were included in this study. Lateral cephalograms and 35-mm photographs of each subject were digitized into a computer imaging system, and computer-simulated surgical procedures were performed. Soft tissue profiles were then generated to reflect the skeletal changes that took place. When three groups of respondents were asked to choose the most pleasing profile, the majority (65%) chose the maxillary (Le Fort I) surgical procedure, in which the cranial base was extended to a range of corrected "normals." These results indicate that when cephalometrics are used to formulate a diagnosis and treatment plan, the most esthetic result may be obtained if the landmarks that are important to the analysis, in this case, the anterior cranial base length, are normalized.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1999

Comparative analysis of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in caiman (Caiman crocodilus) and turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) brains.

The distribution of FMRFamide (FMRFa)-like peptides in caiman (Caiman crocodilus) and turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) brains was studied by immunohistochemistry. In both species, distinct groups of FMRFa-like immunoreactive (ir) perikarya were present in the medial septal nucleus, accumbens nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, suprachiasmatic area, lateral hypothalamic area, and periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. A few FMRFa-ir neurons in the hypothalamic area were located in the neuroepithelial cell lining of the third ventricle. FMRFa-ir fibers were scattered in all major areas of the brain, from the olfactory bulbs to the rhombencephalon. They formed dense aggregates in the medial septal area, basal telencephalon, median eminence, and infundibulum, and adjacent to the fourth ventricle. The most obvious difference between the FMRFa-ir systems in caimans and turtles concerned the number of nuclei that contained neurons with this immunoreactivity. Eight such clusters were present in the caiman brain, whereas thirteen clusters were found in the turtle brain. The turtle also displayed scattered FMRFa-ir somata in the anterior olfactory nucleus, striatum, lateral septal nucleus, medial and lateral cortex, medial forebrain bundle, lateral preoptic area, and lateral geniculate nucleus. In the caiman brain, a few FMRFa-ir neurons were noted in the ventrolateral area of the pallial commissure and an even smaller number of ir neurons was found dispersed in the optic tracts. Neither formed nuclear aggregates. The results are compared with those described for other vertebrates.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed2005

Aerenchyma formation and recovery from hypoxia of the flooded root system of nodulated soybean.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Flooding results in hypoxia of the root system to which N2 fixation of nodulated roots can be especially sensitive. Morphological adaptions, such as aerenchyma formation, can facilitate the diffusion of oxygen to the hypoxic tissues. Using soybean, the aim of the study was to characterize the morphological response of the nodulated root system to flooding and obtain evidence for the recovery of N metabolism. METHODS: Sections from submerged tissues were observed by light microscopy, while sap bleeding from the xylem was analysed for nitrogenous components. KEY RESULTS: Flooding resulted in the rapid formation of adventitious roots and aerenchyma between the stem (immediately above the water line), roots and nodules. In the submerged stem, taproot, lateral roots and adventitious roots, lysigenous aerenchyma arose initially in the cortex and was gradually substituted by secondary aerenchyma arising from cells derived from the pericycle. Nodules developed aerenchyma from cells originating in the phellogen but nodules situated at depths greater than 7-8 cm showed little or no aerenchyma formation. As a result of aerenchyma formation, porosity of the taproot increased substantially between the 4th and 7th days of flooding, coinciding with the recovery of certain nitrogenous products of N metabolism of roots and nodules transported in the xylem. Thus, on the first day of flooding there was a sharp decline in xylem ureides and glutamine (products of N2 fixation), together with a sharp rise in alanine (product of anaerobic metabolism). Between days 7 and 10, recovery of ureides and glutamine to near initial levels was recorded while recovery of alanine was partial. CONCLUSIONS: N metabolism of the nodulated soybean root system can recover at least partially during a prolonged period of flooding, a process associated with aerenchyma formation.

Nitrogen Fixation↗
PubMed1992

[Teleradiography for diagnosis in emergency care. A clinical experience].

This work was aimed at evaluating the role of teleradiology in a diagnostic emergency room. Over a 6-month period (September 1991-February 1992), 2,000 films made in the emergency room were transmitted to a resident radiologist 1 kilometer away: each examination included patient's data (sex, age, site of trauma, etc.) which were sent by the admitting physician. A teleradiology system (Lumiscan 100 AT&T and Philips) was used. Films were digitized on a 1024 x 1024 x 8-bit image matrix and then transmitted over a dedicated standard phone line to the Department of Radiology. The autograph report was sent by fax to the emergency room. Four radiologists, of varying experience, independently reviewed a sample of 179 digitized radiographs and, 30 days later, the original films on a conventional light-box. The results appear to be encouraging because no significant differences were observed in the performance of any of the radiologists. Good video/films agreement was obtained, together with high sensitivity and specificity. A good result was the relatively small number (0.4% of all examined cases) of false negatives diagnosed on faxed films relative to the actual clinical diagnosis.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed1999

High anti-golgi autoantibody levels: an early sign of autoimmune disease?

IgG anti-Golgi complex antibodies were detected by means of indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of five patients during routine investigation for suspected systemic autoimmune disease. The typical picture of paranuclear fluorescence was observed on the HEp-2 cell line and in tissue sections; anti-Golgi specificity was confirmed on the HEp-2 cells using the immunoperoxidase method. The phenomenon was transient in three patients with a probable viral infection and whose sera had low titre antibodies; however, it was persistent and in high concentration in the other two who, five years later, developed an autoimmune disease. Only in the sera of these last two patients were specific bands of 123, 72, 46, 37 and 26 kilodaltons found by the immunoblotting technique on cytoplasmic extracts. Although the detection of anti-Golgi autoantibodies is rare, and may represent a transitory epiphenomenon in patients with a viral infection, their presence in high titre in the absence of a clear clinical picture may constitute an early sign of systemic autoimmune disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The dynamics of the steroidogenic response of perfused Xenopus testis explants to gonadotropins.

The dynamics of androgen production by perfused Xenopus testis explants has been investigated under various gonadotropic stimulations. Androgens were measured in perfusate by radioimmunoassay. The behavior of hormones in the perfusion system was assessed. Pieces of testis were capable of producing androgens after more than 20 hr in perifusion. Amplitude and duration of the response to a gonadotropic stimulation were the same 3 and 10 hr after the beginning of the experiment. After stimulation by pituitary extract, hCG, or carp GTH, there was a rapid tenfold increase in androgen secretion with a maximum after 1.5 hr and then a slow decrease to a basal line level. A typical log dose-response curve was obtained with hCG and cGTH. After 6 hr continuous stimulation by pituitary extract, steroid secretion increased and reached a plateau 4 hr later. The decrease occurred only after the end of stimulation. The same amount of pituitary extract injected into the column at the rate of 4 min stimulations every hr gave the same type of response. As far as is known, the present data are the first on perifusion systems on the testes of lower vertebrates.

Androgens↗
PubMed1992

Anatomical organization of the brainstem octavolateralis area of the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau.

Anatomical studies were undertaken to analyze the brainstem organization of the auditory, vestibular, and lateral line nuclei in a teleost, the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. Neuronal cytoarchitectonics and horseradish peroxidase label of cranial nerves were utilized to delineate the borders of the five octavus and two lateralis brainstem nuclei. Each of the eight octavolateralis nerves were labeled individually to compare and contrast their central projections. Projections of the three semicircular canals were found to be largely overlapping. Terminal fields were observed within the eminentia granularis and in each of the octavus nuclei. The nucleus anterior octavus was reciprocally innervated by the semicircular canals and the saccule. The canals terminated heavily in the ventral portions of the anterior octavus, whereas the saccule terminated extensively in the dorsal nuclear portions. The saccule also distributed terminals throughout the octavus cell column, including a light terminal field within the dorsal, medial, and anterior portions of the descending octavus nucleus, a region densely innervated by this end-organ in other species. These results suggest that the anterior octavus nucleus may have a dual function. The dorsal portions may be an auditory relay nucleus, whereas the ventral portions may subserve vestibular function. Utriclar and lagenar afferents also terminated throughout the octavus cell column. Afferents of the anterior and posterior lateral lines ended within the eminentia granularis and the lateral line nuclei. Semicircular canal afferents and lateral line afferents appeared completely segregated within the eminentia. The above results are useful as an aid in the understanding of an ongoing, comprehensive functional analysis of auditory and vestibular mechanisms in toadfish and complement previous work on the efferent vestibular and sound-producing motor systems. Examination of toadfish contributes to a more general and complete overview of the octavolateralis area of teleosts and the eventual identification of primitive and derived patterns of octaval organization. Additionally, this work may permit the further demonstration of species-typical characters that may indicate adaptations to particular behavioral repertoires.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the human brain.

The primary germinal neural epithelium lines the ventricular system of the brain and shows intense mitotic activity. Neuroblasts migrate from a juxtaluminal position to establish neural centres and, when this task is completed, the definitive ependymal epithelial lining of the ventricles develops, shifting the remnants of the germinal epithelium to a subendymal location. The subendymal layer continues to proliferate giving rise to glia in the postnatal brain. Premature arrest of migration of neuroblasts leads to the accumulation of heterotopic nests anywhere along the migratory path. Within such ectopia, neurons may make normal connections or they may remain undifferentiated and later become tumorigenic. The subependymal layer has long been considered the site of original of periventricular gliomas. Some migrating neuroblasts establish secondary germinal centres far removed from the ventricular system. An example of this is the external granular layer of the cerebellum which, in man, persists for the first 6 months of life. Cerebellar neuroblastomas could originate directly from this layer in the neonate, or from remnants of this layer in older individuals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Management of the chronic irreducible patellar dislocation in total knee arthroplasty.

Neglected dislocation of the patella with gonarthrosis, genu valgum, flexion, and external rotation deformity is rarely encountered. Experience with five total knee arthroplasties in three patients with chronic patellar dislocation and gonarthrosis is reported. All knees had a modified proximal patellar realignment and arthroplasty with a constrained prosthesis. Preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores averaged 55. Average follow-up period was 40 months. At latest follow-up examination, the average Hospital for Special Surgery knee score was 83, the Knee Society knee score was 95, and the functional score averaged 50. There was one complication: a full-thickness lateral skin necrosis requiring flap coverage. The patellar score was zero in all knees. Four knees had mild quadriceps weakness. Three knees rated as excellent and two as good on both The Hospital for Special Surgery and Knee Society rating systems. Radiographic analysis revealed no radiolucent lines or osteolysis. The patellas were centralized in the trochlear groove in all patients. Patellar height averaged 14 mm (range, 12-17 mm). In conclusion, satisfactory results were obtained by restoring axial alignment with a constrained implant and realigning the patella with an extensive proximal realignment.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

GDNF is trophic for mouse motoneurons that express a mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: An in vitro system of motoneurons was established from mice carrying a transgene for a human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) with a gly93ala mutation that has been linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). These cultures were characterized and used to compare the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on motoneurons expressing the mutant gene with those on normal motoneurons. RESULTS: Recombinant human GDNF (100 ng/ml) significantly promoted the survival of a subpopulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive motoneurons that were also immunoreactive for the homeoprotein islet-1 in cultures from both wild type and mutant SOD-1 mice. However, GDNF did not increase the total number of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in cultures from either wild type or transgenic mice. A distinct subpopulation of islet-1-immunoreactive motoneurons characterized by a soma 3 1/2 times larger and a ten-fold increase in neurite length was observed exclusively in GDNF-treated cultures. In cultures from mutant SOD-1 mice, there were 3 1/2 times as many motoneurons of this subpopulation as in wild type cultures at 6 days in vitro. In addition, this subpopulation of neurons survived for 10 days in vitro, the longest time point studied, in culture from mutant SOD-1 mice, but not in cultures from wild type mice. This subpopulation was also present at 6 days in vitro in cultures from mutant SOD-1 mice that received GDNF at 3 days in vitro instead of at the time of plating, suggesting that GDNF promotes the differentiation of these neurons. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that the expression of a mutant SOD-1 gene, as occurs in familial ALS, does not compromise the trophic effects of GDNF on motoneuron survival, but may affect the development of motoneurons.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of 2D vs. 3D dosimetry for Rotte 'Y' applicator high dose rate brachytherapy for medically inoperable endometrial cancer.

The purpose of our research is to compare CT-based volumetric calculations and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) reference-point estimates of radiation doses to the target volume, bladder, rectum, and sigmoid colon in patients with carcinoma of the endometrium treated with high dose rate intracavitary Rotte 'Y' applicator brachytherapy (HDRB). Eleven patients with cancer of the endometrium were treated with CT-compatible HDR intracavitary Rotte 'Y' applicators (Nucletron) and underwent post-implant pelvic CT scans with applicators in place. All patients were treated using orthogonal radiography-based planning. The dose was prescribed to uterine point (a point located 2 cm below the center of a line drawn between the tips of the two ends of the Rotte applicator extending laterally from the tandem by half the maximum uterine width), Point A, and 0.5 cm depth along the upper 3 cm vagina. CT-images were transferred to the PLATO treatment planning system version 14.2.6 and retrospectively planned for volumetric calculations. The clinical target volume (CTV) included the entire uterus, cervix, and upper 3 cm of vagina. The volumes of organs at risk (OAR) were digitized. Dwell positions were identified and registered in both the uterine tandem for each patient. For those receiving HDRB alone, the prescribed dose was 7 Gy x 5 fractions. Patients who were treated following external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) received 4 Gy x 5 fractions. The interfraction interval was 6-8 hours. The DVHs were computed for the CTV, bladder, rectum, and sigmoid colon. To compare doses of OARs, 1.0 cc, 2.0 cc, and 5.0 cc volumes receiving the highest dose were calculated from DVHs. 3D optimization was done to improve target coverage and decrease dose to critical organs and compared with the 2D orthogonal radiograph-based plan. The mean of percentage of prescribed dose +/- S.D to 1 cc, 2 cc, and 5 cc of the OARs of interest were as follows: Rectum 44 +/- 21%, 39 +/- 18%, and 33 +/- 15%; bladder 104 +/- 36%, 91 +/- 31%, and 73.9 +/- 24%; and sigmoid 124 +/- 35%, 109 +/- 30%, and 89 +/- 25%, respectively. The corresponding dose to ICRU 38 bladder and rectal points were 98 +/- 55% and 50.5 +/- 32%, respectively. The mean dose to uterine point and point A were 99 +/- 1.7% and 98 +/- 3%, respectively. The mean CTV volume was 160 +/- 89 cc with the percentage of volume getting 100% and 90% of the dose being 62 +/- 12% and 68 +/- 12% with 2D plan versus 57 +/- 8% and 67 +/- 8.9% with 3D plan. The dose to critical organs were reduced with 3D optimization for rectum, bladder, and sigmoid by 5.6% (p = 0.04), 20.6% (p = 0.02), and 26.8% (p = 0.005), respectively. Compared to the 3-D volume dose, the prescription points overestimated the dose to the target volume. The under-dosing was because of inability of two channel applicator to cover volumes in the region of the cervix and vagina. The dose to sigmoid colon was high and attention should be given to the sigmoid dose at the time of treatment planning. 3D planning helped in reducing the dose to the critical organs without compromising target coverage. Correlations with outcome are needed to better define the role of 3D dosimetry in treatment planning.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2005

[Characteristics of new cell cultures derived from embryonic tissues of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)].

INTRODUCTION: Cell cultures from insects are a useful methodology in technological and biomedical studies. OBJECTIVE: The present work was aimed at obtaining and characterizing cell cultures derived from Aedes aegypti embryonic tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Embryonated eggs were used for embryonic tissue explants in L-15/Grace and MMNP12 culture media, supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and a mixture of 1% antimycotic and antibiotics, at a pH ranging from 6.8 to 7.0. The incubation temperature was 28 degrees C; a CO2 atmosphere was not required. RESULTS: Cell growth was obtained in L-15/Grace medium three weeks after embryonic tissues explants. Six months were required for achieving a confluent monolayer. Twenty-eight serial cell subcultures were carried out from August 2003 to June 2004. Cell morphology was characterized as epithelial in the later subcultures. Karyotype morphometry as well as molecular and isozymatic profiles were established. The cultures were compared with adult samples from the species taken from the same colony and with cell lines derived from other insects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These cells are an important in vitro system in applied and basic research.

Aedes↗