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PubMed1990

[A comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of different methods for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis].

In this work the comparative evaluation of the sensitivity and serological specificity of the microcapsular agglutination (MCA) test, the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test and the microagglutination (MA) test are presented. In the MCA test leptospiral antigens, adsorbed on synthetic carrier capsules produced by Japan Lyophilization Laboratory, were used and the PHA test was made with the use of polyvalent erythrocyte diagnosticum. The study of blood serum samples from 46 leptospirosis patients revealed that the values of antibody titers in the PHA and MCA tests were 5.5-8.1 times higher than the traditional MA test. In the MCA and PHA tests antileptospiral antibodies could be detected as early as on days 1-3 of the disease when the results of the MA test were negative or very low. The maximum values of antibody titers in the MCA and PHA tests were detected on days 11-15 of the disease and in the MA test, on days 21-25. The MCA and PHA tests are genus-specific and permit the detection of antileptospiral antibodies irrespective of the serogroup of the infective agent. In the study of the blood sera of 40 patients with diseases of nonleptospiral etiology the MCA and MA tests yielded false positive results in 7.5% and the PHA test, in 12.5% of cases in titers below the diagnostic level. These data are indicative of high sensitivity and specificity of the serological tests used in this study.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

[Serological survey of human leptospirosis in a high risk population in Chile].

Two hundred and sixty five subjects with high risk works for leptospirosis were submitted to microscopic agglutination test for leptospira. 122 worked at animal farms, 71 in rice growing fields and 72 in slaughter houses. 30 control subjects were also tested. A total of 66 samples (22%) were positive, most of them with low titers. Percentage of positive reactions were higher for persons working in rice fields, followed by those working in slaughter houses and animal farms. The 21-40 year age group was most affected in all working sites. Serovars found most commonly were ichterohemorrhagic in rice field workers, hardjo and ballum in slaughter houses and pomona and hardjo in animal farms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Serological prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Plateau State, Nigeria.

Serum samples obtained from 1.537 cattle in the 14 local government areas (LGAs) of Plateau State of Nigeria were screened for the presence of leptospiral antibodies using 13 serovars in a modified microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Two hundred and twenty-two (14.4 p.100) of the cattle tested had leptospiral antibody titres of 1:100 or higher to one or more of the test antigens. The prevalence rates of antibodies to individual serovars were: hardjo (35.6 p.100), pomona (11.7 p.100), pyrogenes (11.7 p.100), canicola (9.5 p.100), grippotyphosa (7.7 p.100), bratislava (5.9 p.100), icterohaemorrhagiae (5.9 p.100), ballum (4.5 p.100), autumnalis (3.6 p.100), bataviae (2.3 p.100) and tarassovi (1.8 p.100). The serological prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in the various local government areas of Plateau State of Nigeria differed significantly (P less than 0.05; X2).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Small mammals as leptospirosis carriers on waste dumps].

In 1980-1986 the authors examined 2,720 small mammals (17 species) from six dumps of wastes in South-Bohemia serologically for leptospirosis. 397 small mammals from the agglomeration of Ceské Budĕjovice and 1,399 from four characteristic biotops in the valley of the river Vltava in South-Bohemia were investigated for a comparison. In small mammals from the dump of wastes at Ceské Budĕjovice antibodies against L. grippotyphosa were detected in 4.9%, against the serovars from the serogroup Sejroe in 2.6% and against L. icterohaemorrhagiae in 0.1%. In other five dumps of wastes only L. grippotyphosa antibodies were ascertained in small mammals, namely from 1.6% to 6.7%. In the agglomeration of the town Ceské Budejovice small mammals were positive in 4.0%, also for L. grippotyphosa only, in seven localities in the valley of the river Vltava with the same serovar in an average of 2.3%, with sorex-jalna in 0.1%.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Leptospirosis in Barbados. A clinical study.

A 39-month clinical study of leptospirosis was undertaken at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados. Eighty-eight patients had a confirmed diagnosis of the disease during the period. The major serogroups identified were autumnalis (including a new serovar bim), icterohaemorrhagiae, ballum and canicola. The majority of patients presented with jaundice (95%,) anorexia and headaches (85%), fever (76%) and conjunctival suffusion (54%). While abnormal creatinine levels were seen in 49% of patients on admission, only 16% were judged to have had renal failure. The urine to plasma urea ratio showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pre-renal azotemia. Cardiac arrhythmias and myocarditis occurred in 18% of patients and pericarditis in 6%. An elevated serum amylase was found in 65% of cases. The bilirubin level took 5.5 weeks to return to normal. Thrombocytopenia was shown not to be due to a disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a randomised trial of high dose penicillin did not reveal any benefit to jaundiced patients. The overall mortality during the study was 5.7%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Immunity to leptospirosis: antiserums in dogs and hamsters.

Resistance to clinical and renal leptospirosis in dogs injected with antiserum to Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola and Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated. The relationship between resistance induced in serum-injected hamsters was also demonstrated, using criteria of leptospiremia, renal infection, leptospiruria, and clinical signs of disease in dogs and death in hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Immunity to leptospirosis: bacterins in dogs and hamsters.

Resistance to clinical and renal leptospirosis in dogs vaccinated with a bacterin containing Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola and Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated. The relationship between resistance induced in vaccinated dogs and that induced in vaccinated hamsters was also demonstrated, using criteria of leptospiremia, renal infection, leptospiruria, and clinical signs of disease in dogs and death in hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Acute and reversible axonal polyneuropathy in post-leptospirosis].

A 53 year old woman presented, one month after an anicteric leptospirosis, an acute, asymmetrical, sensorimotor polyneuropathy involving the lower limbs. Electrophysiological study showed evidence of severe denervation, with normal motor nerve conduction velocities, indicating an axonal degeneration. Neuro-muscular biopsy showed signs of wallerian degeneration and perivascular infiltrates of epineural vessels. She received a corticosteroid therapy during 6 months and there was a nearly complete clinical recovery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Serological investigations for leptospirosis in humans in Columbia.

The authors examined serologically 353 clinically healthy persons in 5 localities in South Columbia for leptospirosis using the MAL-reaction with 15 serovars of 15 serogroups. The positivity was high - 18.4% namely with the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pyrogenes, Australis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Bataviae, Panama and Shermani. Sera reacted positive in titer levels of 1:400 and higher only with the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Panama and Shermani. In the total positivity were the serovars of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae with 30.8%, Grippotyphosa with 23.1%, Australis with 15.4%, Panama and Pyrogenes with 10.8% each, Pomona with 6.2%, Shermani with 4.6% and Canicola, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Bataviae with 3.1% each. The high positivity of the sera from the Mocoa for L.grippotyphosa was surprising - 20.7%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Results of leptospirosis examinations of human sera from El Salvador.

The authors examined 984 human sera for leptospirosis with the serovars from 15 serogroups serologically in 15 localities of El Salvador. In 17.5% of the sera the following reactions were found with serovars of 13 serogroups: Australis 6.8%, Pomona 5.5%, Grippotyphosa 3.2%, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Tarassovi each 2.1%, Javanica, Canicola, Pyrogenes, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Bataviae, Shermani, between 0.2%-1.4%. Men showed a 18.5% and women 17.0% positive reaction. Positivity increases with an increase in age, an increase was shown from 11.5% in the group of up to 10 years, to 40.4% in the group of 51 to 60 years, in the last age group of over 60 years a decrease was shown of 34.7%. In 8 localities we were able to compare the serological positivity of the population, the highest percentages were found in Fey Esperanza 35.1%, San Jose de la Montana 31.6% and Domus Maria 27.8%, the lowest in Credisa 6.4% and Ametepec 7.6%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Serological evidence of bovine leptospirosis in Malawi.

Two hundred and seventy-five serum samples from cattle in Malawi were tested as a pilot survey for Leptospira antibody titres. Fifty-nine (21.4%) of the animals were positive for leptospirosis, while 35 (12.7%) animals reacted inconclusively. Titres to L. hardjo and L. pomona serovars were the most prevalent. Results are also discussed with reference to the areas where samples were collected.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Leptospirosis: a forgotten cause of aseptic meningitis and multisystem febrile illness.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide spirochetal zoonosis that spans a clinical spectrum from a mild febrile illness to a severe icteric disease with renal failure (Weil's syndrome). The illness is characteristically biphasic with conjunctival suffusion and an "immune" meningitis during the later phase of illness. Most patients, even those with severe disease, recover without residual organ impairment. The diagnosis is confirmed by serology, by culture of blood or spinal fluid during the first phase of illness, or by culture of urine during the second phase. Doxycycline is the recommended therapy and is effective if given within the first several days of illness; it may also have a role in prophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Leptospirosis. Do you consider the diagnosis?

Patients with Leptospirosis, usually a water borne zoonotic disease, are likely to present themselves to Royal Naval primary health carers, who deal with a young active population, frequently participating in watersports. Leptospira, which belong to the order Spirochaetaceae, comprise of two distinct species. Within each species there are a number of serologically different serovars (serotypes), arranged in related serogroups. L. interrogans var Icterhaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans var Hebdomadis serovar hardjo are the most commonly reported organisms in Great Britain. Traditionally water and sewage workers have been amongst those most frequently infected, but with improved health care awareness this group has been overtaken by farmworkers, and a growing group of people engaged in aquatic sports. Symptoms of Leptospiral infection vary in severity from a mild flu-like illness to symptoms resulting from severe renal, hepatic or meningeal involvement. Mild symptoms respond to oral penicillin, erythromycin or tetracyclines, whilst more serious illness requires i.v. penicillin and supportive nursing. Spirochaetes can be detected in culture using darkground microscopy, and sero-conversion detected by IgM specific dot ELISA techniques. Suspected sera should be sent to PHLS Leptospira Reference Unit, County Hospital, Hereford. HR1 2ER. (Tel: 0432 277117).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Human leptospirosis in Reunion Island. A 3-year epidemiological study (1985-1987)].

During a three-year period (1985-1987), in Reunion Island, 252 cases of leptospirosis were clinically diagnosed in humans, and serologically confirmed. The epidemiological study showed a significant male predominance, presence during all ages of life; no month and no geographical zone are spared but maximal incidences are noted during periods of and in localities with the most important rainfall. Severe forms are frequent but mortality remains low.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The prevalence of leptospirosis and its association with multifocal interstitial nephritis in swine at slaughter.

An abattoir survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis and its association with lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis (so-called "white spotted kidneys") in swine at slaughter. Both cross-sectional and case-control study designs were used. Of 197 kidneys from hogs randomly selected at slaughter, 11 (5.6%) had generalized grey-white foci typical of multifocal interstitial nephritis (MFIN). Antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:80 against Leptospira pomona were detected in nine (4.6%) hogs and against L. bratislava in 63 (32%) of these hogs. Leptospira pomona (kennewicki) was detected by immunofluorescence in 5/197 (2.5%) of randomly selected hogs. Leptospires identified as genotype kennewicki were isolated from six (9.8%) of 61 kidneys cultured. Leptospira bratislava was not detected by immunofluorescence or culture. There was a highly significant (p = 0.00) and strong association (odds ratio (OR) = 195) between high L. pomona titer (greater than or equal to 1:80) and the presence of leptospires in the kidneys, as detected by culture. There was also a significant (p = 0.046) and strong (OR = 8.10) association between multifocal interstitial nephritis and the presence of renal leptospires as detected by culture. The association between leptospiral titer and MFIN lesions in the prevalence survey group of animals was statistically significant (p = 0.031), but this association was not significant in the case-control study group (p = 0.071) The failure to identify L. bratislava despite serological evidence of infection suggests that some of these seropositive animals may have been transiently infected at an early age, that serological findings were falsely positive, or that immunofluorescence and isolation attempts failed to detect L. bratislava if they were indeed present in the kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Results of serological examination for leptospirosis of domestic and wild animals in the Upper Nile province (Sudan).

195 domestic and 766 wild animals were serologically examined for leptospirosis. Cattle was found to be positive at titres 1 greater than or equal to 400 in 63.5%, namely 50.6% for Tarassovi, 17.1% for Sejroe-Hebdomadis, 9.4% for Bataviae, 1.2-3.5% for Icterohaemorrhagiae, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Australis, Pomona and Grippotyphosa. Sera from 35 animals reacted with the serovars from two or more serogroups. Of 7 sheep 1 was positive for Pomona and 18 goats proved to be negative. 10.2% of wild mammals were positive at titres 1 greater than or equal to 100, namely 3.5% for Icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.1% for Javanica, 1.7% for Pomona and 0.1-0.8% for Sejroe-Hebdomadis, Grippotyphosa Pyrogenes, Australis, Ballum, Bataviae, Cynopteri and Canicola. The sera of 10 animals were simultaneously positive with the serovars of two serogroups. Erinaceus albiventris, Eidolon helvum, Tadarida condylura and T. pumila, Cercopithecus aethiops, Genetta sp., Ichneumonia albicauda, Canis adustus and C. aureus, Felis silvestris, Leptailurus serval, Arvicanthis niloticus, Mus sp. and species from the subfamilies Tragelaphniae, Reduncinae and Gazellinae were serologically positive. The positivity rate in rodents was only 1.2%.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[The functioning of a drained natural focus of leptospirosis in a nonchernozem area].

The drainage of a natural focus of leptospirosis of the flood plain-swamp type, carried out over the period of 15 years, has led to changes in the species structure of small mammals and to an increase in the number of Leptospira-carrying species. Nevertheless, like before drainage, the prevalent species and the main carrier of leptospires is still the root vole (Microtus oeconomus Pallas). The intensity of the epizootic process among small mammals at the final stage of drainage has proved to be similar to that at the initial stage. At the same time the cultivated fields created on the drained territory of the natural focus abound, by the time of harvesting, with small mammals among whom the intensive epizootic process takes place.

Agriculture↗