Volunteer studies of deletion mutants of Vibrio cholerae O1 prepared by recombinant techniques.
Vibrio cholerae O1 A-B- vaccine strain JBK 70 and A-B+ CVD 101 prepared by recombinant DNA techniques from pathogenic EI Tor Inaba N16961 and classical Ogawa 395, respectively, were fed to 38 volunteers in single doses of 10(4) to 10(10). Although severe diarrhea did not occur in any vaccine, more than one-half developed mild diarrhea. These attenuated strains colonized well and elicited prominent vibriocidal and antitoxic (CVD 101) antibody responses. Recipients of a single dose of JBK 70 were significantly protected when challenged with 10(6) wild-type N16961. Diarrhea occurred in 7 of 8 controls but in only 1 of 10 vaccines (P less than 0.003, 89% vaccine efficacy), demonstrating the potency of immune mechanisms that do not involve cholera antitoxin. Further derivatives were prepared to explore the pathogenesis of the residual diarrhea, considering that either intestinal colonization by the vaccine itself or accessory toxins might be responsible. CVD 102, an auxotrophic mutant of CVD 101, did not cause diarrhea but colonized poorly and elicited feeble immune responses. Derivatives of JBK 70 and CVD 101 (CVD 104 and 105) deleted of genes encoding the EI Tor hemolysin still caused mild diarrhea. Genetically engineered strains can be colonizing, highly immunogenic, and protective single-dose oral vaccines, but they must be further attenuated before they can be considered for use as public health tools.