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PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic solvent abuse. 1. Cognitive sequelae.

Twelve adolescent males with a history of chronic solvent abuse were compared with 12 delinquent controls on a battery of neuropsychological tests. Toluene was the active constituent most commonly abused. Solvent abusers tended to have lower overall intelligence test scores. On the Bexley Maudsley Automated Screening Test, the solvent abusers scored significantly lower on tests involving visual processing, especially the Symbol Digit Coding test. These results are cautiously interpreted as indicating that chronic solvent abuse carries an increased risk of cognitive impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A pilot study of SPINE test scores and measures of tongue deviancy in speakers with severe-to-profound hearing loss.

Two developments show promise in the assessment and remediation of defective speech production in persons with hearing loss. A perceptual speech-intelligibility test, the SPINE (for Speech Intelligibility Evaluation), is a simple, clinician-administered instrument which is valid, reliable, and clinically efficient. In addition, the development of acoustic measures of tongue deviancy, computed from formant frequencies, makes possible a direct lateral visualization of tongue placement in relation to standard vowel placement. In this study, SPINE test scores of 28 persons with severe-to-profound hearing loss were correlated with two measures of tongue deviancy during production of the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/. For both measures of tongue deviancy, correlations with the SPINE were significant for the three vowels combined and for the isolated vowel /i/. These findings suggest that clinicians may ultimately have two different but complementary means of assessing speech production in persons with hearing loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Changes in cognitive functioning from 75 to 80 years of age: a 5-year follow-up in two Nordic localities.

The purpose of the study was to analyze changes and stability in cognitive functions among older persons aged from 75 to 80 years, as well as differences in this development between two Nordic localities. The number of subjects taking part in the follow-up phase was 188 in Jyväskylä, Finland, and 184 in Göteborg, Sweden. Cognitive functions were assessed using conventional memory tests (Digit Span Forward and Backward for assessing primary working memory; Visual Reproduction for visual memory) and intelligence tests (Digit Symbol for assessing psychomotor speed; Word Fluency for verbal ability; Raven's Matrices for non-verbal reasoning). With few exceptions, the mean test scores declined significantly among the retested men and women in both localities. Analyses showed that generally over half of the subjects maintained their level of performance over the 5-year period, while a part of the deteriorating minority had a steep decline. There were significant differences in the test performance between the localities both at the baseline and follow-up assessments, but few differences between women and men. On the whole, however, the groups of older women and men from the two Nordic localities had a similar pattern of cognitive development from 75 to 80 years of age.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Differences in event-related and induced EEG patterns in the theta and alpha frequency bands related to human emotional intelligence.

High (emotional intelligence scores (EIQ)=120) and average emotional intelligent individuals (EIQ=89) were solving tasks from an emotional intelligence test while their electroencephalogram was recorded. Significant differences relating to emotional intelligence were observed in induced and event related band power in the theta (4.4-6.4 Hz), lower-2 alpha (8.4-10.4 Hz), and upper alpha band (10.4-12.4 Hz). High emotional intelligent individuals displayed less desynchronization in the upper alpha band, as well as more left hemispheric theta desynchronization. Further a significant positive correlation between the mean frequency and emotional intelligence was observed. The results are similar to those reported for verbal and performance components of general intelligence.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1992

Visuo-perceptual impairment and cerebral lesions in spastic diplegia with preterm birth.

Eighteen cases of spastic diplegia (SD) ranging in age from 5 year 4 month to 9 year 5 month with preterm birth were studied to clarify the relationship between visuo-perceptual impairment and their cerebral lesions. All underwent neuropsychological examinations including the Frostig developmental test of visual perception, Tanaka-Binet or Suzuki-Binet intelligence test, and MRI examination. Cerebral lesions were detected in all subjects, and the volume of the peritrigonal white matter of the parietal and occipital lobes was significantly correlated with the visuo-perceptual impairment (r = 0.74, in the axial plane; r = 0.64, in the coronal plane). We propose that visuo-perceptual impairment is caused by cerebral lesions and that the measurement of peritrigonal white matter by MRI is useful for detecting potential visuo-perceptual impairment at an early age.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

[Primary study of pharyngeal flap surgery in congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To study effective operation method of congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency by reviewing clinical data of 29 patients with pharyngoplasties. METHODS: 29 patients (9 male and 20 female, ranged from 4 to 25 years old, mean age was 13.5) with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency were available for this study. All cases received Chinese speech intelligibility test and blowing test before and after the pharyngeal flap surgery. RESULTS: Chinese speech intelligibility of 29 cases who underwent pharyngoplasties was improved from 33.86% to 43.13%, and the blowing time was increased from 4.60 to 17.72 seconds, the degree of abnormal speech was reduced. CONCLUSION: The pharyngeal flap surgery is an effective method for congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency, which reduces hypernasality and increases oral pressure, improves the velopharyngeal function.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Neurodevelopmental outcome of patients after the fontan operation: A comparison between children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and other functional single ventricle lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare neurodevelopmental outcome (NDO) in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), other functional single ventricle lesions, and the standard population and to investigate predictors of NDO in the population of children with functional single ventricle (FSV). STUDY DESIGN: A time- and age-defined cohort of patients with the Fontan circulation was recruited to participate in neurodevelopmental testing, behavioral evaluation, and imaging of the central nervous system. The Wechsler Intelligence test was the primary measure of NDO. Analysis included comparison of patients with HLHS with other patients with functional single ventricles. Other potential clinical predictors of NDO were investigated. RESULTS: The mean Full Scale Wechsler Intelligence score was 101.4+/-5.4. For the HLHS subgroup the mean Full Scale Wechsler score was 93.8+/-7.3, and for the non-HLHS subgroup it was 107.0+/-7.0. Although the HLHS group had significantly lower scores than the non-HLHS subgroup, neither subgroup scored significantly different from the standard population on the Wechsler Scales. Socioeconomic status, circulatory arrest, and perioperative seizures also were predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome. CONCLUSION: Neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcome in patients who have undergone the Fontan procedure including patients with HLHS is good in the preschool and early school years, with Wechsler Intelligence scores generally in the normal range.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1996

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence: predictive validity in a random sample.

The predictive validity of The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence was investigated in a random sample of 100 boys and 96 girls from two Norwegian cities. Infants were assessed on the Fagan test between the ages of 7 to 9 months. A follow-up at 5 years included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) and three subtests from the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). Low internal consistency of the Fagan test was found, with alphas of .10 and .02 for the two study sites. Fagan test-score correlated significantly with WPPSI-Verbal IQ and with scores on ITPA Auditory Reception for both samples, but the mean correlation was as low as .22. The prediction was not significantly higher for infants tested before 8 months of age than for those tested later. The study raises questions about use of the Fagan test as a screening tool in a nonrisk population.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1984

The relation of infants' home environments to achievement test performance in first grade: a follow-up study.

In 2 earlier investigations, we found that scores on the HOME Inventory administered during the first 2 years of life were substantially correlated with intelligence test scores at ages 3 and 4 1/2. In the current investigation, HOME scores in first 2 years showed similar relations to SRA Achievement Test scores during the first grade. In general, findings from this study were like those from the earlier investigations except that the subscale, "maternal responsivity," showed a weaker relation to achievement than IQ; while the "variety of stimulation" scale showed a stronger relation. Of all the HOME subscales, "play materials" revealed the strongest correlation with first-grade achievement. When 12-month Bayley MDI scores were partialed out of the HOME/achievement relation, little reduction was noted in the magnitude of the correlation; however, when 3-year IQ or subsequent HOME scores were partialed out, little residual correlation was noted.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Immediate and delayed reinforcement on WISC-R performance for mentally retarded students.

Thirty white mentally retarded children were administered the WISC-R under one of three conditions: standardized testing conditions, standardized plus immediate reinforcement, standardized plus delayed reinforcement. One reinforcement group earned tokens immediately after each correct response and the other reinforcement group received their earned tokens halfway through and at the end of the IQ test. Both reinforcement groups exchanged their tokens for a variety of backup reinforcers at the halfway point and at the end of the test. Both the immediate and delayed reinforcement groups showed significantly better performance than the standardized testing group, although the two reinforcement groups did not differ from one another. Half of the children in each of the groups that earned tokens scored above the mentally impaired range while only one child in the standardized testing group scored above the mentally impaired level. Implications for the use of intelligence tests for mentally retarded students are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Constructing Czechoslovakia: the meaning of "intelligence" in Czechoslovak educational discourse, 1900-1939.

Before World War II, Czechoslovakia went through its constituting process, including the development of an educational system. We made an analysis of Czechoslovak discussions about educational uses of intelligence tests from a discourse-theoretic and social constructionist perspective. In particular, we examined which connotations became associated with the concept "intelligence" in educational scientific publications about possible educational uses of the newly introduced tests in the years 1900-1939. Results substantiate the inextricable entwining of the meaning of "intelligence" with the unique characteristics of the historical situation in Czechoslovakia before World War II.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

The influence of acquired intelligence on cerebral impairment in the elderly.

During a psychopharmacological trial, the inpatients of three geriatric nursing homes underwent a psychometric examination in which the Multiple Choice Intelligence Test (MWT-B) was used to determine the level of premorbid intelligence. The results seem to indicate that older people with mild to moderate organic brain syndrome and healthy elderly individuals show little difference with regard to their cognitive plasticity. Shaping conditions of the social sphere, as well as a performance-stimulating environment which continuously encourages independent behavior, appear to be of decisive importance for the protection of specific cognitive abilities and mobilization of reserve capacities. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Neuropsychological practice effects x age: a brief note.

This is a brief review of some literature on practice effects and age on neuropsychological testing. Research suggests that younger subjects show greater improvement when retested on intelligence tests than older persons. The implication is that the effects of neuropsychological practice may vary with the age of the person assessed. Suggestions for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Cognitive functions in Turner's syndrome].

BACKGROUND: In this article, the interrelations between biological and emotional factors in learning disabilities in Turner's syndrome are studied. METHODS: This is a transversal study with a 18 months neuropsychiatric follow-up. Five girls with the syndrome, aged between 12 and 22 years have been studied using Wechsler scales (WISC-R and WAIS), individual interviews and psychodiagnostic tests, to describe both their cognitive profile and psychological traits. RESULTS: The intelligence tests show selective impairments in visuo-spatial area, with lower score on performance IQ, especially in the sub-tests "Block Design" and "Object Assembly"; individual interviews and psychodiagnostic tests show signs of psychological disease, often consequences of this syndrome, and only in one girl with an associated diagnosis of psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological and environmental factors, as well as the genetics, may play an important role in the impairment of cognitive abilities, and the neuropsychological aspects may not be related only with the organic substrate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Neuropsychological and neuroradiological evaluation of a child with frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction following acute encephalopathy].

A 12-year-old boy showed abnormalities of higher brain functions following acute encephalopathy, in spite of almost normal intelligence. Neuropsychological tests and ordinary intelligence tests could clearly demonstrated his visual and auditory memory impairment and frontal lobe dysfunction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed lesions of the bilateral-temporal lobes, and single photon emission tomography showed reduced cerebral blood flow in the temporal and frontal areas bilaterally. The distribution of the lesions was compatible with his clinical symptoms and with the results of the neuropsychological tests. The combination of neuropsychological and neuroradiological examinations is helpful for evaluating higher brain functions precisely. We should make better use of these examinations in determining the most appropriate treatment for patients, particularly children with higher brain dysfunction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

The natural history of aminopterin-induced embryopathy.

A boy whose mother ingested aminopterin to induce abortion and who has the characteristic anomalies caused by fetal exposure to this drug, has been followed for 12.75 yr. Despite short stature, his growth velocity is normal, and both normal endocrine studies and a radiologic bone age, retarded consistently between 2.25 and 3.0 yr, allow a predicted adult height of over 150 cm. Intelligence testing has shown a rise in full scale IQ on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale from 64 to 80 with performance increasing from 70 to 92. Psychologic assessment suggests potential for self-support in adult years.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗