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PubMed2001

Intrauterine insemination in male factor subfertility: significance of sperm motility and morphology assessed by strict criteria.

The study was conducted to evaluate the results of IUI treatment in a homogenous group with male factor infertility, and to assess the correlation of sperm variables, including sperm morphology by strict criteria, with pregnancy achievement after IUI. A total of 108 couples with no apparent female aetiology for infertility underwent 264 intrauterine insemination treatment cycles. A comparison was made between the sperm variables in two groups in which the achievement of pregnancy differed. The percentage of motile spermatozoa, degree of motility and normal morphology (by strict criteria) were significantly higher in the pregnant group compared with that of the nonpregnant group. A significant difference in pregnancy rates per couple after intrauterine insemination was demonstrated among three groups according to the percentage of sperm morphology, i.e. poor (< 4%), fair (4-14%) or good (> 14%) (11.1%; 36.1% and 50.0%, respectively). Intrauterine insemination is a valid mode of treatment in cases with male infertility, provided that normal morphology by strict criteria is higher than 4%.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reproductive efficiency of three estrus synchronization schemes comprising fixed-time insemination in dairy cows.

The objective of this field trial was to compare the odds of pregnancy at 25 days (P25) and at 60 days (P60), of embryonic death (ED) between 25 and 60 days, and of non-pregnant cows returning to heat 20-25 days after artificial insemination (AI). Three fixed-time insemination protocols involving combined administration of either double gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandins (A) or GnRH, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and prostaglandins (B), or double treatment with prostaglandins (C) were used. Cows included in the trial were selected from five herds, comprising a total of 735 (herd size range 85-250, median 120) Holstein dairy cows. Animals used for the study were multiparous, 4-7 years of age, had expressed at least one overt postpartum heat, were between 60 and 120 days of lactation and had at least one palpable corpus luteum and no gross morphological anomalies of their reproductive tracts. They were randomly allocated to receive treatment A (n = 89), B (n = 93), or C (n = 65). Pregnancy of cows not observed in heat 18-24 days post AI was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography at 25-30 days and confirmed by rectal palpation at 60-75 days post AI. Those that were detected in heat in the normal period post AI were re-inseminated. No differences were detected among the three treatment groups concerning the odds of P25 (P = 0.5), P60 (P = 0.2) and ED (P = 0.13). In contrast, non-pregnant cows that were administered treatment A were less likely to exhibit estrous signs in the normal period post AI than those administered treatments B (P = 0.02) or C (P = 0.005).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Superovulation in cattle: practical aspects of gonadotropin treatment and insemination.

Embryo transfer (ET) in cattle has been used for the realisation of breeding programmes world-wide for more than 20 years. The efficiency of breeding technology, i.e. the breeding progress and costs, depends to a large extent on the results of superovulatory treatment and artificial insemination (A.I.). The results of this step are characterised by a high degree of variation. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to explain the reason(s) for this. Numerous attempts have also been made to clarify the importance of different factors affecting the results. Undoubtedly, the applied hormones and the scheme of insemination itself are main factors, which influence the number and the portion of transferable embryos. Therefore this paper is focused on the following aspects of superovulatory treatment with FSH: dose-response relations, bioactivity of the glycoprotein, FSH/LH ratio, ovulation time and time-oriented insemination, frequency of gonadotropin administration and follicular population at the time of gonadotropin application.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovulation induction in rabbit does submitted to artificial insemination by adding buserelin to the seminal dose.

This study was aimed at determining if a GnRH analogue, buserelin, could be used for ovulation induction in rabbit does submitted to artificial insemination (AI) by intravaginal administration, by adding the hormone to the seminal dose. In a first experiment, 39 secondiparous experimental does (Hyplus strain PS19, Grimaud Frères, France, of about 30 weeks of age) were divided into 3 groups of 13 does each, which at the moment of AI received the following treatments, respectively: (1) control: an intramuscular injection of buserelin (0.8 microg/doe), (2) 8 microg/doe of buserelin added to the insemination dose, and (3) 16 microg/doe of buserelin added to the insemination dose. The experiment was done using 3 consecutive cycles at 42 day-intervals (n = 39). Four does from each of the 3 groups had blood taken at the fourth cycle for LH determination at 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min relative to AI. Kindling rates were 82% (28/34), 56% (29/36) and 85% (33/39), respectively for treatments 1, 2 and 3. In the does of groups 2 and 3, LH peaks were detected 60 min after AI, whereas in the does from group 1, the LH peak was detected 90 min after AI. Prolificacy was not different for the 3 treatments (average litter sizes ranged from 10.4 to 10.8). In a second experiment, 3 buserelin concentrations (8, 12 and 16 microg/doe) were used intravaginally and compared with the control treatment (0.8 microg/doe, via intramuscular). This experiment was done using 100 nulliparous rabbit does (Hyplus strain PS19, Grimaud Frères, France, of about 19 weeks of age) (4 groups of 25 does each) located on a commercial farm, to test if the previous results would be confirmed under field conditions. Kindling rates were no different (P < 0.05) for the 4 treatment groups [91.7% (22/24), 79.2% (19/24), 87.0% (20/23) and 87.5% (21/24) respectively for the control, 8, 12 and 16 microg of intravaginal buserelin], however, prolificacy was higher when using the maximal dose of intravaginal buserelin (11.7 vs. 9.4 for the control group). It was concluded that buserelin can be used for ovulation induction in rabbit does when included in the seminal dose, with similar AI results as those obtained when the hormone is administered intramuscularly.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional stress-induced implantation failure in newly inseminated mice: effect of the presence of stud males.

Implantation failure was induced in a large proportion of newly inseminated female mice by food deprivation for 48 hrs beginning at 10.00 hr on day 4 post coitum. The presence of the stud male prevented implantation failure in food-deprived females. The protective effect on implantation in food-deprived females was not provided by the presence of a conspecific strange male. It is suggested that the newly inseminated female retains the olfactory "memory" of the stud male over a period of time after mating and this memory induces a luteotrophic effect in food-deprived females leading to the protection of implantation. The results also lend strong support to the view that the newly inseminated female mouse identifies her coital partner as an individual through olfactory cues.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2000

Subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotropin administration for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination cycles.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of administering human menopausal gonadotropin subcutaneously for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective nonrandomized matched-group comparison. Study patients (n = 25) undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination infertility treatment between June 1998 and March 1999 self-administered human menopausal gonadotropin subcutaneously for ovulation induction. Cycles (n = 39) were analyzed for duration of human menopausal gonadotropin treatment, total number of ampules of human menopausal gonadotropin used, peak serum estradiol level, number of mature follicles (> or =15 mm), cycle fecundity, and acceptability of the subcutaneous route of human menopausal gonadotropin administration. Age-matched historical control subjects who followed the same protocol except for the route of human menopausal gonadotropin administration, which was instead intramuscular, were used for comparison. RESULTS: Study and control cycles did not differ with respect to duration of human menopausal gonadotropin treatment (7.49 vs 8.18 d), total number of ampules of human menopausal gonadotropin used (17.44 vs 19.55), peak serum estradiol level (881 vs 769 pg/mL), number of mature follicles (>/=15 mm; 3.39 vs 2.92), or cycle fecundity rate (15.4% vs 17.9%). Two study patients were switched from subcutaneous to intramuscular administration because of minor local injection site reactions. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotropin administration for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination treatment cycles was generally well tolerated and yielded stimulation parameters and pregnancy rates similar to those associated with the intramuscular route. Patients subjectively preferred subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotropin administration because of the ability to self-administer the injections, the use of a smaller injection needle, and reduced muscular pain at the injection site.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Platelet-activating factor improves intrauterine insemination outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate intrauterine insemination pregnancy rates after human spermatozoa exposure to platelet-activating factor. STUDY DESIGN: Spermatozoa were incubated with platelet-activating factor in sperm-washing medium before intrauterine insemination. Patients whose sperm were incubated with sperm-washing medium alone served as controls. Pregnancy outcome was determined by ultrasonography (fetal heartbeat). RESULTS: Patients whose sperm were treated with exogenous platelet-activating factor had a significantly (P <.05) higher pregnancy rate (40%) than patients (20%) not receiving treatment. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of platelet-activating factor into a semen processing protocol, before intrauterine insemination, will significantly improve pregnancy rates. Platelet-activating factor may have a stimulatory effect on centriole-intact spermatozoa, enhancing their motility and fertilization success and resulting in improved pregnancy rates. Additional studies will elucidate the reproductive significance of platelet-activating factor activity in spermatozoa and its role in the establishment of pregnancy.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Assessing the risk of multiple gestation in gonadotropin intrauterine insemination cycles.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors for their ability to predict multiple gestation in women who undergo controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone/human menopausal gonadotropin) and intrauterine insemination. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective analysis of the clinical and laboratory variables that are associated with multiple gestation. Data for 6 variables in 678 cycles of gonadotropin/intrauterine insemination between 1990 and 1999 were analyzed with survival analysis, Cox regression analysis, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 99 clinical pregnancies among 678 cycles (14.6% per cycle) in 306 women. Of the 14 women with multiple gestations (14.1% of pregnancies), 11 women had twins, 2 women had triplets, and 1 woman had quadruplets. Age, days of gonadotropin treatment, total dose of gonadotropin, and number of follicles that were >or=15 mm at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin administration were statistically significant predictors of multiple gestation in >or=1 of the statistical models. CONCLUSION: The risk of multiple gestation with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/intrauterine insemination in this study was relatively low. In addition to age, several controllable variables that are associated with multiple gestation were identified.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reproduction and plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 in growth-hormone-transgenic female sheep before and after artificial insemination.

The transgenic sheep used in this study expressed an additional copy of the gene for ovine growth hormone (GH), so they had continuously high plasma concentrations of GH. They were used to test whether the GH transgene affected plasma concentrations of the metabolic hormones leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin, and whether these effects were associated with changes in conception, pregnancy or parturition following artificial insemination. Compared with control animals, the GH-transgenic sheep had higher bodyweight, lower body condition score and less subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05). These sheep also had lower plasma concentrations of leptin, higher plasma concentrations of insulin, and higher plasma concentrations of IGF-1 (P < 0.001). A similar proportion of GH-transgenic and control ewes came into oestrus, but the conception rate to artificial insemination was lower in GH-transgenic ewes than in the controls. Only four live lambs were recovered from 12 GH-transgenic ewes (33%) compared with 38 lambs from 43 controls (88%). This outcome was not associated with any difference in plasma progesterone profile in the period leading up to artificial insemination (Day 0). The GH-transgenic ewes had lower concentrations of FSH at all times measured (Day -19, Day -2 and Day 19). These results indicate that appropriate regulation of GH secretion from pituitary or peripheral tissues is necessary for normal reproduction and normal levels of metabolic hormones. Chronically high concentrations of GH were associated with increased levels of IGF-1 and insulin, and decreased levels of leptin.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Normal fertility in ewes after cervical insemination with frozen-thawed spermatozoa supplemented with seminal plasma.

The effect of seminal plasma (SP) on the motility, capacitation status, penetration through cervical mucus and fertility of frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa was examined. In the presence of SP, motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was better (P<0.001) and there were more uncapacitated and less acrosome-reacted cells in comparison with controls (P<0.001). Frozen thawed spermatozoa were also better able to penetrate cervical mucus after addition of SP. Addition of SP increased the percentage of ewes pregnant after insemination of frozen-thawed (39/94, 41.5% v. 51/92, 55.4%; P<0.05) but not fresh spermatozoa (34/55, 61.8% v. 42/58, 72.4% for 0 v. 30% SP in the resuspension medium). Moreover, SP improved pregnancy rates after cervical (14/50; 28% v. 25/49; 51%; P<0.05) but not intrauterine insemination (25/44; 56.8 v. 26/43; 60.5%) with frozen-thawed spermatozoa. In a second experiment, pregnancy rates were 30/45 (66.7%), 9/37 (24.3%) and 24/40 (60.0%) for ewes inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa in the uterus (control), cervix without SP and cervix after supplementation with SP, respectively (P<0.01 for unsupplemented v. supplemented spermatozoa). These experiments demonstrate that impaired function of cryopreserved spermatozoa can be overcome by addition of SP, resulting in normal fertility after cervical AI.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Fate and functional integrity of fresh and frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa following intrauterine insemination.

Ewes in a synchronized oestrus were inseminated (intrauterine) with fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa and the spermatozoa were either recovered from each section of the reproductive tract after the animal was killed (Experiments 1a and 1b) or after they were voided from the cervix (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1a, only 1.2+/-0.27% of the original inseminate was recovered. Placing a ligature at the base of the uterine horn in Experiment 1b led to the recovery of 3.0+/-0.33% of the original inseminate, located mainly in each uterine horn (33.1+/-5.48%), and each isthmic and ampullary region of the oviduct (2.9+/-5.48% and 4.0+/-5.48%, respectively). A higher proportion of spermatozoa recovered from the isthmus were uncapacitated when observed by chlortetracycline staining than those recovered from the uterus (26.4+/-1.92% and 15.6+/-1.92%, respectively, P<0.05). Experiment 2 showed that large proportions of spermatozoa were voided from the tract through the vagina, with similar numbers of fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa lost from the tract. However, frozen thawed spermatozoa were lost at a faster rate than fresh (P<0.05) and with a more advanced membrane state (66.8+/-1.30% and 53.2+/-1.30% were acrosome reacted respectively; P<0.001). Large numbers of recovered spermatozoa had lost their tails, with frozen-thawed spermatozoa more susceptible to tail loss than fresh spermatozoa (55.0+/-0.96% and 45.5+/-0.96% respectively; P<0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Microencapsulation of bovine spermatozoa for use in artificial insemination: a review.

A technique for microencapsulation of bovine spermatozoa has been developed with minimal spermatozoal injury and thus of potential use in artificial insemination. The polymers poly-l-lysine, polyvinylamine and protamine sulfate have proven best for membranes. Encapsulation has been successful with capsules ranging in size from 0.75 to 1.5 mm, and with sperm concentrations from 45 to 180 x 10(6) cells mL-1. Successful extenders include CUE, CAPROGEN, and egg yolk-citrate-glycerol (maximum 10% v/v egg yolk for normal capsular shape). Capsule fragility (ability to rupture under ageing and physical stress) is negatively related to membrane thickness which ranges from 1.92 to 5.32 microns (depending on the concentration of polymer used) and positively related to concentration of sperm encapsulated. Heterospermic studies have shown that encapsulated sperm are capable of fertilization in vivo, but are at a disadvantage to unencapsulated sperm when cows are inseminated at conventional times. Uterine retention of inseminates is favoured by capsules having a 'sticky' membrane. Using current procedures, preliminary homospermic fertility studies indicate that sperm encapsulated with poly-l-lysine or protamine sulfate may achieve normal fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Influence of pre-insemination douching and different semen extenders on fertility and hatchability of white Leghorn eggs.

1. White Leghorn hens were artificially inseminated twice weekly with undiluted semen or semen diluted (1:3) in Tris buffer, pH 6.8 or saline solution (9 g NaCl/l); with or without pre-insemination douching of the vagina with a solution of ampicillin. 2. Pre-insemination douching reduced the bacterial load of the vagina, resulting in an improvement in fertility and hatchability, with a proportionate reduction in the embryonic mortality. 3. The fertilising and hatching abilities of saline-diluted semen were comparable with those of undiluted semen. 4. Dilution of semen with Tris buffer significantly reduced fertility, but not hatchability.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2000

Transmission of classical swine fever virus by artificial insemination during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands: a descriptive epidemiological study.

In the course of the 1997-1998 CSF epidemic in the Netherlands, two semen collection centres (SCC) became infected. As an eradication strategy for an acute crisis situation, it was concluded that all semen of the boars at the SCCs collected and distributed in the risk period of 28 January to 7 March 1997 was potentially contaminated (suspect semen). As a consequence, a total of 1,680 pig herds, mainly located in the southern part of the Netherlands, were officially declared CSF suspect. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether infection of farms through contaminated semen played a significant role in the CSF epidemic. A total of 123 CSFV infected herds were identified, that had received suspect semen from one or both of the infected SCCs. In 87 out of these 123 infected herds, infection by way of artificial insemination (AI) could be excluded either according to the insemination information or the infection pattern observed. In only 21 herds, infection by way of AI was regarded as possible according to the insemination information and infection pattern. Owing to missing information, no conclusion could be drawn about the possibility of infection of 15 farms by way of AI. Thus, we conclude that at most 36 farms may have been infected through AI during the CSF epidemic in the Netherlands.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

An allergic reaction following intrauterine insemination.

Intrauterine insemination is a common procedure used for the treatment of different causes of infertility. Adverse reactions associated with this procedure are very rare and usually the procedure is well tolerated by the patient. We report a case of an allergic reaction after intrauterine insemination. The patient developed fever, difficulty breathing and wheezing in both lung fields. Although a low concentration of penicillin in the medium was used, it caused a significant allergic reaction. When intrauterine insemination was performed in subsequent cycles with an antibiotic-free medium, no allergic reaction occurred, and the procedure was well tolerated by the patient. A careful allergy history is essential in patients pursuing infertility treatment where antibiotics are utilized. Patients who are known to be allergic to penicillin should have semen prepared by an antibiotic-free medium.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

GnRH antagonists and mild ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination: a randomized study comparing different gonadotrophin dosages.

BACKGROUND: The precise role of GnRH antagonists in the armamentarium of drugs for stimulation of ovulation associated with intrauterine insemination remains to be clarified. In this study, we have compared two different protocols employing GnRH antagonists in order to determine the lower effective dose of gonadotrophins to use. METHODS: Sixty-six couples with unexplained infertility or moderate male subfertility were recruited. Starting on day 3 of the cycle, 32 patients were randomized to receive 50 IU of recombinant FSH per day, whereas 34 were treated with 50 IU of recombinant FSH on alternate days. Women received the GnRH antagonist Ganirelix at a dose of 0.25 mg per day starting on the day in which a leading follicle > or =14 mm in mean diameter was visualized, until HCG administration. Insemination was performed 34 h after HCG injection. RESULTS: The regimen with daily recombinant FSH was associated with a lower rate of mono-ovulation (53.3% versus 78.8%, P=0.06) but also with a higher clinical pregnancy rate per initiated cycle (34.4% versus 5.9%, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: A protocol of recombinant FSH 50 IU daily and GnRH antagonist may represent an effective and safe regimen for ovulation induction associated with intrauterine insemination.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The type of catheter has no impact on the pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: This study was done to test the hypothesis that intrauterine insemination (IUI) using a soft-tip catheter results in a higher live birth rate than IUI using a hard-tip catheter. METHODS: Five hundred and forty patients were randomized into those inseminated with a soft-tip catheter (group 1, n = 267) and those inseminated with a hard-tip catheter (group 2, n = 269). Four patients were excluded. Main outcome measures included pregnancy rate and live birth rate per cycle. RESULTS: Both groups were similar with regard to female age, duration of infertility, ovarian stimulation and sperm quality. No significant differences were observed between group 1 and group 2 regarding clinical pregnancy rate per cycle (20 versus 19%), live birth rate per cycle (15 versus 14%), multiple live birth rate per cycle (4 versus 6%) and multiple live birth per total of live births (5 versus 8%, overall 6%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis that IUI using a soft tip catheter results in a higher live birth rate per cycle than IUI using a hard-tip catheter was not confirmed in this study. Multiple live birth rate after treatment with low-dose gonadotrophins and IUI can be kept low (6%).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

A controlled study of human chorionic gonadotrophin induced ovulation versus urinary luteinizing hormone surge for timing of intrauterine insemination.

Forty-eight patients in a programme of intrauterine insemination (IUI) were randomized in a cross-over study. All were stimulated with clomiphene citrate (CC) and inseminated either after follicular rupture induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) or after a spontaneous urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. The HCG was administered when follicles of 18-22 mm in diameter were observed on ultrasound and IUI was performed 37-40 h thereafter. The monitoring of a urinary LH peak was carried out using a rapid urinary LH test. IUI took place approximately 22 h after detection of the LH surge. Overall, the pregnancy rates were 9.3% (4/43) after HCG induced ovulation and 20.5% (9/44) after spontaneous ovulation (P = 0.12). Analysis of mid-cycle events showed that following sonographic criteria, the HCG injection was performed significantly earlier in the cycle compared with the spontaneous LH surge. In addition, the mean diameter of the preovulatory follicles was significantly smaller and insemination was substantially earlier in the HCG induced cycles. These findings suggest that a beneficial effect arises from allowing the natural process of final follicular maturation to occur.

Adult↗