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PubMed2003

Empowerment psychotherapy with adolescent females of color.

We present an empowerment model that fosters strengths and promotes positive identity development among adolescent females of color. Race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are integrated in an African American context. A case study illustrates a strength-based approach to conceptualizing and treating a young, Black adolescent female in her cultural context. We conclude with clinical implications for using an empowerment-based approach in psychotherapy with culturally diverse adolescent females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Individual differences in the coming out process for gay men: implications for theoretical models.

One hundred ninety-nine self-defined homosexual males were asked about the ages at which milestone events occurred in the coming out process (i.e., initial awareness of same-sex attractions, same-sex acts, self-designation as homosexual, initial involvement in a long-term relationship, self-disclosures to significant others, and acquiring a positive gay identity). Overall findings indicated that an orderly developmental sequence underlies the coming out process; however, not all subjects progressed in a predictable fashion from an awareness of same-sex feelings through behavior to eventual self-labelling, self-disclosure, and final stabilization of a positive gay identity. A number of individual differences emerged: 18% of the sample labelled themselves "homosexual" in the absence of any overt same-sex sexual experience; 22% arrived at homosexual self-definitions while participating in a long-term relationship with another man; 23% adopted homosexual self-definitions only after involvement in such a relationship. Fifteen percent of the respondents indicated that they had not acquired a positive gay identity (i.e., were not glad to be gay). These individuals differed from the remainder of the sample on a number of significant measures reflective of psychological health. Significant differences were also found among three cohort groups with respect to age at occurrence of particular milestone events. Findings from the present investigation were explored in relation to both the theoretical conceptions and available empirical data concerned with homosexual identity formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Male prostitution and homosexual identity.

The documentary film on transvestites, The Queen, has a scene where a young man tells a friend about a recent job interview (Litvinoff, 1968). His friend asks, "Did you tell them you were a homosexual?" The young man, who did not get the job, answers, "No, they told me." What this interaction reflected was not just the fact of the young man's homosexuality, but the social fact: What it means to be homosexual in his culture and society. In this paper, I discuss the conduct of prostitution as one enactment of those meanings: Prostitution, as a social fact in the life of adolescent gay males, is understood by them to be linked with their homosexual identity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Learning the deictic meaning of third person pronouns.

Forty-two children (2;8-5;7) viewed video-taped "scenes' in which a SPEAKER addressed sentences containing a personal pronoun which referred to him/herself, the ADDRESSEE or a male or female OTHER. The child's task was to identify the referent of the pronoun. No other cues to the identity of the referent were given. Errors showed that initially gender was the variable used to identify referents and that person was used only later. Several of the oldest children still used only gender in some types of utterance situations. This was because the deictic roles OTHER and, to some extent, ADDRESSEE, were not fully understood until relatively late. Possible explanations concerned the use of Baby Talk to children and information processing necessary for referent identification.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The characterological basis of multiple personality.

This review has focused on the characterological features of dissociative identity disorder (DID), extending the "state versus trait" debate to the realm of the dissociative disorders. A number of different theories are presented describing DID as a variant of, on a continuum with, or being comorbid with the narcissistic and the borderline personality disorders. It is then hypothesized that DID is best considered a distinct characterological entity. Two theories are put forth, which describe a personality disorder whose predominant defense is dissociation. The more developed model which possibly has more explanatory value is the "dissociative character." In this schema, DID would be considered a lower-level dissociative character, utilizing primitive forms of dissociation in which splitting is enhanced by an autohypnotic defensive altered state of consciousness. These altered states originate in response to the overstimulation of external trauma, but get reactivated in the service of here-and-now intrapsychic conflicts. Recognition of this dual quality of dissociation seems helpful in psychodynamic treatment, which allows for analysis of the defense and analysis of the content of these states. The nature of the content of what is "in dissociation" appears to have a dreamlike quality to it that may correspond to previous trauma but also be subject to some secondary revision. There is clinical evidence to suggest that "dream work" of the ego is operative in both the representation of a separate self in dreams and in alter personalities. Another organizing influence which contributes to seemingly separate identities is that of perverse sexuality. It appears that a number of dissociated sexual pathways may be followed in the same individual, which encapsulate aggression, childhood trauma, anxiety, and a sense of self. When this exceedingly complex psychic structure is successful, it may then free up some ego to proceed with aspects of healthy development.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1999

African American women and substance abuse: an overview.

Contemporary trends and forces suggest that drug use and drug abuse among women may be rooted in a cultural context. Cultural patterns and experiences provide situations out of which women forge their sense of self, their identity, their concept of race and ethnicity, their notion of gender, and their sense of class. A woman's life experience and situation, and cultural roles and beliefs generally influence drug abuse. This paper builds on the cultural context of drug use by analyzing the socialization of women, and the life circumstances and socio-demographic experiences women face. Specifically, this cultural context framework forms the foundation for the prevention of drug abuse and the extent to which health professionals need to understand drug abuse and to treat women effectively across class, and racial and ethnic differences.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

Association of identity and intimacy: an exploration of gender and sex-role orientation.

This study examined Erikson's psychosocial crises of identity versus identity diffusion and intimacy versus isolation, focusing specifically on how sex-role orientation contributes to gender differences in the resolution of these two crises. Perceptions of competence in self-disclosure and emotional support in both same-sex friendships and relationships with heterosexual dating partners, along with achievement of ideological and interpersonal identity, were included in the study so that differences could be examined. First-year and fourth-year college students (n = 135) at a large midwestern university responded to measures assessing identity, capacity for intimacy, and sex-role orientation. When controlling for sex-role orientation, the relationship between identity and intimacy was nonsignificant for men but significant for women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sexual identity development in the context of compulsory heterosexuality.

This study analyzed the implications of sexual identity development for global, political, religious, and occupational identity development in 358 college students. Participants completed a written survey packet including the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) and measures of sexual identity, physical/sexual preference, and emotional/affective preference. Data from the EOM-EIS suggest that having a sexual minority identity (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or "other" nonheterosexual identity) and reporting strong same-sex sexual or physical preferences are linked with more advanced global, political, religious, and occupational identity development. Heterosexual-identified participants were more likely to score high on identity foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion, while sexual-minority-identified individuals scored higher on identity achievement. Individuals with strong same-sex physical/sexual preferences showed a pattern of results similar to those of sexual-minority-identified participants. Themes coded from a free-response question highlighted the finding that sexual-minority-identified participants more often viewed their sexual identity as salient and involving an effortful process. These individuals also stressed the importance of having support or modeling for their sexual identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

"You can't fight windmills": how older men do health, ill health, and masculinities.

Many health researchers have reported higher mortality and morbidity rates for men than for women. Various writers have argued that such differences reflect men's delay in seeking help when required and that reluctance to seek help reflects prevailing constructions of hegemonic masculinity. The authors report findings from an interview study of 12 older men's understandings of health and ill health. In describing health, participants constructed identities consistent with prevailing notions of hegemonic masculinity. When discussing ill health, they aligned themselves with less powerful identities that were inconsistent with the "ideal" hegemonic masculinity. Participants used a "time will tell" discursive formulation to negotiate transitions between hegemonic and subordinate identities. Delay in seeking help, accordingly, can be viewed as reflecting transitions in identity rather than hegemonic masculinity itself. These constructions are consistent with those found in other contexts and act to disadvantage men both in health terms and in identity terms.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Treatment of identity and intimacy issues in gay males.

A psychodynamic analysis of the presenting problems of many gay male clients reveals the frequent presence of issues related to identity and intimacy. This paper explores these concepts from the viewpoint of observed clinical phenomena, their likely antecedents, and treatment strategies based on a model of psychological health which balances identity and intimacy.

Dependency, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[Formation of sexual identity among 9th grade girls].

The present study was to explore the molding of sexual identity in early-adolescent females. First, a questionnaire was administered to 168 9th grade girls. Out of all the respondents, 12 who did not have conflicts with sexual identity as an accepting group and 10 who had them as a non-accepting group were selected for the interview. Analyses of the results revealed that the contents of their conflicts cover various phases of femininity, which are concerned with body, character, and sex role etc. Moreover, it was found that not only their good images of parents, but also those of males were important when they achieve their sexual identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transsexualism and transvestism].

The author examines the genetic and the psychodynamic points of view of transexualism and transvestitism, on the basis of literature and of his clinical experience. While the genesis of the syndromes still remain obscure, in spite of new psychodynamic hypothesis, it is now possible to understand the inner world of the parents better than ever before. The author is able to show by means of his own cases that on the basis of the syndrome is a personality development which is centered in the struggle of self-identity and which does not correspond to our definitions of neurosis or of psychopathy but, rather can assume, at least in some patients, very realistic traits of solving an objective problem of sexual identity.

Adult↗