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PubMed2000

A model for clinical evaluation of anti-microbial effects of agents on plaque colonization.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a new improved method of microbial analysis in a cross-over clinical study by investigating the efficacy of a single application of an essential oil-containing (EOC) dentifrice as compared to its vehicle control (VC) over a 6-hr period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acrylic stents with retention areas for 7, 3 mm x 3 mm hydroxyapatite (HA) squares were fabricated for 12 subjects. 30 min following stent placement, one HA square was removed and sampled for viable microflora. After stent replacement, subjects were assigned either the EOC dentifrice or its VC and brushed under supervision for 1 min. Stents remained in place for the next 6 hrs. A HA square was removed at hourly intervals for 6 hrs following brushing. The microflora was analyzed for total anaerobes on Schaedler's media, for total gram-negative anaerobes on Schaedler-NV selective media, and for total Fusobacterium species on CVE selective media. Plates were incubated anaerobically at 37 degrees C for 2-5 days. Colony forming units were calculated. For each time point, pairwise t-tests were performed using the adjusted means and the pooled error term from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Treatment with the EOC dentifrice resulted in a statistically reduced plaque growth. Differences were seen as reductions in: (1) total gram-negative anaerobes seen from 1-6 hrs (P < or = 0.011), (2) total anaerobic bacteria which achieved significance at 3 hrs and continued through 6 hrs (P < or = 0.005), and (3) Fusobacterium species as seen from 4-6 hrs (P < or = 0.002).

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Susceptibility of the liver and biliary tract to anaerobic infection in extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction. Bacteriological investigations - an experimental study in rabbits.

The influence of common duct occlusion on susceptibility to infection with anaerobic gram-negative rods was investigated in rabbits. Intravenous inoculation was performed with three B. fragilis strains isolated from human infections and with a stock culture of Fusobacterium mortiferum. Liver tissue, gallbladder, bile, and blood were investigated. Anaerobic culture procedures were based on the use of a 'glove-box' with an oxygen-free atmosphere and pre-reduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Anaerobic transport was based on flushing of samples with oxygen-free carbon dioxide and transport-time less than 30 minutes. In regard to two B. fragilis strains (ss. fragilis) and in regard to Fusobacterium mortiferum, common duct occlusion significantly increased the number of infected animals compared to a control group of inoculated animals without common duct occlusion. Spontaneous infection did not arise in a control group of animals with common duct ligation. It is concluded that: 1) in biliary tract occlusion, anaerobic bacteria are able to invade the biliary tract from the blood stream, and 2) biliary tract occlusion produces sufficient anaerobic conditions for obligate anaerobic bacteria to multiply in the bile.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microbiologic and radiographic analysis of ligature-induced peri-implantitis with different dental implant surfaces.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to evaluate microbiota and radiographic peri-implant bone loss associated with ligature-induced peri-implantitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six dental implants with 4 different surfaces (9 commercially pure titanium, 9 titanium plasma-sprayed, 9 hydroxyapatite, and 9 acid-etched) were placed in the edentulous mandibles of 6 dogs. After 3 months with optimal plaque control, abutment connection was performed. On days 0, 20, 40, and 60 after placement of cotton ligatures, both microbiologic samples and periapical radiographs were obtained. The presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Campylobacter spp, Capnocytophaga spp, Fusobacterium spp, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, and Candida spp were evaluated culturally. RESULTS: P intermedia/nigrescens was detected in 13.89% of implants at baseline and 100% of implants at other periods. P gingivalis was not detected at baseline, but after 20 and 40 days it was detected in 33.34% of implants and at 60 days it was detected in 29.03% of dental implants. Fusobacterium spp was detected in all periods. Streptococci were detected in 16.67% of implants at baseline and in 83.34%, 72.22%, and 77.42% of implants at 20, 40, and 60 days, respectively. Campylobacter spp and Candida spp were detected in low proportions. The total viable count analysis showed no significant differences among surfaces (P = .831), although a significant difference was observed after ligature placement (P < .0014). However, there was no significant qualitative difference, in spite of the difference among the periods. The peri-implant bone loss was not significantly different between all the dental implant surfaces (P = .908). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that with ligature-induced peri-implantitis, both time and periodontal pathogens affect all surfaces equally after 60 days.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1992

Numerical taxonomy of Bacteroides and other genera of Gram-negative anaerobic rods.

A numerical taxonomy was performed on 157 cultures (141 different strains) of species of Bacteroides, Polyphyromonas, Prevotella [not Prevotella (Labroue, 1976)] and Fusobacterium. Isolates were each tested for 111 phenotypic characters which included possession of constitutive enzymes, fermentation of specific carbohydrates, gas chromatographic analysis of metabolic end-products and of cellular carboxylic acid composition. Computation of similarity coefficients was followed by a single-linkage cluster analysis. At the 94% similarity level, the following groupings at genus level were apparent: (1) Bacteroides ureolyticus; (2) Fusobacterium mortiferum, F. necrogenes, F. necrophorum, F. nucleatum and F. varium; (3) B. caccae, B. distasonis, B. eggerthii, B. fragilis, B. merdae, B. ovatus, B stercoris, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformus and B. vulgatus; (4) B. splanchnicus; (5) Porphyromonas asaccharolytica; (6) B. bivius (Prevotella bivia); (7) B. disiens (P. disiens); (8) B. intermedius (P. intermedia);and (9) B. melaninogenicus (P. melaninogenica). Single isolates of B. ruminicola (P. ruminicola), B. denticola (P. denticola) and B. capillosus did not cluster with other strains.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1990

[Morpho-functional characteristics of bacterial species of major importance in endodontic infections].

Most of the bacteria involved in the endodontic infection can be considered as "highly specific", for they appear to be almost irrelevant in the large field of the other human disease from infection. Namely the most important anaerobia responsible for endodontic infection are: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Veillonella. The group of Bacteroides is composed by several species with different metabolic and genetic characteristics. They are Gram-, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods. Fusobacterium are spindle-shaped, Gram-, non motile, non-spore-forming bacilli. Peptostreptococci are round-shaped, Gram+, non-motile cocci. Veillonella are small, Gram-, non-motile cocci.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1986

[Activity of cefotetan against anaerobic bacteria].

We determined the susceptibility to antibiotics of 64 strains of obligate anaerobes. Tested bacterial strains were as follows: 28 Bacteroides fragilis, 22 Fusobacterium nucleatum, 10 Clostridium perfringens, and 4 Bacteroides bivius. Tested antibiotics were cefotetan, cefoxitin and piperacillin. Cefotaxime was tested against 20 Bacteroides fragilis strains. Bacteroides fragilis, which is the most resistant species, was susceptible to cefotetan, cefoxitin and piperacillin, with comparable MICs for these three drugs (0.5 to 16 micrograms/ml); cefotaxime was less effective (MICs = 0.5 to 128 micrograms/ml). Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium perfringens were highly susceptible to cefotetan, cefoxitin and piperacillin.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1985

Beta-lactamases in anaerobic bacteria.

The known mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance in anaerobic bacteria involve production of beta-lactamases, alteration of penicillin-binding proteins and blocked penetration of beta-lactams through the outer membranes. The most important factor in beta-lactam resistance is production of beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamases in various Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Clostridium species have been described. Beta-lactam resistance in Bacteroides fragilis is most commonly mediated by beta-lactamase production mainly of cephalosporinase character. Recent studies have also shown that B. fragilis can produce a penicillinase which inactivates piperacillin and carbenicillin. Enzymes inactivating cefoxitin and imipenem have also been isolated from B. fragilis. The Bacteroides non-fragilis species produce beta-lactamases of mainly penicillinase character. Recently a penicillinase from Fusobacterium nucleatum has been characterized. Among the clostridia, Clostridium butyricum, C. clostridiiformis and C. ramosum have been shown to produce penicillinases.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1983

[Proportion and frequency of 3 kinds of anaerobic bacteria in relation to the gingival index].

The proportion and frequency of three groups of particular bacteria (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and spirochetes) were studied in relation to the gingival index on the sites from which they were sampled. Seventy eight samples collected from 40 individuals were studied together with measurements of the gingival index and the pocket or sulcus depth. The samples were dispersed by ultrasonic treatment, diluted and cultured on a non-selective medium. The identification of the species was done by biochemical tests and by analysis of the metabolic products with gas chromatography. As a whole, our results support the hypothesis of an important change in the microbial flora from a clinical healthy status (with predominant Gram positive facultative anaerobic bacteria) to disease (with predominant Gram negative strict anaerobic bacteria). Furthermore the results suggest that Bacteroides gingvalis as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum and spirochetes through their high frequency and important proportion at the affected sites played an etiological role in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontis Man.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Fusobacteria in Antibacterial agents.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 45 antimicrobial agents were established by the agar dilution method for 37 strains of Bacteroidaceae: Bacteroides fragilis (18 strains), B. thetaiotaomicron (8 strains), Fusobacterium nucleatum (6 strains), and Fusobacterium spp. (5 strains). The fusobacteria tested showed good susceptibility to beta-lactam-antibiotics, tetracyclines, lincomycins, and nitroimidazole compounds. Bacteria of the B. fragilis group were resistant to most of the penicillins and cephalosporins and could not be suppressed with certainty by nitroimidazoles and older tetracyclines. Doxycycline and minocycline, however, showed sufficient activity, and all our Bacteroides strains tested were sensitive to clindamycin. Especially the good in vitro susceptibility of all Bacteroidaceae strains investigated to cefoxitin may offer new therapeutic possibilities.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

[The distribution of normal oral flora in 49 healthy children and juvenile].

The frequencies and proportions of predominant cultiv ableoral bacteria associated with 49 healthy children and juvenile (6-25 yr old) were studied. A total of 72 bacterial species belonging to 28 genus were detected in 195 samples of saliva, fissure plaque, supragingival plaque, and subgingival plaque. The predominant bacteria were Oral streptococci, Neisseria, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium in the normal oral cavity of healthy children and juvenile. There were differences in the distribution of the predominant flora, e.g. Fusobacterium and Bacteroides had higher incidence and proportion in the subgingival plaque than in the fissure plaque.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[In vitro activity of 10 antibiotics including pristinamycin and its two components (RP 12536 and 27404) against strict anaerobes].

The activities of the pristinamycin and its two components (RP 12536 and RP 27404) were investigated using the reference agar dilution method M11A3, on 175 anaerobic strains in comparison with that of erythromycin, clindamycin, metronidazole, amoxycillin either alone or combined with clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefotetan and cefotaxime. beta-lactamase production was detected for all the 55 B. fragilis group strains and 8/12 Prevotella and 2/18 Fusobacterium strains, respectively. On the whole anaerobes, resistance rates (%) were respectively: RP 27404 (69), RP 12536 (64), pristinamycin (5) erythromycin (31), clindamycin (17), metronidazole (7) amoxycillin (24), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (2), piperacillin (7), cefoxitin (14), cefotetan (21) and cefotaxime (27). RP 27404 and 12536 had low activities on anaerobes but acted synergistically as pristinamycin. The greatest anti-anaerobic potencies were obtained with amoxycillin-clavulanic acid combination, pristinamycin, metronidazole and piperacillin. As resistance was not found for pristinamycin among Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Gram+ rods and Peptostreptococcus, this streptogramin may be an appropriate agent for the treatment of periodontitis, pulmonary, ENT, gynecologic and soft tissue infections where these anaerobes are frequently involved.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the microbiological characteristics of acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis (AECS). SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: Thirty-two patients with chronic sinusitis and 30 patients with AECS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of maxillary AECS and chronic maxillary sinusitis. RESULTS: A total of 81 isolates (33 aerobic and 48 anaerobic) were recovered from the 32 cases (2.5 per specimen) with chronic sinusitis. Aerobes alone were recovered in 8 specimens (25%), anaerobes only were isolated in 11 (34%), and mixed aerobes and anaerobes were recovered in 13 (41%). The predominant aerobic and facultative bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus. The predominant anaerobic bacteria were Peptostreptococcus subspecies, Fusobacterium subspecies, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, and Propionibacterium acnes. Twenty-one beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were recovered from 17 specimens (53%). A total of 89 isolates (40 aerobic and facultatives, and 49 anaerobic) were recovered from the 30 patients (3.0 per specimen) with AECS. Aerobes were recovered in 8 instances (27%), anaerobes only in 11 (37%), and mixed aerobes and anaerobes were recovered in 11 (37%). The predominant aerobes were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae, and S aureus. The predominant anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus subspecies, Fusobacterium subspecies, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, and P acnes. Thirty-six beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were recovered from 28 specimens (53%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the organisms isolated from patients with AECS were predominantly anaerobic and were similar to those generally recovered in patients with chronic sinusitis. However, aerobic bacteria that are usually found in acute infections (eg, S pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) can also emerge in some of the episodes of AECS.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Bacteriology and beta-lactamase activity in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the bacteriology and beta-lactamase enzyme activity in aspirates of 10 acutely and 13 chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses. RESULTS: The predominant organisms isolated in acute sinusitis were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, and those found in chronic sinusitis were Prevotella species, Fusobacterium species, and Peptostreptococcus species. Four beta-lactamase-producing organisms (BLPOs) were isolated in four specimens (40%) obtained from acutely inflamed sinuses, and 14 BLPOs were recovered from 10 chronically inflamed sinuses (77%). The predominant BLPOs in acute sinusitis were H influenzae, and M catarrhalis; those in chronic sinusitis were Staphylococcus aureus, Prevotella species, Fusobacterium species, and Bacteroides fragilis. CONCLUSIONS: Beta-lactamase activity was detected in 12 (three in acute and nine in chronic sinusitis) of the 14 aspirates that contained BLPOs. The detection of beta-lactamase activity in sinus aspirates provides support for the role of BLPOs in the failure of penicillin therapy in sinusitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Inactivation of anaerobic bacteria by various photosensitized porphyrins or by hemin.

The photodynamic effects of deuteroporphyrin (DP), hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), hematoporphyrin (HP), or protoporphyrin (PP) on a variety of anaerobic microorganisms were examined in this study. The majority of the species, among the 350 strains tested, were inhibited by concentrations of < or = 2.5 micrograms/ml of light-activated DP. Species found to be resistant to this treatment included Bilophila wadsworthia, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Fusobacterium varium, and Bacteroides gracilis. These species were inhibited by concentrations of > 60 micrograms/ml of DP. The porphyrin-producing species, Porphyromonas and Prevotella spp, were all inhibited by < or = 2.5 micrograms/ml DP and light. Comparing the photodynamic activity of the porphyrins used on Porphyromonas strains resulted in the following pattern: DP > HPD > HP > PP. Porphyromonas spp., Gram-positive cocci, and many Gram-positive rods (excluding clostridia) were inactivated by hemin (a metal-containing porphyrin) at 10-20 micrograms/ml. Hemin inhibitory action was not affected by light. Binding and insertion of DP into bacteria (both inactivated and non-inactivated strains by DP and light) were monitored by the characteristic fluorescence band of bound DP at 622 nm. Porphyromonas spp. bound DP tightly, whereas only low binding was seen with B. wadsworthia and other DP-resistant species. High binding of DP to B. wadsworthia can be achieved by pretreatment of the bacteria with imipenem or cefoxitin, beta-lactam agents known to interfere with the integrity of the cell wall. If cell wall integrity is disturbed (e.g., by these agents), inactivation of B. wadsworthia by DP can occur.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1980

Lipopolysacharides from anaerobic gram-negative rods.

The chemical composition and antigenic specificity of the cell wall lipopolysaccharides of the two main groups of Bacteroidaceae, Fusobacterium and Bacteroides species, are reviewed. Cell wall lipopolysaccharides from Fusobacterium species contain 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate and heptose, but lipopolysaccharides isolated from Bacteroides species do not.

Bacteroidaceae↗
PubMed1998

Aerobic and anaerobic infection associated with malignancy.

The goal of this work was to study the microbiology and clinical characteristics of patients with infections associated with malignancy treated over a period of 17 years. A total of 668 specimens were obtained from 605 patients. The malignancies include 224 hematological malignancies and 381 nonhematogenic malignancies. Anaerobic bacteria only were isolated in 201 (30%) specimens, aerobic bacteria in 226 (34%), mixed aerobic-anaerobic bacteria in 231 (35%) and Candida spp. in 10 (1%). A total of 683 anaerobic (1.0 isolates per specimens) and 592 aerobic or facultative (0.9 per specimen) organisms were recovered. The predominant anaerobic bacteria included Bacteroides fragilis group isolates (181), Peptostreptococcus spp. (166), Prevotella spp. (106), Clostridium spp. (70), and Fusobacterium spp. (43). The predominant aerobic bacteria included Escherichia coli (133), Staphylococcus aureus (100), Klebsiella pneumoniae (48), and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (45). The type of infections included abscesses (221), bacteremia (198), wounds (175), including 61 cellulitis, 24 post-surgical wounds and 23 decubitus ulcers), peritonitis (48), empyema (12), cholecystitis (6) and thrombophlebitis (5). S. aureus and Peptostreptococcus spp. were isolated from all sites. However, organisms of the oropharyngeal flora (Prevotella and Fusobacterium spp.) predominated in local infections and bacteremia that originated from this site (head and neck wounds and abscesses and pulmonary infections), and organisms of the gastrointestinal tract flora predominated in infections that originated from this site (peritonitis, abdominal abscesses and decubitus ulcers). This retrospective study demonstrates polymicrobial features of many infections associated with malignancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Anaerobic osteomyelitis and arthritis in a military hospital: a 10-year experience.

PURPOSE: The methods of collecting, transporting, cultivating, and identifying aerobic bacteria in bone and joint infections have improved markedly since the early 1980s. In addition, many of the anaerobes have been reclassified and renamed. The purpose of this study was to provide more current information regarding the incidence of recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens of infected bone and joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens from 73 infected bone specimens and 65 infected joints inoculated on media supportive for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria showed bacterial growth. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven organisms (2.2 isolates/specimen), consisting of 122 anaerobic bacteria (1.7 isolates/specimen) and 35 facultative or aerobic bacteria (0.5 isolate/specimen), were recovered from the 73 bone specimens. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered with aerobe or facultative bacteria in 24 (33%) instances. The predominant anaerobes were Bacteroides species (49 isolates), anaerobic cocci (45), Fusobacterium species (11), Propionibacterium acnes (7), and Clostridium species (6). Conditions predisposing to bone infections were vascular disease, bites, contiguous infection, peripheral neuropathy, hematogenous spread, and trauma. Pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas species were mostly isolated in skull and bite infections (7 of 19), members of the Bacteroides fragilis group in hand and feet infection (12 of 16), and Fusobacterium species in skull, bite, and hematogenous long bone infections. Seventy-four organisms (1.1 isolates/specimen), consisting of 67 anaerobic bacteria (1.0 isolate/specimen) and 7 facultative or aerobic bacteria (0.1 isolate/specimen), were isolated from 65 joint specimens. The predominant anaerobes were P. acnes (24 isolates), anaerobic cocci (17), Bacteroides species (10), and Clostridium species (5). Predisposing conditions to joint infection were trauma, prior surgery, presence of a prosthetic joint, and contiguous infection. P. acnes isolates were associated with prosthetic joints, members of the B. fragilis group with hematogenous spread, and Clostridium species with trauma. The clinical presentation of these cases is discussed. CONCLUSION: These data highlight the importance of anaerobic bacteria in bone and joint infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Obligately anaerobic bacterial species isolated from foot-rot lesions in goats.

Lesions showing clinical signs of foot-rot from 120 goats were cultured on six selective media during October 1987 to November 1988. A total of 582 strictly anaerobic microorganisms belonging to 50 different species was isolated and identified. The anaerobes most frequently isolated belonged to the following genera: Bacteroides (80%), Peptostreptococcus (63.6%), Megasphaera (40%), Fusobacterium (29.2%), Clostridium (22.5%), Propionibacterium (12.5%), Eubacterium (11.7%) and Leptotrichia (10.8%). Percentages for Acidaminococcus, Peptococcus, Tissierella, Wolinella and Veillonella were below 10%. The following species were identified in 10% or more of cases: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (61.7%), Bacteroides buccae (51.7%), Bacteroides nodosus (42.5%), Megasphaera elsdenii (40%), Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis (22.5%), Fusobacterium necrophorum (19.2%), Leptotrichia buccalis (11.7%) and Clostridium perfringens (10%). Lower percentages were obtained for the remaining species. The efficiency and selectivity of the six culture media used for isolation are discussed.

Animals↗