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PubMed1990

Loglinear models, sexual behavior and HIV: epidemiological implications of heterosexual transmission.

An analysis is presented of sexual behaviour data from a "random" sample (n = 780) of the adult population of England and Wales. Sex stratified frequency distributions of the reported number of sex partners/time were analysed for heterosexuals, demographic characteristics associated with the number of sex partners/time were identified, and epidemiological parameters (the basic reproductive rate of HIV and the doubling time of the epidemic) were calculated. These analyses suggest that the size of the group at risk for acquiring the virus by heterosexual transmission may be large and that the age of first sexual intercourse (for males and females) is decreasing in younger cohorts. Members of the potential heterosexual at-risk group may be identified by demographic variables such as marital status (males and females) and age (females only), but not by socioeconomic class. The epidemiological implications of our results for the heterosexual transmission of HIV are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosocial aspects of AIDS. II: Sex habits of HIV patients].

A sample of 21 AIDS patients were interviewed in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona in order to assess their sexual behaviour. 12 were DAPV and 9 homosexual. The first sexual intercourse was before 16 years of age in 80% of the patients. 52% were highly promiscuous, an important factor in HVI infection. 57.1% referred anal coitus as a common sexual practice, most of them receptive (42.8%). Only 28.5% of the sample used preservatives, although not as a common practice. 38.9% never applied hygienic measures after sexual intercourse. This lack of preventive measures is extremely severe in IVDU patients, since sexual infection may occur in non-IVDU partners.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

[Fertility of smokers and nonsmokers].

The contradictory findings concerning the influence of smoking on spermatogenesis that have so far been presented in literature were derived from fertility patients in retrospective studies; our data, in contrast, are based on a blind study of 333 voluntary test persons. The data of 95 smokers and 83 non-smokers remained to be evaluated after application of the following exclusive criteria: comparatively high consumption of alcohol, taking of drugs, taking of medicine, radioactive exposure, and genital diseases. Significant differences between the two groups were only found with regard to behavior; smokers revealed a higher rate of divorces, they drank alcohol and took drugs more frequently, and had had the first sexual intercourse at an earlier age than non-smokers. On the other hand, all spermatological parameters as well as the outcome of cytophotometric examination of the spermatozoon DNA showed a close correlation between smokers and non-smokers. Although an individual (toxic?) reaction to tobacco smoking cannot be ruled out, our findings lead to the conclusion that cigarette smoking has no detrimental influence on the spermatogenesis of healthy men between the age of 20 and 40.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A study of low socioeconomic status, black teenage fathers and their nonfather peers.

Demographic background, attitude and knowledge about pregnancy and contraception, and family characteristics and dynamics of 100 teenage fathers were studied and compared with those of 100 nonfather, age-matched peers. The subjects' age ranged from 14 to 19 years with a mean age of 17.5 years. Nearly all subjects were black and were from families of low socioeconomic status. There were no differences between the two groups for age at first sexual intercourse (mean 12.5 years) and frequency of intercourse in the last year. More control subjects than fathers perceived pregnancy as disruptive of their future plans for school, job, and marriage. Teenage fathers were more likely to have mothers who were teenage parents (77% v 53%, P = .0007). In both groups, one third of their brothers and 44% of their sisters were teenage parents. Both groups had poor knowledge about the risk of pregnancy and the effectiveness of contraceptives. In both groups, negative attitudes about contraceptives represent barriers to their use. Both groups of subjects became sexually active at young ages, had poor knowledge about pregnancy prevention, and often had unprotected intercourse. Although there were many similarities between the two groups, the teenage fathers, in particular, seemed to come from an environment in which teenage pregnancy was common, accepted, and perceived to be minimally disruptive of their lives now or in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Analysis of a continuous series of 421 genital condylomata. Epidemiology and diagnosis].

421 patients who had genital condylomata were studied between 1979 and 1984. The majority of these patients were aged between 20 and 40 years and had had their first sexual intercourse at between 18 and 20 years of age. Most of them used oral contraception. They had had no children or one or more abortions. 10% of them had taken corticoids in the immediate period before reporting their condition. The diagnosis was made by colposcopic examination, by cytology and by histology. The diagnosis was suggested by colposcopy in two-thirds of the cases. Koilocytes were not found in about one third of the cases cytologically. Similarly koilocytic atypia was missing histologically in many cases. It is worth while looking for cellular hyperactivity. The definitive diagnosis is made when the virus is identified. This is essentially done by the hybridation test in D.N.A.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative evaluation of abnormal cytology, colposcopy and histopathology in preclinical cervical malignancy during pregnancy.

The results of a two-and-a half-year study on cytodetection of preclinical cervical malignancy during pregnancy are presented. Of 3,534 pregnant women, 125 (3.5%) had cytologic diagnoses of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ or microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. These results are compared with those obtained from colposcopy and from tissue diagnosis following biopsy, cervical conization and hysterectomy. They are also analyzed in relation to the patients' age, parity and age at first sexual intercourse. The management of these patients during pregnancy is discussed, especially with regard to the authors' experience in dealing with patients from very poor socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Condom: its role in the prevention of AIDS].

Since no effective vaccination is available, protection is our only arm against the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus. For public health officials and associations working against the spread of AIDS, the contraceptive is the ultimate arm and only generalized use will change the course of the pandemia. But because the disease continues to advance regularly it would appear necessary to have a second look at the official position. Actually, there are two sides to the contraceptive picture: 1. a real factor of protection for the healthy man who uses it, 2. a source of possible contamination of a healthy partner by a seropositive man who uses the contraceptive. The user cannot put the contraceptive on without touching his sexual organs which have been humidified by the pre-ejaculatory secretions which are rich in HIV and which are secreted long before complete erection allows him to install the contraceptive correctly. The result is that the inside surface of the contraceptive will always be more or less contaminated. There is therefore a major risk of contamination in certain situations, particularly for the virgin woman, before her first sexual intercourse, since an open wound is created by the rupture of the hymen. If we truly expect to eradicate this disease, the message will have to be changed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Teenage obstetric and gynaecological problems in an African city.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervical cancer, pregnancy and use of contraception in teenagers, and to determine socioeconomic factors associated with these conditions to aid planners of medical services and promotion of sexual health. SUBJECTS: 181 Ethiopian teenagers and 1,845 women aged 20 to 45 years for comparison. SETTING: Gynaecological outpatient department, antenatal, postnatal and family planning clinics, in two teaching hospitals and a mother and child heath centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: Results of serologic tests for STD, clinical evidence of PID, and cervical cytology were analysed against socio-economic factors. RESULTS: In teenagers early age at first marriage/coitus, more common in those of rural origin, was associated with poverty, a greater number of lifetime sexual partners, and prostitution: 40 pc were first sexually active before the menarche. Prevalence of seropositivity to specific STD pathogens was; Treponema pallidum (TPHA) 21 pc, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal antibody test: GAT) 40 pc, genital chlamydiae 51 pc, hepatitis B virus 36 pc, herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) 32 pc, and Haemophilus ducreyi 16 pc: 92 pc of teenagers were seropositive to one or more STD's. STD seroprevalence was higher in those with more than one sexual partner, those sexually active by age 15 (very high in those sexually active by age 12), those involved in prostitution and those attending the family planning clinic. Forty three pc had clinical evidence of PID; one married at age 10 had invasive cervical cancer by age 18; 40 pc of teenagers were pregnant compared with 25 pc of those aged 20 to 45; 21 pc attended for family planning; of regular FPC attenders 81 pc were GAT seropositive. CONCLUSION: Despite legislation early age of sexual debut is common, STD and PID are widely prevalent, the pregnancy rate in adolescents is high and contributes to the national population growth rate. Action is required at family, medical and governmental level to encourage cultural acceptance that marriage and sexual activity should not occur before the age of 16 years, with education appropriate to culture to prevent STD. Similar studies are recommended in other countries to establish a baseline for informed strategy regarding prevention of STD and health education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of risk factors, severity, and treatment of women with genital HPV.

The incidence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) has increased 10-fold in the past 5 years, and HPV has recently been linked with cervical carcinoma. This retrospective study compared risk behaviors and cofactors of HPV between two groups of women diagnosed with HPV. Women attending a Student Health Center were younger and more likely to have more sex partners, chlamydia, and other sexually transmitted disease infections than women attending private gynecologists. These women were older, and more likely to be former smokers and to have had gardnerella infections than the women students. Age at first sexual intercourse and duration of oral contraceptive use did not differ between the groups. Diagnostic reports of HPV were compared, and women attending gynecologists had significantly higher colposcopy impressions and cervical biopsies than the student group. Women attending private gynecologists were more likely to receive laser treatment on several genital sites, whereas students were more likely to receive trichloracetic acid or cryotherapy on their cervix only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Precocious sexual behavior in the male adolescent].

Three major objectives guide this paper. The first one is to review the theories that explain adolescent sexual behavior. From this theoretical review, the second objective is to circumscribe the phenomenon of sexual precocity in male adolescent. The third one is to collect and analyse the empirical data on early sexual behavior from three points of view: age at first sexual intercourse; consequences of early sexual behavior; determinants of early sexual behavior in male adolescent. This analysis will show that early sexual activity is to define in terms of "at risk" behavior. It has negative effects on male academic achievement. Its implications are psychosocial and economical ones. Early sexual behavior should be a research priory in the future. We need to circumscribe the developmental needs of the young adolescent boys (10-14 years old) and to define the ways to present mesadoptotis in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Psychosexual characteristics of female university students in Brazil.

Freshmen women (N = 240) at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil responded to a questionnaire concerning several aspects of their sexuality from the beginning of adolescence. Topics such as body changes during puberty, menarche, menstruation, masturbation, sexual identity, virginity, sexual relations, maternity, contraceptives, abortion, and attitudes toward AIDS were investigated, as well as the level and sources of information about sex and the quality of the subjects' relationships with their parents. The majority of the subjects revealed satisfactory development in most of the aspects surveyed, as well as in their relationships with their parents except where sexual issues were concerned. Nevertheless, most of the students reported menstrual disturbances, and a significant number of the sexually active reported inappropriate behavior in relation to contraception and AIDS prevention. The results of the research are analyzed using psychodynamic theories of sexual development.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Variables related to romanticism and self-esteem in pregnant teenagers.

In this study, the Dean Romanticism Scale and the Bachman Self-esteem Scale were administered to 121 teenagers between the ages of 12 and 19 in Southern California to investigate their degree of romanticism and self-esteem. The study also explored whether there was any relationship between the dependent variables of romanticism and self-esteem and ten independent variables--age, race, place of residence during pregnancy, age when first sexual intercourse occurred, age when pregnancy occurred, incidence of sexual abuse, incidence of abortion, adoption considerations, whether the subject was currently sexually active, and whether the teenager planned to have a child with the father of the baby. The results indicated that two variables were significantly related to feelings of romanticism--adoption considerations and whether the adolescent planned to have a child with the baby's father. In addition, two variables were significantly related to self-esteem--the incidence of sexual abuse and the incidence of abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Determinants of the geographic variation of invasive cervical cancer in Costa Rica.

The incidence of cervical cancer in Costa Rica is about twice as high in the coastal regions as in the interior. To study these regional variations, we used data from a 1986-1987 case-control study of 192 Costa Rican women with invasive cervical cancer and 372 controls. Risk factors identified included the following: The study participant's (1) number of sexual partners, (2) age at first sexual intercourse, (3) number of live births, (4) presence of type 16/18 human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, (5) venereal disease (VD) history, (6) Pap smear history, and (7) socioeconomic status. The adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each of these risk factors were as follows: (1) > or = 4 vs. 1 sexual partner: RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.5; (2) age of initiation < or = 15 vs. > or = 18 years: RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.9-2.5; (3) > or = 6 vs. < or = 1 live birth: RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.7-3.9; (4) HPV 16/18 DNA in cervix: RR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.9-4.2; (5) VD history: RR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-4.0; (6) no Pap smear: RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.5-3.8; and (7) low socioeconomic status: RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.2. The population-attributable risks related to HPV detection, four or more sexual partners, six or more live births, no prior Pap smear, and low socioeconomic status were 39%, 38%, 29%, 23%, and 22%, respectively. Several of the sexual and reproductive risk factors were relatively more prevalent in the high-risk region, but Pap screening and detection of HPV were equally prevalent in the high-risk and low-risk regions. Though differences in screening quality (laboratory and follow-up) may have been involved, we conclude that the observed regional differences reflect behavioral more than screening differences. This suggests that screening programs should be more aggressive in the high-risk area, given the more frequent occurrence of the disease there. Failure to detect a higher prevalence of HPV in the high-risk region could reflect weaknesses in the in situ hybridization test employed. Alternatively, cofactors may have to be present in order for HPV to exert its role in cervical carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Self-reported medical problems of adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse.

BACKGROUND: Childhood sexual abuse has been established as an antecedent to specific psychological disorders in adulthood. Only recently have researchers begun to consider the effects of this early trauma on subsequent physical health status. The current study sought to explore the relationship between a history of childhood sexual abuse in female adults and subsequent self-reported medical complaints. METHODS: This consecutive sample study used a questionnaire to distinguish subjects with a sexual abuse history and those without such a history. Subjects were female patients over 18 years of age at a primary care health center. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of the 523 subjects who completed the entire questionnaire acknowledged a history of sexual abuse in childhood. This percentage is consistent with estimates for the population at large. The abused group reported more problems in respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurological, and gynecological functions. Statistically significant discriminating variables for those who had been abused were (1) total medical complaints reported, (2) previous mental health treatment, and (3) age of first sexual intercourse. Among the abused group, only 5.1% had ever disclosed information about their sexual abuse experiences to a physician. CONCLUSIONS: At least one in four women are survivors of childhood sexual abuse. These women rarely spontaneously reveal this history to a physician, yet they are more likely than nonabused patients to report multisystemic medical complaints. To avoid misdiagnosis and misuse of medical services, physicians should routinely obtain a thorough sexual history, particularly when the patient has multisystem complaints.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Reproductive health in adolescent students: knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in both sexes, in a community of Santiago].

Nine hundred forty eight teenagers (600 females) from a public school of one of the poorest communities of Santiago were surveyed about knowledge and practices on sexuality and reproductive health. Twenty four percent of females and 40% of males did not talk about their problems at home, instead they talked preferentially with their friends. Half of the sample attributed a risk a pregnancy to the first sexual intercourse; 67% did not know the infertile phase of the menstrual cycle and 20% did not identify two sexually transmitted diseases. Sixty percent considered rhythm technique as a safe fertility control method, 60% of males and 50% of females considered masturbation as risky, 57% of males and 49% of females estimated that condoms could be reused and between 5 and 16% of the sample correctly identified AIDS modes of transmission. Fifty percent had a couple and 23% of males and 17% of females had a sexual intercourse in the last six months; of these, 45% of women and 27% of men used a contraceptive method. Four percent of women and 6% of men became involved in a pregnancy and 57% of these terminated in abortions. It is concluded that knowledge about sexuality and reproductive biology among low income teenagers is scanty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Sexual development in urban and rural girls].

By means of interviews the sexual development of 16 to 18-year-old Czech girls was investigated: 163 lived in rural communities with less than 2,000 inhabitants and 271 lived in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Comparison of these two groups, using Schofield's diagram, revealed that the difference in the course of sexual development was not statistically significant. However, when individual items of the examination were analyzed, significant differences were found in the education of probands and both their parents, education being higher in the group of urban girls. In urban girls the prevalence of broken marriages of their parents was also higher, the loss of the father before the child was 18 years was more frequent and the number of siblings was smaller. The age at the first sexual intercourse was lower in urban girls and they had more frequent experience with cunnilingus and fellatio.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Adolescent sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitudes to sexuality among school girls in Transkei, South Africa.

Teenagers make up a quarter of all mothers in Transkei, South Africa, and well over 75% of them are unmarried. Such a high rate of teenage pregnancy is indicative of a high level of unprotected adolescent sexual activity. We examined sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitudes to sexuality among adolescent school girls in Transkei, using a self-administered questionnaire, in order to establish the incidence of sexual activity, and associated risk factors. Of the 1072 respondents, 74.6% were already sexually experienced, and 21.0% were not. The majority of sexually experienced girls (SEGs) and sexually inexperienced girls (SIGs) were living with both their parents. There were no religious differences between the two groups of girls. The age of SEGs at first coitus correlated positively with the age of menarche, and the age at the first date, suggesting that sexual maturation and onset of dating were possible risk factors for initiation of sexual activity. Contraceptive use was low, and a third of SEGs had been pregnant at least once. The knowledge of reproductive biology among both groups of girls was generally poor, although SEGs were significantly more knowledgeable than SIGs. The majority of girls in both groups did not approve of premarital sex, and adolescent pregnancy. They also did not approve of the idea of introducing sex education in schools, or the provision of contraceptives by schools. Nearly a third of the respondents in both groups did not wish to get married in future. In conclusion, there is a high level of unprotected sexual activity among school girls in Transkei. The risk factors for this include early sexual maturation, early onset of dating, and poor knowledge of reproductive biology and contraceptives.

Adolescent↗