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PubMedDate not supplied

Parenting among low-income, African American single mothers with preschool-age children: patterns, predictors, and developmental correlates.

Dimensions and patterns of parenting were examined in a sample of 193 low-income African American single mothers with preschool-age children. Factor analyses yielded three dimensions: Aggravation, Nurturance, and Cognitive Stimulation. Cluster analysis yielded four patterns of parenting: Aggravated but Nurturant; Cognitively Stimulating; Patient and Nurturant; and Low Nurturance. Discriminant function analysis was used to predict membership in each of the four parenting clusters. Two composite functions emerged, the first representing maternal well-being (locus of control, depressive symptoms), the second representing sociodemographic characteristics (maternal education, duration on welfare, age at first birth), accounting for 93% of between-groups variability. Children's scores on measures of cognitive school readiness and personal maturity were significantly related to parenting pattern, even after controlling for significant predictors of parenting pattern; children's verbal ability was no longer related to parenting pattern once significant maternal characteristics were controlled. Findings are discussed in terms of contributions to the literature on parenting and in terms of implications for welfare policy and programs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are children of young mothers disadvantaged because of their mother's age or family background?

Using a national sample of children 3 to 16 years old, this study found that the lower test scores and increased behavior problems of children born to younger mothers are not due to her age but to her family background. First, for nonfirstborn children, maternal age at first birth has a significant effect on test scores, whereas maternal age at the child's birth does not. Second, this study replicated a controversial study by Geronimus, Korenman, and Hillemeier (1994) and found that the disadvantage of children born to younger mothers is greatly reduced when maternal family background is controlled through a comparison of children born to sisters. Third, maternal age is not an important predictor of children's test score rates of improvement over time. This evidence suggests that maternal age is not causal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The Timing of Entry Into Fatherhood in Young, At-Risk Men.

Timing of first fatherhood was examined in a sample of 206 at-risk, predominantly White men, followed prospectively for 17 years. An event history analysis was used to test a model wherein antisocial behavior, the contextual and familial factors that may contribute to the development of antisocial behavior, and common correlates of such behavior, including academic failure, substance use, and early initiation of sexual behaviors, lead both directly and indirectly to an early transition to fatherhood. Having a mother who was younger at first birth, low family SES, poor academic skills, failure to use condoms, and being in a cohabitating or marital relationship predicted entry into fatherhood. Implications of the findings for prevention of and intervention with early fathering are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

No association of the 5' promoter region polymorphism of CYP17 with breast cancer risk in Japan.

To examine the association between breast cancer risk and a T-to-C substitution polymorphism at the 5' promoter region of CYP17, a case-control study was conducted at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital in Japan. Subjects were 144 histologically confirmed breast cancer patients diagnosed in the past 4 years and 166 hospital controls without cancer. Allele frequency among controls was 44.9% (95% confidence interval; 39.5 - 50.2) for C allele. Odds ratio (OR) of the polymorphism relative to TT-genotype was 0.97 (0.58 - 1.64) for TC-genotype and 0.81 (0.39 - 1.68) for CC-genotype. Subgroup analyses revealed that the OR was not statistically significant for the subgroups stratified by interval after diagnosis, age at menarche, age at first birth, menopausal status, body mass index, and mother / sisters' history of breast cancer. Consistent with previous studies conducted in other countries, the 5' promoter region polymorphism of CYP17 affected breast cancer risk of Japanese women to a limited extent. Although this is not a large-scale case-control study with population controls, these findings provide enough information to discourage further studies on the association between this polymorphism and breast cancer risk in Japan at large, and suggest that this polymorphism is useless for breast cancer risk estimation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A prospective study of reproductive and menstrual factors and colon cancer risk in Japanese women: findings from the JACC study.

The effects of reproductive factors on the etiology of colon cancer in Asian populations remain unexplored. So we examined 38,420 Japanese women aged 40-79 years who responded to a questionnaire on reproductive and other lifestyle factors from 1988 to 1990 in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk. During an average 7.6 years of follow-up, we documented 207 incident colon cancers. Multivariate analysis indicated that colon cancer risk was likely to be lower among parous women than among nulliparous. Women who had two abortions or more had a 72% higher risk of developing colon cancer [relative risk (RR) 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-2.55; trend P < 0.01] compared with women who never had an abortion. The RR of colon cancer among postmenopausal women significantly decreased with increasing age at menarche (trend P = 0.01). No apparent association between colon cancer and gravida, age at first birth, age at menopause, or duration of menstruation was seen. These prospective data support the hypothesis that female reproductive events modify colon cancer risk, and suggest that reproductive factors, particularly age at menarche and having an abortion, may be of importance in the etiology of colon cancer among Japanese women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Family ritual facilitates adaptation to parenthood.

An ethnographic study done in Hidalgo County, Texas, among 25 Mexican American first-time mothers and fathers documented the presence of an intergenerational family ritual that facilitated adaptation to parenthood in 24 of the 25 families. La cuarentena is a family ritual of 40 days duration postbirth with cultural prescriptions for maternal food and clothing and for paternal role reversal. La cuarentena instills parental responsibility, incorporates individuals into the family, and integrates the family during this critical life-event of first birth. A thorough understanding of la cuarentena will assist nurses to enhance adaptation to parenthood for Mexican American parents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of breast cancer.

Established risk factors for breast cancer predominantly act through hormonal pathways. The major exceptions are (1) family history, which accounts for approximately 6 percent of the cases of breast cancer in the United States, (2) radiation, particularly in adolescence, which accounts for a small fraction of all cases of breast cancer, and (3) personal history of benign breast disease, which may include precursor lesions in the pathway to breast cancer. Age at menarche, parity, and age at first birth, as well as age at menopause are related to risk of breast cancer. In addition, among postmenopausal women, relative weight and use of postmenopausal hormones increase risk of breast cancer. This paper reviews the evidence that these factors may act through hormonal pathways or cell division in response to cyclic hormonal levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Early Helicobacter pylori colonisation: the association with growth faltering in The Gambia.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is one of the commonest causes of chronic infection of mankind, yet the natural history of acute infection is poorly understood. Some studies suggest that gastric colonisation with H pylori is associated with suboptimal nutrition and growth in childhood. AIMS: To describe the clinical features of early H pylori colonisation and assess its role in the development of infant malnutrition and growth faltering. METHODS: Two consecutive prospective longitudinal cohort studies were conducted at the Medical Research Council Laboratories in a rural community in The Gambia, West Africa. The first birth cohort of 125 infants was followed by a second of 65 children from the same community. H pylori colonisation was detected by sequential 13C urea breath tests, and infant growth was monitored by serial measurements. RESULTS: Children with early H pylori colonisation became significantly lighter, shorter, and thinner than their peers in late infancy. The association was found in both cohorts. No socioeconomic or demographic confounding variables were identified to explain this, and the weight deficit was no longer detectable when the children were aged 5-8 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that H pylori colonisation in early infancy predisposes to the development of malnutrition and growth faltering, although the effect did not persist into later childhood.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1997

DDT (dicophane) and postmenopausal breast cancer in Europe: case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine any possible links between exposure to DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), the persistent metabolite of the pesticide dicophane (DDT), and breast cancer. DESIGN: Multicentre study of exposure to DDE by measurement of adipose tissue aspirated from the buttocks. Laboratory measurements were conducted in a single laboratory. Additional data on risk factors for breast cancer were obtained by standard questionnaires. SETTING: Centres in Germany, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Switzerland, and Spain. SUBJECTS: 265 postmenopausal women with breast cancer and 341 controls matched for age and centre. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Adipose DDE concentrations. RESULTS: Women with breast cancer had adipose DDE concentrations 9.2% lower than control women. No increased risk of breast cancer was found at higher concentrations. The odds ratio of breast cancer, adjusted for age and centre, for the highest versus the lowest fourth of DDE distribution was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 1.21) and decreased to 0.48 (0.25 to 0.95; P for trend = 0.02) after adjustment for body mass index, age at first birth, and current alcohol drinking. Adjustment for other risk factors did not materially affect these estimates. CONCLUSIONS: The lower DDE concentrations observed among the women with breast cancer may be secondary to disease inception. This study does not support the hypothesis that DDE increases risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in Europe.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Risk of breast cancer after miscarriage or induced abortion: a Scottish record linkage case-control study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of breast cancer in patients with a previous history of miscarriage or induced abortion. DESIGN: Case-control study relating "exposure" to outcome by linkage of national hospital discharge and maternity records, the national cancer registry, and death records. SETTING: Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: Miscarriage analysis-2828 women with breast cancer and 9781 matched controls; induced abortion analysis-2833 women with breast cancer and 9888 matched controls. MAIN RESULTS: After stratification for age at diagnosis, parity, and age at first birth, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of breast cancer was 1.02 (0.88 to 1.18) in women with a previous miscarriage, and 0.80 (0.72 to 0.89) in women with a previous induced abortion. Further adjustments for age at bilateral oophorectomy, socioeconomic status (based on small area of residence), and health board area of residence had only minor effects on these odds ratios. CONCLUSION: These data do not support the hypothesis that miscarriage or induced abortion represent substantive risk factors for the future development of breast cancer.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2006

Does parity affect mortality among parous women?

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether there is an association between parity and mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Northern Finland, 1966-2001. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: 12,055 women in the two northernmost provinces of Finland were followed up from pregnancy in 1966-2001, the coverage percentage being 96%. The data on age, smoking, body mass index, socioeconomic position, age at menarche and age at first birth were collected during pregnancy, and data on deaths were obtained from the National Cause of Death Statistics, maintained by Statistics Finland. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate relative mortality between parity groups. RESULTS: Total mortality was lowest among the women with 2-4 children (reference group). High parity was associated with an up to twofold risk of mortality from vascular complications, but after adjustment for all background factors, this significance disappeared. Mortality from haemorrhagic stroke was fourfold higher among the women with > or = 10 births compared with those of the reference group. No differences in cerebral infarction or total cancer mortality were seen between the groups. Primiparity was associated with increased mortality from accidental death (relative risk 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 4.4). CONCLUSIONS: High parity was associated with an increased risk of mortality from vascular complications, especially haemorrhagic stroke, and primiparity with an increased risk of accidental death.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Breast cancer risk among Finnish cabin attendants: a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Earlier studies have found increased breast cancer risk among female cabin crew. This has been suggested to reflect lifestyle factors (for example, age at first birth), other confounding factors (for example, age at menarche), or occupational factors such as exposure to cosmic radiation and circadian rhythm alterations due to repeated jet lag. AIMS: To assess the contribution of occupational versus lifestyle and other factors to breast cancer risk among cabin attendants in Finland. METHODS: A standardised self-administered questionnaire on demographic, occupational, and lifestyle factors was given to 1041 cabin attendants. A total of 27 breast cancer cases and 517 non-cases completed the questionnaire. Breast cancer diagnoses were confirmed through the Finnish Cancer Registry. Exposure to cosmic radiation was estimated based on self-reported flight history and timetables. A conditional logistic regression model was used for analysis. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis, family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.00 to 7.08) was the strongest determinant of breast cancer. Of occupational exposures, sleep rhythm disruptions (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 0.70 to 4.27) were positively related and disruption of menstrual cycles (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.96) negatively related to breast cancer. However, both associations were statistically non-significant. Cumulative radiation dose (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.19) showed no effect on breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that breast cancer risk among Finnish cabin attendants is related to well established risk factors of breast cancer, such as family history of breast cancer. There was no clear evidence that the three occupational factors studied affected breast cancer risk among Finnish flight attendants.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Remarks on population planning and control.

We investigate the use of control theory in population planning and show how the use of age at first birth, birth interval, and sex ratio as control variables leads to a practical, fault tolerant approach to population planning and control.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Postnatal maturation of potassium transport in rabbit cortical collecting duct.

Clearance studies in newborns demonstrate low rates of urinary excretion of potassium, suggesting that the neonatal kidney contributes to the conservation of potassium necessary for growth. Because the cortical collecting duct (CCD) is a primary site for potassium secretion in the adult, we sought to examine the transport capacity of this segment for potassium during postnatal maturation. CCDs isolated from rabbits of various ages (5-6 animals/age group) were microperfused in vitro with solutions simulating plasma. The concentrations of potassium in samples of collected fluid, measured by helium glow photometry, were used to calculate net transport. At a flow rate of approximately 1.6 nl.min-1 x mm-1 net potassium secretion was absent at birth, first became evident at 4 wk of age (-11.08 +/- 2.39 pmol.min-1 x mm-1), and increased sharply thereafter to reach mature rates (-23.08 +/- 3.47 pmol.min-1 x mm-1; P < 0.05) by 6 wk of age. To determine whether low distal tubular flow rates limit net potassium secretion in the neonate, we perfused CCDs at two or more flow rates in the 0.5-5 nl.min-1 x mm-1 range. In CCDs taken from animals > or = 6 wk of age, potassium secretion showed a significant linear correlation with flow rate (y = -10.0x - 7.45; r = 0.87; n = 12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Plasma levels of enterolactone and percentage mammographic density among postmenopausal women.

AIMS: Certain phytoestrogens, such as lignans, may protect against developing breast cancer. Enterolactone is a lignan metabolite produced by the intestinal flora from dietary precursors such as whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Enterolactone has been shown to have weak estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties. We decided to examine the association between plasma levels of enterolactone and mammographic density, a biomarker for breast cancer risk. METHODS: We included data from postmenopausal women ages 55 and older who participated in a cross-sectional mammogram study in Tromsø, Norway. Mammograms, plasma enterolactone measurements, as well as information on anthropometric and hormonal/reproduction factors were available on 616 women. We assessed mammographic density using a previously validated computer-assisted method. We estimated correlation coefficients and conducted multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Mean mammographic density increased slightly across quartiles of enterolactone; the women in the highest quartile had, on average, 3.1% (absolute difference) higher percentage mammographic density compared with the lowest quartile (P(trend) < 0.01). After adjustment for age, body mass index, number of full-term pregnancies, age at first birth, and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy, the mean difference in density was reduced to 2.0% (P(trend) = 0.05). Results were similar when restricted to the 454 current hormone nonusers. The fully adjusted statistical model explained 28.3% of the total variability in mammographic percentage density, with body mass index contributing 18.2% and enterolactone only 0.9%. CONCLUSION: In our study, higher levels of enterolactone were associated with slightly higher percentage mammographic density. Our results suggest that if higher enterolactone levels reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women, then this effect is not through lowering mammographic density.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed2007

Incessant ovulation, mucin 1 immunity, and risk for ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Risk for ovarian cancer correlates directly with "ovulatory years or cycles" estimated from time not pregnant, breast-feeding, or using oral contraceptives. Recently, we reported that several factors known to reduce ovarian cancer risk may operate by inducing antibodies against mucin 1 (MUC1), a glycoprotein overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Conversely, other events might increase risk by interfering with the development of protective immunity. In this study, we examined whether the total number of ovulatory cycles decreases the likelihood of anti-MUC1 antibodies and provides an immune basis for the association between "incessant ovulation" and ovarian cancer risk. METHODS: From 1998 to 2003, we enrolled 668 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 721 controls residing in eastern Massachusetts or New Hampshire, collected information on menstrual and reproductive events, and obtained blood samples from controls to measure anti-MUC1 antibodies. Using logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios to evaluate the influence of reproductive factors, including the estimated lifetime number of ovulatory cycles on ovarian cancer risk and on the presence of MUC1 antibodies in controls. RESULTS: Overall, we observed that early age at first birth, cycle lengths >or=30 days, and oral contraceptive use increased the likelihood of having anti-MUC1 antibodies. Estimated ovulatory cycles were correlated positively with ovarian cancer risk and inversely with the presence of anti-MUC1 antibodies among controls ages 46 to 60 years. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that suppression of MUC1-specific immunity should be considered as an additional explanation for the observation that ovarian cancer risk increases with the lifetime number of ovulatory cycles.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2001

Menstrual and reproductive factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage risk in women: a case-control study in nagoya, Japan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to examine the relationship between menstrual and reproductive factors and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), using a case-control study. METHODS: Cases consisted of a consecutive series of 124 women patients with first spontaneous SAH aged 30 to 79 years and confirmed aneurysm(s) by angiography and/or CT scan. Hospital and community controls subjects were identified, matched to each case by age (+/-2 years). RESULTS: Increased SAH risk was associated with (1) earlier age at menarche (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=3.24 for age <13 years compared with age >/=13 years; 95% CI, 1.25 to 4.03) and (2) nulligravidity (adjusted OR=4.23; 95% CI, 1.05 to 7.56). No significant association of SAH risk was found with regularity of menstrual cycle, age at pregnancy, age at first birth, and number of births. The greatest risk was for the combined effect of nulligravidity and earlier menarche (<13 years) (adjusted OR=6.37; 95% CI, 1.12 to 36.2). CONCLUSIONS: The combined effect of several variables related to menstrual and reproductive history may exert a greater influence on risk of SAH compared with a single menstrual or reproductive variable.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors for benign breast disease and their relation with breast cancer risk. Pooled information from epidemiologic studies.

Information from published case-control studies on benign breast disease was pooled using standard statistical methods to obtain single, overall risk estimates. This analysis showed that higher socio-economic status (pooled relative risk, RR = 1.24, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.13-1.37), later menopause (pooled RR = 1.87, 95%, CI = 1.67-2.11) and late age at first birth (pooled RR = 1.30, 95%, CI = 1.13-1.50) were associated with an increased risk of benign breast disease, whereas an apparent protection was given by greater body mass index (pooled RR = 0.58, 95%, CI = 0.50-0.67) and the use of oral contraceptives (pooled RR = 0.75, 95%, CI = 0.67-0.83). The role of these factors did not appear to be materially different in the various histopathologic categories considered, although available information allowed only a general distinction between breast dysplasia (fibrocystic disease) and benign tumors, chiefly fibroadenoma. In conclusion, the general evidence from published studies indicates that benign breast lumps appear to share a number of important risk factors with breast cancer.

Adolescent↗