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PubMed1996

Influences of family and friends on client progress during drug abuse treatment.

Relationships with family and friends by 439 heroin addicts during the first 3 months of drug abuse treatment were examined in relation to behavioral improvements of clients. Family conflict and peer deviance were significant predictors of injection frequency and illegal activity during treatment, and reductions in family conflict were associated with lower drug use, injection frequency, and illegal activity during treatment. These results provide support for treatment emphasis on helping clients reduce conflict among family members, improve dysfunctional relationships with peers, and replace deviant friendships with others that encourage treatment participation and conformance to social norms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Gender roles and interactions in drinking and drug use.

In gender-focused discussions of alcohol and other drug use and problems, the emphasis has usually been on the individual male or female or on the genders as aggregates of individuals. But most drinking and much drug use have strong social and interactional elements, where gender roles and often gendered interactions come into play. Drawing on the existing literature, opportunities for research on gender roles and interactions in drinking and drug use and problems are discussed under the following headings: courtship and affectional preference; sexuality; marriage and partnership; parenthood; friendship and peer relations; work roles; informal social control (spouse, relatives, friends); and domination, violence, and abuse.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

Challenging and changing gender attitudes among young men in Mumbai, India.

This article presents findings from a pilot intervention in 2005-6 to promote gender equity among young men from low-income communities in Mumbai, India. The project involved formative work on gender, sexuality and masculinity, and educational activities with 126 young men, aged 18-29, over a six-month period. The programme of activities was called Yari-dosti, which is Hindi for friendship or bonding among men, and was adapted from a Brazilian intervention. Pre- and post-intervention surveys, including measures of attitudes towards gender norms using the Gender Equitable Men (GEM) Scale and other key outcomes, qualitative interviews with 31 participants, monitoring and observations were used as evaluation tools. Almost all the young men actively participated in the activities and appreciated the intervention. It was often the first time they had had the opportunity to discuss and reflect on these issues. The interviews showed that attitudes towards gender and sexuality, as reported behaviour in relationships, had often changed. A survey two months later also showed a significant decrease in support for inequitable gender norms and sexual harassment of girls and women. The results suggest that the pilot was successful in reaching and engaging young men to critically discuss gender dynamics and health risk, and in shifting key gender-related attitudes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The development of romantic relationships and adaptations in the system of peer relationships.

In this review, it is proposed that a systems approach to the study of the development of romantic relationships might enhance our understanding of the nature of social relationships, and the links between social relationships and individual psychosocial functioning. First, a selected literature review is provided on the normative development of romantic relationships during adolescence, antecedents of different romantic involvement pathways, and positive and negative qualities of these relationships. Second, the focus is placed on the how the development of romantic relationships occurs within existing systems of relationships including peer networks and close friendships. It is suggested that the development of romantic relationships may change the peer network and nature of relationships with friends and others, and particular types of transitions in social relationships will likely occur. The timing of these transitions and an understanding of the entire peer system as romantic relationships develop will likely improve our understanding of individual developmental processes such as identity formation and the development of externalizing and internalizing problems. Finally, it is proposed that adolescents are faced with a complicated task that includes developing romantic interests and relationships but managing their changing social networks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Stigmatization, self-esteem, and coping among the adolescent children of lesbian mothers.

PURPOSE: To examine perceived stigma, coping, disclosure, and self-esteem among adolescents with lesbian mothers. METHOD: Interviews were conducted with 76 adolescents ages 11-18 years. Standardized measures of self-esteem and coping skills were used. A measure of stigma was adapted for this study and a measure of disclosure was developed. The relationship between perceived stigma and self-esteem was examined. General coping skills and level of disclosure about the adolescents' mothers' sexual orientation were assessed as potential moderators of the relationship between perceived stigma and self-esteem. RESULTS: Adolescents who perceived more stigma had lower self-esteem in five of seven self-esteem areas, compared to those who perceived less stigma. In addition, coping skills moderated the effect of stigma on self-esteem in three self-esteem areas. However, only one subtype of coping skills, that of decision-making coping, was found to moderate the relationship of perceived stigma and self-esteem in such a way that adolescents using more decision-making coping had higher self-esteem in the face of high perceived stigma. For social support coping, in the face of high perceived stigma, the adolescents with more effective coping skills had lower self-esteem. In the face of high perceived stigma, adolescents who disclosed more about their mother's sexual orientation had higher self-esteem in the subscale of close friendship than those who disclosed less. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that stigma is related to self-esteem among the adolescent children of lesbian mothers. The results indicate that this relationship is moderated by coping skills. These results have implications for intervention and prevention of stigmatization by the establishment of effective coping skills as well as through educational efforts to eradicate stigmatizing attitudes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Frameworks for behavioral interventions.

This article examines two frameworks for behavioral interventions, namely the developmental stages in friendship skills with remedial strategies for each stage, and modifications to Cognitive Behavior Therapy to accommodate the unusual profile of cognitive skills of people with Asperger disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Are you being sabotaged by your coworkers?

Men and women are both guilty of sabotaging coworkers, but men and women do it differently and for different reasons. Men tend to do it more overtly and for more work-related reasons. However, women are more covert; their reasons are motivated more by jealousy of another's success or their own insecurity. Once women are betrayed by another, they take it more personally than their male counterparts. Men confront the betrayer and move on; that is business. Women do not confront the betrayer and see betrayal in the workplace as being let down by their friends. Women need to treat business relationships and situations as business, not as friendships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The "Three Mayos" photograph: its origin and significance.

Until recently, little was known regarding the famous "Three Mayos" photograph. New findings are herein described, which demonstrate that this photograph was taken by Dr. Harvey Cushing in 1905 at the site of Dr. Henry Plummer's first Rochester, Minnesota home. These new findings make this photograph even more historically significant as a tangible symbol of the friendship that existed between four of this country's greatest surgeons.

General Surgery↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tribute to Georgeanna and Howard Jones.

This tribute is divided into three sections. The first of these is a description of six weeks of research involving Georgeanna and Howard Jones and me over a few weeks in Johns Hopkins in 1965. Initially, it describes details of preliminary work and then completion of the maturation programme of the mature human oocyte and the first serious attempts at IVF. Scientific discoveries in those exciting weeks contributed to the earliest beginnings of IVF. A second section on knowledge of the human preimplantation embryo today concentrates on the problem of poor-quality embryos and how to overcome it, and on new knowledge on the regulation of human embryonic development. Lastly, the ethics of assisted conception are debated in relation to early practice and to some international features of modern ethical adjudication. A brief conclusion describes some of the friendships initiated in Johns Hopkins and still intact today.

Baltimore↗
PubMed1987

Restrictiveness-permissiveness of their environment as perceived by kibbutz twins and singletons.

This research compares similarities and differences between kibbutz twins and singletons on individual perceptions of extent of restriction imposed by their fathers and mothers, teachers, caretakers and peers with regard to the children's choices, plans, and actual activities. During the past two years, the parents of all kibbutz twins in Israel of age 1 to 18 have been contacted. They provided background information about themselves and their twin children. In each kibbutz, two control singletons were selected of the same sex and age for each twin pair, yielding a "quartet". With the aid of a mapping sentence, questionnaires were constructed to help ascertain the child's role in life areas such as family, friendship, school, hobbies, work, amusement. Questionnaires with the same facet design are being administered to children (twin and singleton), mothers, fathers, teachers, and caretakers. In addition, each child is given a battery of tests--including the verbal WISC, Block Design, Raven Matrices, and Reading Comprehension. The children will be interviewed and tested in three successive years, beginning either in grade 4 or 5. Data will thus be obtained on changes in perception of permissiveness-restrictiveness and their relation to performance at ages 9 to 13. To date 9-year-olds in 14 kibbutzim have been interviewed. Analyses of responses to four questions are presented in this paper. The preliminary analyses indicate that twins and singletons have similar means and distributions with regard to the extent to which the children feel they are told what to do by either parent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents with myelomeningocele: activities, beliefs, expectations, and perceptions.

The Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, USA has identified activities, beliefs, and perceptions critical for healthy development. The aim of this study was to measure the activities, beliefs and expectations, and perceived outcomes of adolescents with myelomeningocele. In this descriptive study, 66 adolescents with myelomeningocele, aged 12 to 21 years and functioning at grade level, completed a structured interview. Thirty-eight (58%) of the participants were female. The level of lesion was distributed as follows: 30% had thoracic level lesions, 32% had lumbar level lesions, 15% had lumbosacral level lesions, and 23% of the sample had sacral level lesions. Instruments used had both established reliability and validity (WeeFIM, Harter's Self-Perception Profile, Austin's Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale, and Snyder's Hope Scale, Adolescent Decision-Making Inventory, Adolescent Coping Scale) or were scales developed for this study (Adolescent Activities Inventory, Future Expectations Scale, Communication Efficacy, and Adolescent Self-Management and Independence Scale). Scale reliabilities ranged from 0.70 to 0.88. These participants, though hopeful and positive in their attitudes toward myelomeningocele and generally able to perform activities of daily living independently, are not engaging in the full range of adolescent activities (decision making, friendship activities, and household responsibilities) and achieving positive outcomes (self-management and job) necessary to make a successful transition to adulthood. This might explain why so many individuals with myelomeningocele are underemployed and are not living independently as young adults.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Social skills of children with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have difficulties in forming friendships and are often rejected by their peers. Factors that contribute to these negative social outcomes are poorly understood. This study investigated the social skills of children with NF1 and the influence of comorbid conditions, such as attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning dfficulties. We assessed and analyzed data from 79 children with NF1 (42 males, 37 females; mean age 11 years 6 months, SD 2 years 4 months) and 46 unaffected siblings (19 males, 27 females; mean age 12 years 1 month, SD 2 years 6 months; age range 8 to 16 years). Social skills were measured with the Social Skills Rating System. Children with NF1 had significantly poorer social outcomes than their unaffected siblings, and significantly poorer social skills in comparison with normative data. The presence of ADHD (in 39% of children with NF1) was the major risk factor for poor social functioning. Children with NF1 and ADHD had the poorest social skills and social outcomes when compared with children with NF1 only or children with NF1 and learning difficulties. These findings dispel the previous assumption that NF1 alone is associated with poor social functioning and has major implications for the development of effective interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Cross-informant agreement between adolescents with myelomeningocele and their parents.

The development of self-management skills by adolescents with myelomeningocele is an ongoing process. Previous studies lack consensus about what data can be accurately obtained from adolescents. This cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of 66 adolescent-parent dyads evaluated whether adolescents with myelomeningocele and their parents are interchangeable reporters of data. Adolescents' ages ranged from 12 to 21 years with a mean of 16 years 2 months (SD 2y 8mo); 38 were female, 28 were male; 30% had thoracic lesions, 32% had lumbar lesions, 15% had lumbosacral lesions, 23% had sacral lesions, and 85% had ventriculoperitoneal shunts. In this analysis, participants reported activities (decision-making, household responsibility, and friendship activities) and select outcomes (functional status, self-management, and social competence) similarly. However, differences emerged in reports of beliefs (adolescent future expectations, family variables) and select developmental competencies (school, job, athletic, behavioral, attractiveness, and romantic appeal). Analysis using t-test and interclass correlations supported a pattern of adolescent-parent agreement in areas of observable behavior and differences in more subjective domains such as perception of developmental competencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Social adjustment after rehabilitation: a two year follow-up of patients with severe head injury.

Forty-four young adults, admitted to a rehabilitation centre after very severe head injury, were followed-up 2 years after their accident. Comparison with a control group showed that the head injuried had experienced marked changes in work, leisure activities, contact with friends and family life. Though these changes still created problems, the majority of patients and relatives appeared to have made a number of successful adaptations to their altered situation. Neurophysical status, personality change and memory loss all affected work capacity, while presence of personality changes was especially important in the loss of pre-accident friendships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The co-occurrence of depression and substance abuse in late adolescence.

This article examines the role of adolescent social relationships in fostering the occurrence and co-occurrence of depression and substance abuse, using two waves of data from a community sample of adolescents (N = 900). Multinomial logistic response models were estimated to identify the extent to which risk and protective features of youths' family and peer relations were differentially linked with depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and their co-occurrence. Taking a within-person, configurational approach to adolescent adaptation, contrasts involved four subgroups of adolescents: those high on both depressed mood and substance abuse, those who experience neither problem, those evidencing high levels of depressive symptoms only, and those high on substance abuse only. Risk for depressive symptoms was differentiated by its association with conflict and lack of support in the friendship domain. Substance abuse was associated with negative peer pressure, but these youth were otherwise little different from youths with no problems. Whereas co-occurrence of depression and substance use was associated with more difficulties in both the family and peer environments, the most distinctive risk was that of low family support. Discussion centers on the developmental antecedents of co-occurring problems and family relations during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The social networks of older schizophrenia patients. Clinical Research Center on Late Life Psychosis Research Group.

There is a paucity of research that examines the role of family members and friends in the lives of older schizophrenia patients. This study compared 66 middle-aged and elderly outpatients with 31 normal comparison subjects. Five dimensions of social network were assessed: (a) family composition, geographic proximity, and frequency of contact; (b) instrumental support; (c) emotional support and interpersonal difficulties; (d) role of friends; and (e) use of formal service providers as sources of support and assistance. As compared with normal subjects, the schizophrenia patients were less likely to be married, less likely to have children, more likely to live alone, and had fewer friendships. The patients were, however, similar to comparison subjects on the following family-relationship variables: frequency of contact, instrumental support received, presence of a family confidant, and extent of interpersonal difficulties. These findings do not support the stereotype of older schizophrenia patients as being estranged from family members. The need for developing interventions that use key family members to interface with service providers and to monitor treatment compliance and continuity of care is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fred C. Cuny Memorial Continuing Education Series. Lesson 10: group dynamics in disasters: managing work groups.

Groups are assigned or formed to perform tasks that one person cannot accomplish alone. This lesson describes the classification of work groups, group unity, leadership, motivation, recognition, conflict resolution, and remediation associated with managing groups and their activities. Advantages associated with group process include 1) the generation of better ideas, 2) ability to assume greater risks; make fewer errors; 3) the capacity for greater knowledge and 4) information, and for some problems, production of better decisions. Groups may be formal or informal. Formal groups may be organic, task-directed, or committees. Informal groups arise when it becomes obvious that a group will work better or may be formed by a discipline within the organization or through friendships. The size of the group its status within the organization, the goals established, and the dependence of the members on the group all may affect the cohesiveness of the group. Leadership of the group must keep the group focused on the objectives and enhancement of the efficiency of its operation and the quality of the decisions made by the group. Motivation of a group often is more difficult than is that for individuals and generally positive inducements work better than do negative measures such as coercion and reprimands. Roles are often informal and conferred by the group collectively. Often norms are established within groups that help the group deal with conflict. Inadequate performance within a formal group may require changes in the leadership, removal of a member or clique within the group, reduction of group size, and/or dissolution of the group. Understanding the dynamics of groups is an essential skill required of good managers.

Goals↗
PubMed2000

The golden age of biochemical research in photosynthesis.

The perspectives and enthusiasms recorded in this review describe the events I witnessed and, in small ways, contributed to. Two great rewards emerged from my experiences - the pleasure of doing experiments and the great wealth of friendships with students and colleagues. As a graduate student, phenomena appeared at the bench before me which clarified the coupling of electron transport to ATP synthesis. My first PhD graduate student measured concentrations of pyridine nucleotides in chloroplasts and his results have been often confirmed and well used. All of the many graduate students who followed contributed to our understanding of photosynthesis. I have taken much pleasure from documenting the details of photosynthetic phosphorylation and electron transport in cyanobacteria. Studies of the 'c' type cytochromes in these organisms continue to fascinate me. My experiences in government in its efforts to promote research are unusual, perhaps unique. A rare event outside the laboratory - a natural bloom of cyanobacteria - stimulated new thoughts and special opportunities for laboratory science. Photosynthesis seems magisterial in its shaping of our planet and its biology and in the details of its cleverness that were revealed in the time of my witness.

Journal Article↗