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PubMed2003

Proposed classification of cells in the Foundational Model of Anatomy.

A logical and principled representation of cell types and their component parts could serve as a framework for correlating the various ontologies that are emerging in bioinformatics with a focus on cells and subcellular biological entities. In order to address this need we have extended the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA)1,2 from macroscopic to cellular and subcellular anatomical entities. The poster will provide a live demonstration of this implementation.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2003

The evolving neuroanatomical component of the Foundational Model of Anatomy.

In order to meet the need for an expressive ontology in neuroinformatics, we have integrated the extensive terminologies of NeuroNames and Terminologia Anatomica into the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA). We have enhanced the FMA to accommodate information unique to neuronal structures, such as axonal input/output relationships.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge for better health: a conceptual framework and foundation for health research systems.

Health research generates knowledge that can be utilized to improve health system performance and, ultimately, health and health equity. We propose a conceptual framework for health research systems (HRSs) that defines their boundaries, components, goals, and functions. The framework adopts a systems perspective towards HRSs and serves as a foundation for constructing a practical approach to describe and analyse HRSs. The analysis of HRSs should, in turn, provide a better understanding of how research contributes to gains in health and health equity. In this framework, the intrinsic goals of the HRS are the advancement of scientific knowledge and the utilization of knowledge to improve health and health equity. Its four principal functions are stewardship, financing, creating and sustaining resources, and producing and using research. The framework, as it is applied in consultation with countries, will provide countries and donor agencies with relevant inputs to policies and strategies for strengthening HRSs and using knowledge for better health.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

[New study on the history of anesthesiology--(10). Prof. K. Shimizu and the Foundation of Japanese Society of Anesthesiology].

In August 1950, Japanese-American Joint Conference of Medical Educators was held in Tokyo and Dr Meyer Saklad of Rhode Island Hospital delivered his lectures on anesthesia. Prof. Shimizu of the Tokyo University who had just come back from the United States was asked to translate Dr Saklad's lectures. Dr Hideo Yamamura was compulsorily asked to attend the conference on behalf of the surgeons at the first Department of Surgery of the Tokyo University. With this conference as a trigger, many surgeons developed deep interests in anesthesia, particularly endotracheal anesthesia. This was followed by a rapid increase in anesthetic papers in surgical meetings. To solve this problem, an independent society for anesthesiology was established in May 1st, 1954. Prof. Shimizu played a dominant role in the foundation of Japan Society of Anesthesiology.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada's Health Check food information program: modelling program effects on consumer behaviour and dietary practices.

BACKGROUND: A conceptual model was proposed and tested in order to link attitudinal and awareness factors that might explain changes in food purchase behaviours and dietary patterns related to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada's Health Check food information program. METHODS: Two hundred food shoppers completed a survey inquiring about demographics, diet-related health conditions, attitude toward healthy food purchases, use of food package information, and awareness, perceived value and reported use of the Health Check logo. Participants provided their receipt for groceries purchased and completed a dietary fat assessment. Path analysis was used to test the model. RESULTS: Shoppers purchasing a Health Check product had lower fat intakes than shoppers who did not (30.4% vs. 33.9% calories from fat; p<0.05). There was strong association (beta=0.81; p<0.001) between logo awareness and use, and the meaning consumers attributed to the logo moderated this relationship (beta=0.53; p<0.01). Logo awareness was related to general use of food package information (beta=0.14; p<0.05) and attitude toward healthy food purchases (beta=0.15; p<0.05). INTERPRETATION: Persons successfully limiting their fat intake purchase Health Check products, suggesting the program has utility in this regard. Program promotional efforts should aim to increase understanding of the Health Check logo's meaning in helping to make healthier purchase decisions. Promotional efforts surrounding the introduction of new nutrition labels in Canada are also expected to have a positive effect on the program.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A relation-centric query engine for the Foundational Model of Anatomy.

The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), a detailed representation of the structural organization of the human body, was constructed to support the development of software applications requiring knowledge of anatomy. The FMA's focus on the structural relationships between anatomical entities distinguishes it from other current anatomical knowledge sources. We developed Emily, a query engine for the FMA, to enable users to explore the richness and depth of these relationships. Preliminary analysis suggests that Emily is capable of correctly processing real world anatomical queries provided they have been translated into a constrained form suitable for processing by the query engine.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

The role of foundational relations in the alignment of biomedical ontologies.

The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) symbolically represents the structural organization of the human body from the macromolecular to the macroscopic levels, with the goal of providing a robust and consistent scheme for classifying anatomical entities on the basis of explicit definitions. This scheme also provides a template for modeling pathology, physiological function and genotype-phenotype correlations, and it can thus serve as a reference ontology in biomedical informatics. Here we articulate the need for formally clarifying the is-a and part-of relations in the FMA and similar ontology and terminology systems. We diagnose certain characteristic errors in the treatment of these relations and show how these errors can be avoided through adoption of the formalism we describe. We then illustrate how a consistently applied formal treatment of taxonomy and partonomy can support the alignment of ontologies.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

[Notifications to the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Foundation Lareb of the expulsion of a vaginal contraceptive ring (NuvaRing) and of pregnancy during the use of it].

Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Foundation Lareb expulsion of the vaginal contraceptive ring NuvaRing was reported 8 times between February 2003 and April 2004. Moreover, in two of these reports pregnancy was reported. In that same period, Lareb received 10 more reports of pregnancy during the use of the ring, in which expulsion was not mentioned explicitly. Additional information on these cases was collected by questionnaire. Expulsion of the ring is described in the product information. The ring should then be placed back within 3 h. However, the Lareb reports show that expulsion of the ring is not always noticed by the user. In those cases the contraceptive efficacy of this method is questionable. The physician should be alert to pre-existing risk factors that increase the chance of expulsion of the ring, and should provide extra detailed advice about the right way of placing the ring, the risk of expulsion and the importance of replacing it in time.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of genetic diversity of preserved population of native chicken breeds by microsatellites and file foundation of markers].

The genetic diversity (allele frequency, mean heterozygosity, mean polymorphic information content(PIC), and Nei genetic distances) of preserved population of 11 native chicken breeds was analyzed by 20 microsatellite markers with high polymorphism. The clustering dendrogram was obtained eventually based on Nei genetic distances of 20 microsatellite. The results showed that 176 alleles were detected of 20 microsatellite loci in 11 native chicken breeds, the average number of alleles of each loci was 8.8 and the range of allele frequencies was 0.013-0.838, and 11 native chicken breeds shared 45 alleles. The average heterozygosity of 20 microsatellite loci was 0.6800-0.7432, the heterozygosity of Zang chicken was the highest (0.7432), and that of Langshang chicken was the lowest (0.6800). The range of PIC of 20 microsatellite loci were 0.6329-0.7023, which is higher than 0.5 and highly polymorphic. By the results of UPGMA tree, four groups were formed from 11 chicken breeds, the first group was Silky, Chahua, Xianju, Zang and Xiaoshan chicken; the second group was Luyuan and Langshan chicken; the third group was Gushi, Fatty and Dagu chicken; and the fourth group was Henan game chicken. The effect of preserved breeds and the differences among generations can be tested by the file foundation of molecular markers, which contained allele frequency, mean heterozygosity, and mean PIC of 20 microsatellite loci in different generation populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

[Medical intervention and assault: On the legal foundations of informed consent in German surgery, 1892-1940].

The recent historiography of informed consent in German medicine has chiefly focused on the issue of consent to human experimentation. This paper widens the historical perspective by demonstrating that the foundations of the concept of informed consent to surgery were laid in German law around 1900. From the 1890s onwards a debate about the legal basis of surgical operations developed in response to cases of medical intervention without full consent. While surgeons were unwilling to accept a legal interpretation of non-consensual treatment as assault, jurists were divided over the issue. Whereas Carl Stooss (1849-1934) and Joseph Heimberger (1865-1927) and Ludwig von Bar (1836-1913), endorsed the view that consent was a crucial requirement for the legality of surgical operations. Moreover, the German Supreme Court (Reichsgericht) in Leipzig consistently emphasized in its decisions the necessity of patients' consent. From 1912 it dealt also with the question of adequate pre-operative information of patients. Despite pressures during the Third Reich to reduce patients' "rule" over their own body in favour of notions of the health of the Volk, the Supreme Court upheld the requirement of individual patient consent in two further decisions, in 1936 and 1940.

General Surgery↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three-color flowcytometric analysis of mature and immature hematological malignancies. A guideline of the Dutch Foundation for Immunophenotyping of Hematological Malignancies (SIHON).

Multiparameter flowcytometry offers an insight into differentiation pathways, maturation stages and abnormal features of cell (sub)populations thus helping to establish and classify hematological malignancies. The Dutch Foundation for Immunophenotyping of Hematological Malignancies (SIHON) has formulated a guideline for a rapid screening followed by confirmation and classification in a standardized way. For this aim seven carefully composed monoclonal antibody combinations are elucidated for screening the test sample in a first phase. In this phase a relative frequency distribution of the cells will be established and a decision will be made about abnormal cells present, as well as their mature or immature state and the cell lineage they belong to. In a second phase, panels with cell lineage dependent monoclonal antibody combinations may be used to confirm and classify the abnormal cell population indicated in phase 1, as well as to establish the presence or absence of an abberant immunophenotype.

Flow Cytometry↗
PubMed2004

[Medical transportation of Congolese children by the Foundation "Terre des hommes" Netherlands (1989--1998)].

We report the 10 year assessment of collaboration with the Foundation "Terre des hommes" concerning the medical transfer in the Netherlands of 41 children carrying pathologies which couldn't be treated or operated on in Brazzaville. The average age was 3 years and 6 months old (extremes: 2 months - 15 years). 33 non-cyanotic cardiopathies dominated by ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 10) and 11 cyanotic cardiopathies among them the tetralogy of Fallot (n = 5) were admitted. The other pathologies were respectively: osseous (n = 3), vesical (n = 2), pulmonary tumoral, ophthalmic in 1 case. The surgery consisted in a complete repair in 19 cases, palliative in 9 cases. Two children proved to be inoperable. Eight other extra-cardiac pathologies had a specific surgery for each case. The average stay in the Netherlands was 1 month 13 days (extremes: 1 - 12 months). The evolution was favourable for 35 children all pathologies included. Four deaths occurred in the Netherlands and 2 in Congo. The organization of the technology transfer would be probably a better choice in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Principle military medical institution in Ukraine: history pages (to 250 anniversary of the foundation of Kiev Military Hospital)].

The article is dedicated to the history of the foundation, development of the principle military medical institution of Ukraine, which celebrates its 250 anniversary in June 2005. The authors proposed the periodization of the origin, main achievements and tendency of the development of the management of this military medical institution.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2005

The openEHR Foundation.

The openEHR Foundation is an independent, not-for-profit organisation and community, facilitating the creation and sharing of health records by consumers and clinicians via open-source, standards-based implementations. It was formed as a union of ten-year international R&D efforts in specifying the requirements, information models and implementation of comprehensive and ethico-legally sound electronic health record systems. Between 2000 and 2004 it has grown to having an on-line membership of over 300, published a wide range of EHR information viewpoint specifications. Several groups have now begun collaborative software development, within an open source framework. This chapter summarises the formation of openEHR, its research underpinning, practical demonstrators, the principle design concepts, and the roles openEHR members are playing in international standards.

Electronic Health Records↗
PubMed2005

The israeli virtual national health record: a robust national health information infrastructure based on a firm foundation of trust.

In many developed countries, a coordinated effort is underway to build national and regional Health Information Infrastructures (HII) for the linking of disparate sites of care, so that an access to a comprehensive Health Record will be feasible when critical medical decisions are made [1]. However, widespread adoption of such national projects is hindered by a series of barriers- regulatory, technical, financial and cultural. Above all, a robust national HII requires a firm foundation of trust: patients must be assured that their confidential health information will not be misused and that there are adequate legal remedies in the event of inappropriate behavior on the part of either authorized or unauthorized parties[2].The Israeli evolving National HII is an innovative state of the art implementation of a wide-range clinical inter-organizational data exchange, based on a unique concept of virtually temporary sharing of information. A logically connection of multiple caregivers and medical organizations creates a patient-centric virtual repository, without centralization. All information remains in its original format, location, system and ownership. On demand, relevant information is instantly integrated and delivered to the point of care. This system, successfully covering more than half of Israel's population, is currently evolving from a voluntary private-public partnership (dbMOTION and CLALIT HMO) to a formal national reality. The governmental leadership, now taking over the process, is essential to achieve a full potential of the health information technology. All partners of the Israeli health system are coordinated in concert with each other, driven with a shared vision - realizing that a secured, private, confidential health information exchange is assured.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2005

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: Epilepsy Research Foundation workshop reports.

In April 2004, a group of physicians with an interest in nonconvulsive status epilepticus representing a spectrum of opinion met in Oxford, sponsored by the Epilepsy Research Foundation (a charitable organization), to discuss and debate the definition, diagnosis and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. We felt that such a meeting would be useful, as nonconvulsive status epilepticus is a subject that provokes strong reactions, perhaps largely due to the relative lack of evidence and the surfeit of opinion. The meeting was arranged such that there were formal talks followed by a discussion led by one of the attendees. We present here the extended abstracts of the main talks with the points raised by the discussants. Despite disagreements on certain issues there was much in the way of consensus. First, it was agreed that nonconvulsive status epilepticus is a term that covers a range of disparate conditions with varying prognoses and treatments. The agreed definition was thus suitably vague, A< >. Secondly, it was agreed that even within a specific condition (e.g. complex partial status epilepticus), the prognosis and treatment depends upon the context in which the condition occurs (e.g. in the critically ill, in coma, in the A< > and in people with prior epilepsy). Perhaps, most importantly it was agreed that we lacked good clinical data, and the challenge was to design good studies for a condition that is underrecognised and often difficult to diagnose.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗