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PubMed1990

Fatal occupational injuries in the United States, 1980 through 1985.

The National Traumatic Occupational Fatality surveillance project was designed to gather demographic, employment, and injury information from death certificates for all deaths due to injuries at work in the United States. Approximately 7000 workers have died each year during the 6-year period from 1980 through 1985: 94% were men, and 6% were women. Unintentional injuries caused the deaths of 83% of the men and 50% of the women. Eleven percent of the men and 39% of the women died from homicide. While the greatest number of deaths occurred in the group aged 20 through 34 years, fatality rates were highest among those aged 70 years and older. Expressed as deaths per 100,000 workers, annual fatality rates for black workers (7.7) were slightly higher than for white workers (6.5). The four industrial groups with the highest fatality rates were mining (31.9); transportation, communication, and public utilities (25.4); construction (24.0); and agriculture, forestry, and fishing (20.7). From 1980 through 1985 the annual traumatic occupational fatality rate fell 23%.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1987

Microcarriers as a culturing system of insect cells and insect viruses.

There is an increasing interest in culturing of insect cells, which are host for arthropod-born (Arbo) viruses. The potential applications of Arbo viruses are in the following two main fields: 1. Medical applications (e.g. preparation of viral vaccines and viral antigens for diagnostic purposes). 2. As bioinsecticides in pest control in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. One of the potential cell substrates for these applications is an anchorage-dependent-mosquito cell line established from embryonic tissues of Aedes aegypti (AA). The following areas were investigated in the reported research with the AA cell line: The AA cells were successfully propagated in microcarrier (MC)-culturing-systems. Of the tested MC's the cellulose-based microgranular MC (DE-53 of Whatman, having an exchange capacity of 2 meq/g) was found to be the best MC. Cells grew in MCs-cells aggregates in submerged spinner culture. The AA-MC's culture was successfully scaled-up to 8 litre culture volume. "Trypsinization" of the AA cells from the MC surface is successfully done by RDB, a dispersion agent from a plant origin (produced and marketed at the author's Institute). Other known dispersion agents (trypsin, collagenase, pronase) failed to disperse the AA cells from the MC. A serum-free medium was developed for culturing the AA cells on the DE-53 MC's. Bovine serum albumin was the main serum substituant in the developed medium. Arboviruses, from the Toga group, were grown in the AA-MC culture. Sindbis virus (from alpha-group) and West Nile virus (from the Flavi group), chronically infected the AA cells, which continuously produce and liberate these two viruses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

[Dynamics and state of occupational diseases in the Hungarian People's Republic].

The modern stage of development of Hungary is characterized by positive trends in occupational morbidity. Ear disorders, communicable and skin diseases are listed as the biggest health problems in the structure of occupational morbidity. The highest disease rates are registered in mining, food, chemical, metallurgical+ branches of industry, in forestry and in the production of building materials.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Allergic alveolitis in agricultural workers, caused by thermophilic bacteria or fungi].

Between 1976-1986 fifty-seven patients with farmer's lung have been diagnosed in Hungary on the basis of data obtained from public institutes for tuberculosis. That are 0.08% of the 744,300 manual workers employed in agriculture and forestry. In the counties of Borsod and Szolnok the rate was 0.5% (referred to 62,900 and 36,000 individuals, respectively). Regional accumulation of the different provoking agent's and variation of disease prevalence seem to be in correlation with geographical, climatic, meteorological, economical and occupational factors, showing a declining tendency in recent years. Antibodies of the Thermoactinomyces vulgaris antigen could be detected most frequently. In the biopsy material of 17 patients obtained by Klassen biopsy were fibrosing and not fibrosing desquamative alveolitis, granulomas similar to sarcoidosis, bronchiolitis with peribronchial fibrosis observed. Mostly focal, rarely subpleural deficiencies were detected by lung-scintigraphy, their dimension in acute cases being greater than the extent of radiological lesions. On the basis of 5 Coombs positive cases authors consider conceivable that sometimes cytotoxic allergic reaction type II participates in the pathogenesis of farmer's lung.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Atomizers for disinfection].

The disinfection services experience acute demand for atomizers. In view of the fact that operation of all atomizing units is based on the same physical principles and that their use is associated with the solution of the same physical problems, for disinfection needs, use can be made of the equipment manufactured by medical industry as well as of the analogous units applied in related spheres: in veterinary, field-crop cultivation, forestry, horticulture, in carrying out finishing works during construction, and in homes. Atomizers manufactured by different bodies are reviewed. The main characteristics of the units are provided.

Aerosol Propellants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational health and safety risks and potential health consequences perceived by U.S. workers, 1985.

Data from the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Questionnaire, part of the 1985 National Health Interview Survey, were used to report workers' perceptions of occupational risk in their present jobs. This information will be used to monitor progress between 1985 and 1990 toward achieving broad goals in health promotion and disease prevention. The proportions of currently employed persons who perceived exposure to health-endangering substances, work conditions, or risks of injuries were reported for age, race, sex, and occupation groups. Occupational groups were further characterized by the proportion of men and women who reported specific exposures (such as exposure to chemicals or to loud noise) and specific health consequences of exposure (such as risk of developing cancer or hearing impairment). Greater proportions of men than women reported perceived risk from exposure to health-endangering substances, work conditions, and injuries in their present job. Also, a greater proportion of workers perceived risk of injury in their present job than other occupational risk categories. The greatest proportions of perceived exposure to occupational risk were reported by farm operators and managers, police and firefighters, and by workers in forestry and fishing occupations. Among workers reporting perceived exposures, chemicals, noise, and risk of injuries from vehicles were cited by the greatest proportion of workers, as were such health consequences as lung and respiratory problems and hearing impairment. Data from this study may be used to target employment groups for health promotion or education and to develop indepth studies of specific occupational groups to reduce or prevent risk at the worksite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Chemicals, birth defects and stillbirths in New Brunswick: associations with agricultural activity.

We describe a series of investigations that were conducted in support of the Task Force on Chemicals in the Environment and Human Reproductive Problems in New Brunswick. Geographic and temporal analyses and case-control studies, with the use of vital statistics, hospital records, the Canadian Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System and chemical databases, revealed no association between pesticides used in forestry and reproductive problems. Evidence of an association between the potential exposure to agricultural chemicals and three major anomalies combined as well as spina bifida without hydrocephalus was found. More plausible was an association between stillbirths and such exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy. This finding, along with the cyclic patterns of stillbirth in the agricultural Saint John River basin and the somewhat higher stillbirth rates in New Brunswick than in adjacent provinces or in Canada as a whole, suggests that further attention should focus on possible associations between agricultural activity and stillbirths.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1987

A review of work-related fatal injuries in New Zealand 1975-84--numbers, rates and trends.

Deaths resulting from work-related injuries during 1975 to 1984 in New Zealand were identified and reviewed. Nine hundred and eighty-six members of the workforce (workers) were killed at work during this period. This excluded deaths resulting from traffic-related injuries on public roads which occurred during a person's work activity and injuries which occurred whilst travelling to or from work. The estimated average work-related fatal injury rate for New Zealand was 7.2/100,000 workers/year. Variations in fatal injury rate by year of injury, age, sex and race were observed. Occupation and industry fatality rates were also estimated and gross variations by occupation were found. Those occupations with the highest estimated rates included helicopter and agricultural pilots, demolition labourers, deer cullers and commercial deer shooters. These rates are likely to be biased to some degree. Occupations with the largest number of workers killed during this 10 year period were farmers (109), fishermen (79) and forestry workers (68).

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1985

Vibration exposure and vibration-induced white finger due to chain saw operation.

A longitudinal study was undertaken to evaluate changes in the prevalence of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) during the period 1956 to 1980 among a population of Japanese state forestry workers. The vibration levels in the measurements occasionally exceeded the 30-minute line proposed by the Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 5349 in one-third octave bands mainly centered on 160 Hz, with 500 Hz in vertical, 400 Hz in sideways, and 250 Hz in back-and-forth sawing operations. The peak prevalence rate was 62.6%, found in the cohort beginning in 1958-1959. Beginning with the 1968-1969 cohort, the prevalence decreased significantly. During the study period, prevalence rates were approximately 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% after 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 12 years of exposure, respectively. The incidence rate increased gradually after 1960 and the peak value was reached in 1966. The peak value of the incidence rate by duration of exposure was about the same (8% to 10%) in the 1958, 1962, and 1966 cohorts; however, in later groups, the incidence rate decreased in the earlier stages of the exposure periods. The latent interval for the development of VWF was 6.4 +/- 3.7 years (6,000 to 7,000 hours) on average, with a 90% range of one to 14 years (700 to 16,000 hours). Of 452 study subjects with VWF (prevalence rate, 33.5%), 13.5% recovered within the exposure periods, 12.2% recovered within one year after the cessation of exposure, and 74.3% still had VWF more than two years after exposure had ended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A photographic system for measuring shoot elongation in tree seedlings and relation to solar radiation and temperature.

An automatic system has been developed to measure the variations in the rate of shoot elongation of tree seedlings. A camera equipped with 50 mm macro-objective lens, with automatic flash and winder is attached to a motor-operated rotatable stand. The camera is connected to an intervalometer enabling exposures of various seedlings placed around the stand to be taken in sequence at a given time interval. The time interval between the exposures of each seedling is adjustable between 5 min and one week. A paper scale with 0.25 mm rulings is placed behind each shoot. The negatives are projected onto a screen with a X 10 enlargement and the shoot lengths measured. The results show that the resolution of the device is +/- 0.05 mm. The system was tested under field conditions in June 1979 at the Forestry Field Station of the University of Helsinki with containerized Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The daily course of the shoot elongation rate closely followed the variations in ambient temperature. The system can be applied to the measurement of other plant species.

Photography↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of metal dust on the respiratory system. II. Clinical examinations].

Studies were carried out in 4 groups of workers occupationally exposed to cadmium, tungsten, manganese and lead. All those groups were homogeneous, composed exclusively of men aged 35--45, of similar height, body weight, and duration of employment above 10 years. Following the same criteria, a group of forestry workers, unexposed to dust, was randomly selected. The smoking habit was similar in all groups. Several--days--clinical observation included a detailed interview (MRC questionnaire), physical and radiological examination and a wide range of functional tests of lungs. The results reveal clinical and physiopathological symptoms which might be indicative of emphysema. The results of some studies also indicate the possibility of intraparenchymatous fibrosis of lungs in the tungsten--exposed--workers. No clear effects upon the respiratory system were found.

Adult↗
PubMed1967

An epidemiological study of tick-borne encephalitis in the Tribec region: 1953-63.

As part of an investigation on tick-borne encephalitis in the Tribec region of Czechoslovakia, an epidemiological study has been carried out on 445 cases diagnosed as "virus meningo-encephalitis" over the period 1953-63. The average morbidity rate was 19.3 per 100 000 inhabitants, ranging from 107.9 in 1955 to 3.3 in 1961. The lowest morbidity rates were in the 0-4 years and 60+years age-groups (5.7 and 5.5, respectively) and the highest rate was in the 10-14 years age-group (33.2). When the figures for 1960-63 were analysed, the highest rate (21.3) was found among adult farmers and forestry workers. The morbidity rates in the Tribec region are, on average, 2.6 times those for Czechoslovakia as a whole and 4.7 times those for Slovakia. There is a seasonal variation in incidence, with a maximum in June.The most frequent method of infection was by tick bite. Villages in the south-east of the region had a higher incidence of disease than those in the north-west. Serological examinations revealed variations in activity within the focus: whereas, of 93 inhabitants of four villages who had suffered from "virus meningo-encephalitis", 63 (68%) had antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus, none of 95 randomly selected inhabitants of a village with no reported cases of the disease had antibodies. More accurate diagnosis of the disease has been achieved by the introduction of serological and cultivation procedures.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1979

[Problems of symptomatology and epidemiology of early-summer meningoencephalitis (tick borne encephalitis)].

Three forms related to different age groups are discussed. Special attention is devoted to laboratory analyses in support of clinical diagnosis. A representative sample of sera from the healthy population of Thuringia showed 6.97 per cent positive sera. The difference between the exposed agricultural and forestry workers and industrial workers is significant. Moreover, there is a relationship between the extent of wooded country and the presence of microfoci.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Mouse strain identification by means of discriminant analysis using mandible measurements.

Mouse strains were identified by the aid of discriminant functions obtained from discriminant analysis of values measured at 13 sites of the mandible. They consisted of nine inbred strains of mice, AA, DDD, DDK, DDY, DSD, KK, NC, RR, and SS, and one mutant strain, NC-brp, maintained exactly in the National Institute of Animal Health, Minstry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. As a result, the probability of erroneous discrimination was 1 head/246 head, or 0.41%, for the males and 2 head/238 head, or 0.84%, for the females. Therefore, almost all the mouse strains were identified correctly. These results seemed to indicate that the strains of mice would be identified more correctly than before, if the present method by the aid of discriminant functions was applied in addition to the methods of identification based on the coat color, biochemical marker-genes, and histocompatibility genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Lung function and long-term exposure to cement dust.

In a cross-sectional epidemiological survey a selected group of former and present cement factory workers and a random sample of the corresponding urban population underwent dynamic spirometry. Based upon life experience the subjects were grouped into four occupational categories. Three hundred and one men were grouped as cement factory workers, 649 were grouped as blue collar workers, 218 as white collar workers and 102 men had predominantly been occupied in farming, forestry and fishing. On the average the investigated men had spent more than 75% of their total occupational life in their main occupational category. Each occupational category was further subdivided according to smoking habits and in all categories the well-known association between tobacco consumption and decrease in ventilatory capacity was found. White collar workers, who smoke less and had experienced better housing conditions throughout life had better ventilatory lung function than any of the other three occupational categories. No significant differences in lung function between cement factory workers and other blue collar workers with comparable smoking habits could be demonstrated by use of the maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), or any other of the calculated indices from the dynamic spirometry, when standardized for age, height and body weight.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Peripheral vascular manifestations and osteoarticular changes in mine drillers and lumber workers].

In order to find, inside the same vibration syndrome, likely differences of the pathology due to the different technological features of the vibrating tools, 42 forestry workers have been compared with 168 mine workers. No significant differences have been noticed, as concerns both osteoarticular lesions and photopletismography study of peripheral blood circulation; in mine workers a prevalence of lesions of the nail-folds capillaries has been noticed, according to the authors dependent on the higher energy of the vibrations brought out boring-machines.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Morphology and incidence of testicular tumors in western Austria (1945-1980).

During the years 1945-1980 260 testicular tumors were registered in the two western provinces of Austria ( Tyrol and Vorarlberg ). The histological slices of these tumors were revised and classified according to the revised "British Classification" ( Pugh 1976). 91.9% of investigated testicular tumors were of germinal cell origin: 43.8% of them were seminomas and 38.1% teratomas. Combined tumors first appeared regularly when the surgical material was completely processed. The right side was more common affected than the left, in the ratio 7:5. The age of orchidectomy showed the typical peaks for seminomas, teratomas and combined tumors. 60% of germinal cell tumors were operated in stage pT3 (UICC). The average incidence of all testicular tumors in the years 1945-1980 was 1.9/100,000 males, but in the last decennium (1971-1980) the average incidence was 4.0, with a maximum of 6.9 in 1978. Districts with a high percentage of employed in agriculture and forestry showed lower incidences than industrialized areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[How widespread is Q fever in Switzerland?].

There are very few reports in the literature on mass seroepidemiological studies of the prevalence of Q fever antibodies. Those to be found are mostly concerned with focal epidemics of Q fever. Out of more than 2000 serum specimens from blood donors analyzed at random in Switzerland in 1982 for Q fever antibodies, 3.5% gave seropositive results (CBR titer at least 1:10). In selected population samples, e.g. forestry workers or vets, the prevalence was distinctly higher (7.6% and 25.7%). Contact with sheep and the consumption of unboiled and not commercially processed milk proved to be mutually independent risk factors. The foregoing findings indicate that the incidence of Q fever in Switzerland is higher than would appear from the number of cases reported to the Federal Health Department. They are discussed in view of the recent renewed interest in Q fever endocarditis.

Animals↗