Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Extraction and Processing Industry”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Fluorometric determination of nitrite in cured meats.

An indirect fluorometric method for determining sodium nitrite in meat products is presented. The extracted sodium nitrite is consumed in a diazotization reaction with a measured excess of sulfanilic acid. Fluorescamine, which acts selectively with primary amines such as sulfanilic acid, is a fluorogenic reagent for the excess amine. The amine consumed, calculated by difference from the total originally present, is directly related to the sodium nitrite content of the sample. Interferences from amino acids and soluble proteins in the meat extract are eliminated by judicious use of a secondary peak in the fluorescence spectra (436 nm excitation, 495 nm fluorescence) combined with measurement at low pH (3.30). The recoveries of sodium nitrite ranged from 83.2 to 99.6% with an average of 93.4 and a standard deviation of +/- 5.28% for 11 determinations.

Food Additives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of organic aerosols on the respiratory system in occupational exposure].

The effects of organic dusts on the respiratory system of workers employed in food processing, in textile workers, as well as in agricultural and livestock farmers are reported. Deposition and elimination of particles from the lung as well as the possible mechanisms of the organic dust effects on respiratory system are described. Separately are presented results of our investigations on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases as well as lung function tests as indicators of the condition of the respiratory system. Data on the experimental studies with aqueous extracts of organic dusts on smooth muscle of isolated guinea pig trachea suggest that the bronchoconstrictive effects in humans can be reproduced in nonsensitized guinea pigs. The preventive measures in the development of respiratory impairments in subjects occupationally exposed to organic dusts are described.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Optimized gel permeation chromatographic cleanup for soil, sediment, wastes, and oily waste extracts for determination of semivolatile organic pollutants and PCBs.

A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) method, used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), was modified for cleanup of soil, sediments, wastes, and oily wastes before determination of semivolatile organic pollutants. The modifications included new calibration procedures and control of the amount of material processed. The modifications were evaluated for soil and sediment matrixes in a 5-laboratory study where each laboratory processed a solution containing a phthalate, substituted phenols and benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nitroaniline, and pesticides. With the exception of nitroaniline, analyte recoveries were 87-112%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 6.7-26%. Soil samples containing PCBs and fortified with 6 pesticides at 0.7-4 micrograms/g were also analyzed by the 5 laboratories. The mean recovery of the 6 pesticides was 100% with a mean RSD of 16%. Mean RSD for the determination of total PCBs was 8.9%. An additional modification for the processing of wastes and high concentration waste samples was attempted; this involved GPC processing of sample extracts dissolved in 1 + 1 butyl chloride-methylene chloride. This modification did not improve recoveries of the semivolatile analytes. Finally, the modified GPC protocol was applied to PCB-contaminated reclaimed waste oils samples. Two GPC cleanup steps were used to separate PCBs from the waste oil samples before PCBs were determined by gas chromatography combined with electron-capture detection (GC/ECD).

Butanes↗
PubMed1982

Application of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in workplaces exposed to petroleum pitch and petroleum coke.

Workplaces of an Italian carbon electrode factory, exposed to petroleum pitch and petroleum coke, were studied using a coupled chemical and biological approach to evaluate occupational mutagenic/carcinogenic hazards. Analytical procedures for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity tests (with TA98 and TA100 strains) were performed on both industrial ingredients (pitch and coke) and airborne particulate matter of the working environment, after fractionating by sequential Soxhlet extractions with four organic solvents of increasing polarity (benzene, chloroform, methanol and acetone). The results showed: (a) the presence of extraordinarily high PAH (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) contents in the benzene extracts of petroleum pitch (3.6 wt% of total PAH) and of airborne particulate samples (up to 0.35 wt% of total PAH), in correlation with very high indirect (after metabolic activation) mutagenic responses of benzene extracts with strain TA98; (b) very high indirect mutagenic responses in the other extracts of the airborne particulate samples (especially with strain TA98); (c) the production during the processing at high temperatures of directly acting mutagens (without metabolic activation) which were absent in the starting materials and their release in the air of workplaces. The comparison of chemical analytical and mutagenicity data has proved to be an interesting approach for better defining the relative health hazards due to occupational exposure to potentially mutagenic/carcinogenic petroleum products.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Marcel Faber Roundtable: is our antibiotic pipeline unproductive because of starvation, constipation or lack of inspiration?

There are few new antibiotics in the pipeline today. The reasons may include starvation at the front of the pipeline due to inadequate sources of suitable compounds to screen coupled with poorly validated discovery methodologies. A successful antibiotic discovery approach in the past, based upon whole cell antibiotic screening of natural products from actinomycetes and fungi, eventually suffered from constipation in the middle of the pipeline due to rediscovery of known compounds, even though low throughput methodology was employed at the front end. The current lack of productivity may be attributed to the poor choice of strategies to address the discovery of new antibiotics. Recent applications of high throughput in vitro screening of individual antibacterial targets to identify lead compounds from combinatorial chemical libraries, traditional chemical libraries, and partially purified natural product extracts has not produced any significant clinical candidates. The solution to the current dilemma may be to return to natural product whole cell screening. For this approach to work in the current millennium, the process needs to be miniaturized to increase the throughput by orders of magnitude over traditional screening, and the rediscovery of known antibiotics needs to be minimized by methods that can be readily monitored and improved over time.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2005

Measuring detoxification and maturity in compost made from "alperujo", the solid by-product of extracting olive oil by the two-phase centrifugation system.

Olive-mill wastes and by-products from the edible olive oil industry contain a high non-stabilised organic load, including organic acids, phenolic compounds and fats with antimicrobial and phytotoxic properties, which make them unsuitable for direct agricultural application. The most abundant olive-mill by-product in Spain is "alperujo" (AL), a solid material with a lack of consistency and low porosity due to its high water content and small particle size, which can be suitably composted by adding bulking agents. Six piles were prepared by mixing AL with cotton waste, grape stalk, olive leaf and fresh cow bedding, then successively composted, five of them managed by forced ventilation assisted by mechanical turning and the sixth only turned. After monitoring the process, the relationship between the germination index (GI) and the presence of some potentially phytotoxic compounds, as well as several maturity and stability indices, was assessed. As composting advanced, the GI increased and both the fat and water-soluble phenol contents decreased, indicating a gradual detoxification as the composts matured. The values of the maturity and stability indices were frequently different from the values reported for other composts.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Thermophilin 110: a bacteriocin of Streptococcus thermophilus ST110.

A screen of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria identified Streptococcus thermophilus strain ST110 as the putative producer of a bacteriocin with high level of activity against pediococci. Thermophilin 110 was isolated from culture supernatant after 16 h of growth and partially purified by a chloroform extraction procedure. The bacteriocin inhibited the growth of several lactic acid bacteria and in the case of Pediococcus acidilactici, it induced cell lysis with the concomitant release of OD260-absorbing material and intracellular enzymes. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed two components with estimated sizes between 4.0 kDa and 4.5 kDa, respectively, with possible involvement in bacteriocin activity as indicated by agar overlay assays with P. acidilactici as the target organism. Thermophilin 110 was inactivated by several proteolytic enzymes and also by alpha-amylase, which indicated the putative requirement of a glycosidic component for activity. The bacteriocin produced by S. thermophilus may be especially useful in the food processing industries to control spoilage caused by pediococci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Decolorization of textile indigo dye by ligninolytic fungi.

The indigo dye is extensively used by textile industries and is considered a recalcitrant substance, which causes environmental concern. Chemical products used on textile processing, which affect the environment through effluents, can be voluminous, colored and varied. Vat textile dyes, like indigo, are often used and dye mainly cellulosic fibers of cotton. Decolorization of this dye in liquid medium was tested with ligninolytic basidiomycete fungi from Brazil. Decolorization started in a few hours and after 4 days the removal of dye by Phellinus gilvus culture was in 100%, by Pleurotus sajor-caju 94%, by Pycnoporus sanguineus 91% and by Phanerochaete chrysosporium 75%. No color decrease was observed in a sterile control. Thin layer chromatography of fungi culture extracts revealed only one unknown metabolite of Rf=0.60, as a result of dye degradation.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2000

Cytochrome P4501A induction and porphyrin accumulation in PLHC-1 fish cells exposed to sediment and oil shale extracts.

The present study describes the use of a fish hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1) in monitoring the biological effects of sediments collected from recipient waters of the oil shale industry. Sampling sites were located in River Purtse and River Kohtla in northeast Estonia. The effects of pure oil shale on the PLHC-1 cells were also studied. The cells were exposed to n-hexane-extracted samples in 48-well plates for 24 h, and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, total protein, and porphyrin content were measured in the exposed cells. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents in the samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All the sediment and oil shale samples induced CYP1A activity and led to porphyrin accumulation in the cells. The most potent inducers were the sediments collected near the oil shale processing plants (site Lüganuse in River Purtse and Kohtla in River Kohtla), as well as those at the most downstream site in River Purtse (Purtse). These samples possessed high total PAH contents, ranging from 4,270 to nearly 150,000 microg/kg dry sediment. The presence of other lipophilic organic contaminants in the samples was not determined in this study. Both EROD activity and porphyrin content exhibited biphasic induction curves, and the ED(50)(1) values for EROD activity were lower than the ED(50)s for porphyrin content. 2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction equivalents (TCDD-EQs) calculated from EROD induction potencies correlated well with total PAHs (r(2) = 0.827 and p = 0.003 for log-transformed data) and also with individual PAHs. TCDD-EQs for porphyrin content did not correlate significantly with total PAHs (log-log r(2) = 0.785, p = 0. 116). The biological potency and PAH contamination of the samples showed the same rank order, except at Lüganuse, where sediment extracts induced CYP1A and porphyrins more than could have been expected based on PAH contents. Bioassay-derived induction EQs (normalized to dibenz(a,h)anthracene) were 20- to 3,200-fold greater than EQs calculated from the concentrations of five PAHs, suggesting important contributions from other compounds or nonadditive effects. The PLHC-1 cells proved to be a sensitive bioanalytical tool for sediments contaminated with PAH-type pollutants in the oil shale processing area. We suggest further use of this bioassay in screening and monitoring waters with similar background of pollution as in northeast Estonia.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Coffee worker's allergy.

Workers in the coffee industry were investigated. Study I comprised 50 selected cases of whom 25 had work-related symptoms and 25 had not. Prick tests and RAST investigations with different factory dust extracts were performed. Study II was a cross-sectional study comprising 129 workers who were prick-tested with one factory dust extract and with castor bean (CB). More than 40% described occupationally related asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis or pruritus, and in about half of these cases sensitization with one or two allergens was found. One allergen comes from coffee beans and is found in the factory dust, mainly where the raw coffee is handled. This allergen is destroyed in the roasting process. The other allergen is identical with the allergen from castor bean and its presumed to enter the plant via the sacks. Predisposing factors to developing sensitization were atopic status, degree and length of exposure, and smoking habits.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization of a cystatin from pineapple stem.

A cDNA fragment encoding the cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin, was cloned from pineapple (Ananas comosus) stem. This clone was constructed in a fusion vector and was easily over-expressed in Escherichia coli; satisfactory over-expression of non-fusion cystatin was achieved after an additional start codon was inserted prior to its coding sequence. Both recombinant cystatins were predominately found in the soluble fraction of the cell extract, and were demonstrated to be functionally active in a reverse zymographic assay. The fusion and non-fusion cystatins were separately purified to homogeneity via a His-tag or papain-coupling affinity column. Effective inhibitory activity against papain was detected with both the fusion and non-fusion cystatins with comparable K(i) values of 1.18 x 10(-10) M and 9.53 x 10(-11) M, respectively. The recombinant cystatins were found to be thermally stable up to 60 degrees C. Inhibition of the endogenous protease activity in minced fish muscle revealed that the recombinant pineapple cystatins might be an adequate stabilizer to prevent protein degradation during industrial food processing.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1967

Aerobic heterotrophic bacterial populations of sewage and activated sludge. II. Method of characterization of activated sludge bacteria.

The replica-plating technique and Lochhead's nutritional method were combined in exploratory experiments to test their feasibility as useful means for characterizing the aerobic heterotrophic flora of activated sludge and to minimize the burdensome process of isolation, purification, and testing of isolates. In the test run, the method was about 86% reliable at the 0.05 level of significance. About 40% of the total number of bacteria able to grow on an aqueous extract of activated sludge did not grow on media containing glucose, amino acids, growth factors, and inorganic salts. The requirement for activated sludge extract suggested the existence of a requirement for unidentified nutrients contained in the activated sludge extract.

Agar↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of Kluyveromyces marxianus FII 510700 grown on a lactose-based medium as a source of a natural bioemulsifier.

Mannoprotein with emulsification properties was extracted from the cell walls of Kluyveromyces marxianus grown on a lactose-based medium by autoclaving cells in a citrate buffer at pH 7. The purified product was evaluated for chemical and physical stability to establish its potential use as a natural emulsifier in processed foods. The yield of purified bioemulsifier from this strain of K. marxianus was 4-7% of the original dry cell weight. The purified product, at a concentration of 12 g l(-1), formed emulsions that were stable for 3 months when subjected to a range of pH (3-11) and NaCl concentrations (2-50 g l(-1)). The composition of this mannoprotein was 90% carbohydrate (mannan) and 4-6% protein. These values are similar to mannoprotein extracted from cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is the traditional source. Consequently K. marxianus cultivated on a low-cost lactose-based medium such as whey, a lactose-rich clean waste of the dairy industry, could be developed as a source of bioemulsifier for use in the food industry.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2026

Biotic and abiotic degradation of PHAs: mechanisms, environments, and potential applications of degradation products.

This review seeks to compile Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) degradation studies published over the past 20 years. It highlights the effect of physical properties, such as crystallinity and molecular weight, on the decomposition rate of these molecules. Both biotic processes, mediated by bacteria, fungi, and enzymes, as well as abiotic processes, such as hydrolysis and thermal degradation, are analyzed. A repertoire of diverse microorganisms, including their metabolic pathways and enzymes for PHA breakdown, is presented. Furthermore, this review presents the decomposition of PHAs in various environments, such as soil and seawater, highlighting their potential as a sustainable alternative. Finally, the resulting degradation products are described, emphasizing their potential applications in medicine and industry. Although degradation of PHAs has been extensively studied through these years, several knowledge gaps remain undisclosed, including the degradation of diverse polyester monomers. PHAs comprise numerous monomer compositions with variable properties, which present opportunities for different applications but pose a challenge in their degradation. The reader of this review can extract useful information for both the production of PHAs and their potential applications.

Biodegradation↗
PubMed1986

Isolates from faba bean and soybean with lowered content of phytic acid and activity of the trypsin inhibitors.

For obtaining protein isolates, water, whey, and waste effluents from a potato processing plant were used as extraction solvents. Isolates obtained on laboratory conditions were subjected to chemical and organoleptic tests. It was shown that proper steering of the processing allowed for obtaining isolates with lower phytic acid content and decreased activity of the trypsin inhibitors, although the efficiency of the process decreased also. Modified processing was more efficient for elimination of the phytic acid from soybean isolates compared to faba bean. It was also shown that isolate neutralization considerably improved their solubility and decreased the activity of trypsin inhibitors.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Biotransformation of malachite green by Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 463.

In recent years, use of microbial biomass for decolourization of textile industry wastewater is becoming a promising alternative in which some bacteria and fungi are used to replace present treatment processes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 463 decolourized the triphenylmethane dyes (malachite green, cotton blue, methyl violet and crystal violet) by biosorption, showing different decolourization patterns. However, malachite green decolourized by biosorption at the initial stage and further biodegradation occurred, about 85% in plain distilled water within 7 h, and about 95.5% in 5% glucose medium within 4 h, under aerobic conditions and at room temperature. Decolourization of malachite green depends on various conditions, such as concentration of dye, concentration of cells, composition of medium and agitation. HPLC, UV-VIS, FTIR and TLC analysis of samples extracted with ethyl acetate from decolourized culture flasks confirmed the biodegradation of malachite green into several metabolites. A study of the enzymes responsible for the biodegradation of malachite green in the control and cells obtained after decolourization showed the activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase, NADH-DCIP reductase, malachite green reductase and aminopyrine N-demethylase in control cells. A significant increase in the activities of NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase was observed in the cells obtained after decolourization, indicating a major involvement of reductases in malachite green degradation.

Aminopyrine N-Demethylase↗
PubMed2005

The lignol approach to biorefining of woody biomass to produce ethanol and chemicals.

Processes that produce only ethanol from lignocellulosics display poor economics. This is generally overcome by constructing large facilities having satisfactory economies of scale, thus making financing onerous and hindering the development of suitable technologies. Lignol Innovations has developed a biorefining technology that employs an ethanol-based organosolv step to separate lignin, hemicellulose components, and extractives from the cellulosic fraction of woody biomass. The resultant cellulosic fraction is highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis, generating very high yields of glucose (>90% in 12-24 h) with typical enzyme loadings of 10-20 FPU (filter paper units)/g. This glucose is readily converted to ethanol, or possibly other sugar platform chemicals, either by sequential or simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The liquor from the organosolv step is processed by well-established unit operations to recover lignin, furfural, xylose, acetic acid, and a lipophylic extractives fraction. The process ethanol is recovered and recycled back to the process. The resulting recycled process water is of a very high quality, low BOD5, and suitable for overall system process closure. Significant benefits can be attained in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, as per the Kyoto Protocol. Revenues from the multiple products, particularly the lignin, ethanol and xylose fractions, ensure excellent economics for the process even in plants as small as 100 mtpd (metric tonnes per day) dry woody biomass input a scale suitable for processing wood residues produced by a single large sawmill.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of tubing material on the failure of product-specific bubble points of sterilizing-grade filters.

The following study was conducted to determine the effect of different preservatives commonly used in the biopharmaceutical industry on the product-specific bubble point of sterilizing-grade filters when used to filter product processed with different types of tubing. The preservatives tested were 0.25% phenol, m-cresol, and benzyl alcohol. The tubing tested was Sani-Pure (platinum-cured silicone tubing), Versilic (peroxide-cured silicone tubing), C-Flex, Pharmed, and Cole-Parmer (BioPharm silicone tubing). The product-specific bubble point values of sterilizing grade filters were measured after the recirculation of product through the filter and tubing of different types of materials for a total contact time of 15 h. When silicone tubing was used, the post-recirculation product-specific bubble point was suppressed on average 13 psig when compared to the pre- recirculation product-specific bubble point. Suppression was also observed with C-Flex, but to a much lesser extent than with silicone tubing. Suppression was not observed with Pharmed or BioPharm tubing. Alcohol extractions performed on the filters that experienced suppressed bubble points followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the filters contained poly(dimethylsiloxane). Direct addition of poly(dimethlysiloxane) to solutions filtered through sterilizing-grade filters suppressed the filter bubble points when tested for integrity. Silicone oils most likely reduced the surface tension of the pores in the membrane, resulting in the ability of air (or nitrogen) to pass more freely through the membrane, causing suppressed bubble point test values. The results of these studies indicate that product-specific bubble point of a filter determined with only product may not reflect the true bubble point for preservative-containing products that are recirculated or contacted with certain tubing for 15 h or greater. In addition, tubing material placed in contact with products containing preservatives should be evaluated for impact to the product-specific bubble point when being utilized with sterilizing-grade filters.

Drug Industry↗