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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha-1C subunit mRNA is present in ejaculated human spermatozoa.

The current study adds to the growing body of evidence that RNA is present in mature ejaculated human spermatozoa. We report that a sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/citric acid extraction method is superior to guanidinium isothiocyanate in terms of reproducibility of RNA recovery from motile sperm populations from individual ejaculates. Using the SDS/citric acid method, RNA was recovered from both fresh and frozen-thawed motile spermatozoa. Sperm RNA were used as templates in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in an attempt to identify partial RNA transcripts of a highly conserved region within the alpha-1C (pore-forming) subunit of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels from 11 individual donors. Control reactions employed primers derived from the human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) sequence. In nine of the 11 specimens, gene-specific PCR products were obtained with both the GAPDH and alpha-1C primer pairs. DNA sequencing analysis confirmed that the respective spliced transcripts were amplified. The two cases in which no amplification was obtained were attributed to reduced RNA yield. These data are consistent with results from in-situ RT-PCR of rat testis sections indicating that the testis-specific calcium channel of that species was expressed uniformly in all stages of the germinal epithelium, including mature spermatozoa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Distribution of Pz-peptidase in bovine epididymal and ejaculated semen.

Bovine epididymal or ejaculated semen was fractionated by density gradient centrifugation in Percoll, and seminal components recovered from the gradients were subjected to additional separation and washing steps. This procedure resulted in isolation of four major seminal constituents: particle-free extracellular fluid, washed light particulates, washed cytoplasmic droplets, and washed spermatozoa. When assayed using the Pz-peptide substrate, all the isolated seminal fractions contained substantial Pz-peptidase activity. The extracellular fluid Pz-peptidase was present in soluble form, but Triton X-100 was required for complete extraction of the Pz-peptidase activity from the spermatozoa, cytoplasmic droplets, and light particulates. The greatest Pz-peptidase activities were observed in the cytoplasmic droplet and epididymal sperm extracts, whereas the activities in extracellular fluid, extracts of light particulates, and extracts of ejaculated spermatozoa were relatively low. Most of the Pz-peptidase activity in extracts of epididymal spermatozoa was attributable to cytoplasmic droplets. The specific Pz-peptidase activities found by regression analysis were 6.1 mU/billion attached cytoplasmic droplets and 1.1 mU/billion spermatozoa. These results established that in the bovine, cytoplasmic droplets were the major source of Pz-peptidase activity in semen and that Pz-peptidase was not primarily a spermatozoal enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Acrosomal status evaluation in human ejaculated sperm with monoclonal antibodies.

An important question in mammalian gamete physiology concerns how capacitation and the occurrence of acrosome reactions in motile sperm relate to fertility. Evaluation of these relationships has been restricted by practical limitations because rapid, quantitative assays are unavailable. We have developed a rapid, reproducible assay for the evaluation of acrosomal status utilizing monoclonal antibodies specific to antigens localized in the acrosomal cap region of the sperm head. Mice were immunized with human ejaculated sperm preparations and the resultant hybridomas producing antisperm antibody were selected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Two monoclonal antibodies (HS-19, HS-21) recognized target antigens restricted to the acrosomal cap by IIF, and 87 +/- 8.5% of the sperm in fresh ejaculates from 10 different sperm donors showed positive cap fluorescence with these reagents. Loss of HS-21 binding as measured by IIF was correlated with disappearance of the acrosomal cap as observed directly by transmission electron microscopy. Acrosomal disappearance, artificially induced in vitro using the calcium ionophore A23187, also resulted in a loss of HS-21 binding. The induction of acrosomal loss by ionophore was dependent upon extracellular calcium. The data presented suggest that specific monoclonal antibodies can be used for the rapid evaluation of acrosomal status in mammalian sperm.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1997

Fertilization and subsequent development in vitro of pig oocytes inseminated in a modified tris-buffered medium with frozen-thawed ejaculated spermatozoa.

The present study examined the penetrability of pig oocytes by frozen-thawed ejaculated boar spermatozoa, prepared by the pellet method, coincubated in a modified Tris-buffered medium. Subsequent embryonic development of fertilized oocytes was also determined. Porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes were cultured in BSA-free North Carolina State University (NCSU) 23 medium containing porcine follicular fluid (10%), cysteine (0.1 mg/ml), and hormonal supplements (eCG and hCG: 10 IU/ml each) for 20-22 h. They were then cultured in the same medium but without hormonal supplements for an additional 20-22 h. After culture, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were coincubated for 12 h with three different (1 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6)/ml) sperm concentrations (experiment 1). In experiment 2, oocytes were coincubated with sperm (5 x 10(5)/ml) for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. In experiment 3, at 6 h after coincubation with sperm at 5 x 10(5)/ml concentration, oocytes were transferred into NCSU 23 + 0.4% BSA medium. At 48 and 144 h, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates, respectively, were evaluated. Insemination with 1 x 10(5)/ml resulted in a 40% sperm penetration rate of oocytes with 16% polyspermy. Mean number of sperm (MNS) per oocyte was 1.2 +/- 0.1. At 5 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6)/ml, penetration rate (84-87%) and polyspermy (57-64%) increased (p < 0.001), with no difference between the two concentrations. However, MNS per oocyte increased (p < 0.05) with increasing sperm concentration. Penetration rate was 31% at 3 h and increased (p < 0.001) at 6-12 h (80-88%), with no difference between these time points. Polyspermy increased (p < 0.05) in a time-dependent manner up to 9 h, with no difference between 9 and 12 h. Compared to 3 h, MNS per oocyte increased (p < 0.05) at 9 and 12 h, with no mean difference at 6 h. At 48 after culture, the cleavage rate was 40%, and at 144 h, the blastocyst rate was 19%. This study describes the cryopreservation of ejaculated boar semen by the pellet method and the successful in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes by frozen-thawed spermatozoa with subsequent development to the blastocyst stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation during prolonged in vitro incubation of ejaculated bovine spermatozoa is regulated by the oxidative state of the medium.

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a regulatory role in a multitude of physiological processes in sperm. Changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation, viability, and motility were studied as a function of extended incubation of bovine sperm in vitro at ambient temperature (18-20 degrees C). Fresh ejaculates were incubated after dilution for 8 days. On Days 0, 2, 5, and 8, an aliquot of sperm was incubated with or without theophylline at 37 degrees C for 30 min prior to assessing sperm viability, motility, and tyrosine phosphorylation of soluble and whole-cell proteins. There was a time-dependent decline in sperm motility, which was to some extent reversed by incubation with theophylline. The sum of the phosphotyrosine signal from two soluble proteins (M(r) 67 000 and 36 000) declined with incubation time in both theophylline-treated and untreated sperm. There were major differences in the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation during incubation between ejaculates from different bulls. Tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins from whole-cell extracts increased in a time-dependent manner during in vitro incubation and was unaffected by the presence of theophylline in the medium. The oxygenation state of the incubation medium had profound effects on sperm motility, viability, and tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins from whole-cell extracts. Sperm motility and viability declined more rapidly under aerobic compared with anaerobic conditions. Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins from whole-cell extracts increased considerably during anaerobic incubation, while there was no significant change during aerobic incubation. This increase in phosphorylation due to anaerobic incubation was reversed when sperm were transferred from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment, indicating that the oxygenation state of the medium regulates both protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. In addition, sperm incubated under aerobic conditions for 5 days retained the ability to phosphorylate proteins when transferred to an anaerobic environment. The increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation during in vitro incubation took place in a medium that did not contain capacitating substances such as heparin, sodium bicarbonate, or BSA. It transpired over a time scale of days and was not augmented by an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration through phosphodiesterase inhibition. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation during extended in vitro incubation at ambient temperature was significantly inhibited by the presence of oxygen in the medium.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2007

Sperm competition games: optimal sperm allocation in response to the size of competing ejaculates.

Sperm competition theory predicts that when males are certain of sperm competition, they should decrease sperm investment in matings with an increasing number of competing ejaculates. How males should allocate sperm when competing with differently sized ejaculates, however, has not yet been examined. Here, we report the outcomes of two models assuming variation in males' sperm reserves and males being faced with different amounts of competing sperm. In the first 'spawning model', two males compete instantaneously and both are able to assess the sperm competitive ability of each other. In the second 'sperm storage model', males are sequentially confronted with situations involving different levels of sperm competition, for instance different amounts of sperm already stored by the female mating partner. In both of the models, we found that optimal sperm allocation will strongly depend on the size of the male's sperm reserve. Males should always invest maximally in competition with other males that are equally strong competitors. That is, for males with small sperm reserves, our model predicts a negative correlation between sperm allocation and sperm competition intensity, whereas for males with large sperm reserves, this correlation is predicted to be positive.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Filtering capacity of bovine cervical mucus towards abnormal forms of human-ejaculated spermatozoa.

The filtration capacity of bovine cervical mucus (BCM), fresh bovine cervical mucus (FBCM) or frozen and thawed bovine mucus (BCMF) was studied, using human-ejaculated spermatozoa in comparison with the properties of human cervical mucus (HCM). Thirty semen specimens of good quality were used in cervical mucus (CM) penetrations, using capillary tubes containing CM of 30 HCM, 77 FBCM and 77 BCMF samples. Spermiocytograms were carried out on semen and cervical mucus at 1st and 3rd centimeter of the capillary tube after one hour of incubation. Smears were stained by Papanicolaou and the patterns of seven forms of sperm cells (normal, tapering, macrocephals, microcephals, pinhead, neck pathology and amorphous cells) were counted on a total of 100 cells in each slide. A clear, highly significant (P less than 0.0001) selection of cells penetrating the CM has been shown, preventing certain abnormal forms from penetrating the CM (macrocephals, neck pathology and amorphous cells) and enabling good penetration of normal sperm forms and moderate penetration of tapering, microcephals and pinhead cells. On the average, a specimen with normal sperm forms of 72% showed a spermiocytogram of 90% normal forms at the 3rd centimeter of migration. The same patterns of filtration were recorded in all the three sources of CM. It is suggested that BCM be used as a filter towards abnormal sperm forms in a highly teratozoospermic ejaculate in order to improve its quality for artificial inseminations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Stimulation of capacitation and the acrosome reaction in ejaculated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sperm and the effects of a sperm motility factor.

The conditions for stimulation of in vitro capacitation and the acrosome reaction of ejaculated buffalo sperm has been determined. Washed ejaculated sperm were successfully capacitated in BWW medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a sperm motility factor(s) (SMF(s) isolated from the adrenal glands of rats. The acrosome reaction was induced in capacitated sperm by introducing Ca++ ions (final concentration 5 mM) into the medium. Supplementation of BWW medium with SMF(s) in the presence of BSA significantly increased the percentage of sperm showing capacitation and the acrosome reaction. SMF(s) also significantly increased the percentage motility, the percentage forward motility and maintained a higher percentage of live sperm in BWW medium under the conditions used in this study. The significance of the present findings is discussed.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1992

Deficiency in major high molecular-weight seminal proteins in men producing poorly coagulating and alkaline liquid ejaculates.

Using SDS-PAGE three major high molecular-weight coagulum proteins (57, 75 and 79 kD) were identified in unliquefied human ejaculates. Washed coagulum was prepared at pH 4.5 and demonstrated negligible proteolysis as determined by a highly sensitive fluorescamine-based method. Laser densitometric scanning of these high molecular-weight proteins in unliquefied ejaculates in relation to their coagulational failure revealed that the total content of 57, 75 and 79 kD proteins in whole semen represented approximately 44% of levels in the normally coagulated, approximately 24% in poorly coagulated (P less than 0.005) and approximately 3% in the non-coagulated (alkaline liquid, P less than 0.001) samples. The findings imply that these predominant high molecular-weight proteins play a major role in human seminal coagulum formation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Expression of SPANX proteins in human-ejaculated spermatozoa and sperm precursors.

The sperm protein associated with nucleus in the X chromosome (SPANX) gene family is constituted by only a few members, clustered at Xq27, encoding small proteins which range from 15 to 20 kDa. These proteins have been shown to be present both in mature spermatozoa and in tumours, such as melanoma and some leukaemias. We developed polyclonal sera in order to study the distribution of the protein in human-ejaculated spermatozoa and their precursors. A synthetic peptide was designed from a domain common to the SPANX protein family and polyclonal sera were raised in mice. Seven healthy volunteer men with normal sperm parameters were recruited and the expression of SPANX proteins was evaluated in spermatozoa and ejaculated sperm precursors by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. SPANX proteins, present in a large fraction (96%) of mature spermatozoa, were localized in the sperm head (39.2%), midpiece (22.8%) or in both sites (34.4%). Spermatids also showed the presence of SPANX proteins in their cytoplasm, although a significantly higher number of spermatids were SPANX-negative compared with spermatozoa. In conclusion, SPANX proteins are expressed in an elevated percentage of spermatids and mature spermatozoa. In the latter, they are preferentially located in the sperm head. The greater number of SPANX-negative spermatids observed could relate to their easier exfoliation from the seminiferous tubules.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

In vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa.

Prior to fertilization mammalian spermatozoa undergo physiological changes in the female reproductive tract. These changes are collectively known as capacitation. In essence capacitation is a further differentiation that the sperm cell must acquire beyond the maturational changes that it undergoes in the epididymis. Although capacitation in vitro has been easily achieved in rodents, its accomplishment in the rabbit is inconsistent and difficult. We report here successful in vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit sperm, assessed by in vitro and in vivo fertilization of rabbit ova. Sperm were used from pooled ejaculates collected from bucks of proven fertility since sperm collected from individual bucks resulted in significant differences in fertilization levels. Conditions favoring in vitro capacitation were: (1) extended incubation time of 12 h, (2) addition of 20% heated rabbit serum to incubation medium, and (3) an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 8% O2, and 87% N2 during incubation. In vitro capacitation of sperm under these conditions resulted in 67% fertilization compared to 89% for control sperm capacitated for 13 h in the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intra-uterine insemination with prepared sperm vs. unprepared first split ejaculates. A randomized study.

In this randomized prospective study, we determined the conception rate following intra-uterine insemination with washed and prepared sperm, or with the first portion of a split ejaculate, in couples with longstanding male (n = 27, 70 treatment cycles) or cervical infertility (n = 14, 29 treatment cycles). Folliculogenesis and ovulation were induced by human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin. Significantly more couples conceived in the male infertility group following intra-uterine insemination with washed sperm, than after intra-uterine insemination with split ejaculate (9 vs. 2; P less than 0.05), while no difference in pregnancy rate (2 vs. 2) was found by the two intra-uterine insemination methods in the cervical infertility group.

Cell Separation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the lectin binding sites on the testicular, epididymal, vas, and ejaculated spermatozoon surface of dog.

Changes in the localization of sperm surface glycocomponents of testicular, epididymal, vas deferens, and ejaculated spermatozoa of dog (Canis domesticus) were studied employing fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated lectins viz., Concanavalin A (ConA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Maclura pomifera (MPA), and Arachis hypogaea (PNA) agglutinins. The plasma membrane clothing the acrosome of the testicular, epididymal, and vas deferens spermatozoa shows reactivity with all the lectins used. However, in the ejaculated spermatozoa, the entire sperm surface shows reactive sites for ConA, WGA, and PNA. Variation in the labelling of the cytoplasmic droplet in different stages of spermatozoon transit in the epididymis has been discussed.

Acrosome↗
PubMed2005

Serum antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde levels in patients with premature ejaculation before and after pharmacotherapy.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, significantly higher antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in patients with premature ejaculation (PE) compared to healthy controls were found. In the present study, we planned to evaluate antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels of patients with PE before and after citalopram treatment. METHODS: The study comprised 30 patients with PE according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Version (DSM-IV) and 30 healthy controls. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Fifteen of them (group I) received 8 weeks of citalopram treatment but the remaining (group II) did not. The subjects were asked to determine the average intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IVELT). The fasting antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in the mean IVELT between groups at baseline was found. IVELT considerably elevated after 8 weeks of citalopram treatment in group I with a mean of 209 +/- 72.1 seconds but not in group II. Antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels did not differ between groups at baseline. At the evaluation of week 8, SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels significantly reduced during treatment in group I patients. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results suggest that the ability for antioxidant enzymes and MDA to normalize through symptom alleviation reveals that they might be trait marker of PE. Further placebo-controlled studies are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

DNA-based detection of prostate cancer in blood, urine, and ejaculates.

BACKGROUND: Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) targeting promoter hypermethylation of the glutathione S transferase P1 gene (GSTP1), as the most frequent DNA alteration in prostatic carcinoma, was used for the molecular detection of cell-bound and cell-free prostate tumor DNA in various human bodily fluids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation in DNA isolated from plasma, serum, nucleated blood cells, ejaculates, urines after prostate massage, and prostate tissue from 33 patients with prostate cancer and 26 control patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Using a viral DNA extraction kit specifically recommended for DNA isolation from urine samples, GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation in urine sediments after prostatic massage was investigated in a cohort of 29 patients with prostate cancer and 40 controls with BPH. Fluorescently labeled MSP products were analyzed on an automated gene sequencer. RESULTS: GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation was found in 90% of tumors (18 of 20), 72% of plasma or serum samples (23 of 32), 50% of ejaculates (4 of 8), and between 36% (4 of 11; normal DNA isolation kit) and 76% (22 of 29; viral kit) of exprimated urines from patients with prostate cancer. Also, MSP identified circulating tumor cells in 30% (10 out of 33) of prostate cancer patients. Except for one urine sample, GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation was not found in tissue and body fluids from patients with BPH. CONCLUSION: GSTP1 promoter methylation analysis provides a highly specific tool for DNA-based diagnosis of prostate cancer in body fluids.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Intrasperm Ca2+ modulation and human ejaculated sperm viability: influence of miconazole, clotrimazole and loperamide.

Elevation of intrasperm Ca(2+) is reported to influence viability of ejaculated spermatozoa. Human spermatozoa possess inositol triphosphate (IP(3))-sensitive Ca(2+) stores, which can be targeted for increasing intrasperm Ca(2+) level. The influence of agents affecting Ca(2+) homeostasis has been investigated. Miconazole nitrate, clotrimazole and loperamide hydrochloride produced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in viability, each requiring respectively 0.5, 1.0 and 1.0 mM for producing death of all sperm cells immediately upon addition to ejaculated human semen samples. The reduction in sperm viability was accompanied by elevation of intrasperm Ca(2+) and was not affected by presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Significantly (P<0.05) less time was required for producing complete loss of sperm viability and increasing intrasperm Ca(2+) when any of these drugs was added to sperm cells previously treated with selected agents affecting Ca(2+) homeostasis. This enhanced spermicidal activity of miconazole, clotrimazole and loperamide appeared to be due to further mobilization of Ca(2+) from partially depleted intrasperm Ca(2+) stores. Synergism of spermicidal activity and intrasperm Ca(2+) elevation by miconazole or clotrimazole was observed when Ca(2+) efflux from sperm cells was simultaneously inhibited by 2',4'-dichlorobenzamil hydrochloride, a Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange inhibitor. The spermicidal activity of miconazole, clotrimazole or loperamide due to elevation of intrasperm Ca(2+) and its synergism, therefore, has great potential for exploitation of these drugs as contact spermicides.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of hyaluronic acid on Ca(2+) influx, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and cyclic AMP synthesis in canine ejaculated sperm during In Vitro capacitation.

The effects of hyaluronic acid, which comprises the cumulus intercellular matrix, on Ca(2+) influx, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and cyclic AMP synthesis in canine sperm during capacitation was investigated. Ejaculated sperm were collected from 10 Beagle dogs and the sperm were incubated for 4 hr in Eagle's MEM containing 10 microg/ml of hyaluronic acid. The percentages of actively motile sperm, hyperactivated sperm (HA-sperm), acrosome-reacted sperm (AR-sperm), and sperm labeled with fluoresceinated Ca(2+) indicator (Ca(2+)-labeled sperm) were evaluated to assess Ca(2+) influx into the sperm. LDH activity and cAMP concentration were measured in homogenized sperm. The mean percentages of motile sperm, HA-sperm, and Ca(2+)-labeled sperm in the MEM containing hyaluronic acid were higher than in the control medium (P<0.05, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively), but there was no difference between the percentages of AR-sperm. Mean LDH activity and mean cAMP concentration were also significantly higher than the control values (P<0.05). The percentages of HA-sperm correlated with those of Ca(2+)-labeled sperm (r(2)=0.810). The results indicate that hyaluronic acid increases Ca(2+) influx, LDH activity, and cAMP synthesis in canine ejaculated sperm during capacitation in vitro.

Acrosome Reaction↗
PubMed2005

Physical analysis of ejaculate to evaluate the secretory activity of the seminal vesicles and prostate.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether analysis of the physical properties of ejaculate also has any diagnostic potential for evaluating the function of these accessory sex glands. Diverse normal and abnormal states of coagulation, liquefaction, volume, viscosity and pH were studied with regard to the levels of biochemical markers of the seminal vesicles (fructose and inorganic phosphorus) and prostate (calcium, zinc and acid phosphatase). Fructose and inorganic phosphorus were significantly decreased in samples with absent or poor coagulation (p<0.001), volume < 2.0 mL (p=0.009 and p<0.001, respectively), hypoviscosity (p=0.013 and p<0.001), hyperviscosity (p=0.006 and p<0.001) and pH < or = 7.1 (p=0.018 and p<0.001). Also, fructose and inorganic phosphorus were significantly decreased in samples with liquefaction > 120 min (p=0.003) and pH > 8.0 (p<0.001), respectively. Calcium, zinc and acid phosphatase activity were significantly increased in samples with absent or poor coagulation (p<0.001), and significantly decreased in samples with volume > 5.0 mL (p=0.007, p=0.034 and p=0.011) and pH > 8.0 (p<0.001). Also, calcium and zinc were significantly increased in hypoviscous samples (p=0.012 and p=0.003), whereas the zinc concentration was significantly lower in hyperviscous samples (p=0.026). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, pH showed the highest predictive power to identify prostate dysfunction (83.6%) and simultaneous prostate and seminal vesicle dysfunction (98.8%). Physical analysis of ejaculate was also found to be clinically useful for evaluating the secretory activity of the seminal vesicles and prostate. Abnormal coagulation, liquefaction, volume, viscosity and pH strongly suggest gland dysfunction.

Adolescent↗