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PubMed2005

Low mineral intake is associated with high systolic blood pressure in the Third and Fourth National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: could we all be right?

Analysis of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1984 revealed that a dietary pattern low in mineral intake, specifically calcium, potassium, and magnesium, was associated with hypertension in American adults. Using more recent survey data from NHANES III and NHANES IV, we re-examined the validity of this relationship. Blood pressure (BP) and nutrient intake data from 10,033 adult participants in NHANES III and 2311 adults in NHANES IV revealed findings similar to those of the earlier analysis, demonstrating that the association between inadequate mineral consumption and higher BP is valid and has persisted over two decades. Exploring this relationship further, we separated untreated hypertensive persons by hypertension type (systolic, diastolic, or both), and observed that the BP effect of low mineral intake was most pronounced in those with only systolic hypertension. We also observed that sodium intake was significantly lower in the systolic hypertension group and significantly higher in the diastolic hypertension group compared with the other groups. The nutrient pattern in the combined hypertension group was similar to that of the normotensive group. These findings may help to explain the inconsistent responses generally observed in dietary intervention studies, and they highlight the possible importance of tailored nutritional recommendations for hypertension based on hypertension category and individual dietary practices. Although randomized controlled trials are needed to characterize further the relationship between nutrient intake and hypertension type, these findings indicate that dietary management of hypertension may be more effective if the focus is on the overall nutritional profile rather than single-nutrient intake as currently recommended for most patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary fats and coronary heart disease: unfinished business.

In the scientific and lay press, dietary recommendations that are aimed at prevention of coronary heart disease in the general public are appearing more and more frequently. The dietary pattern that is now most widely advocated is a low-fat, low cholesterol diet with a polyunsaturated/saturated ratio of 1. The argument for such a dietary change is supported mainly by extrapolations from epidemiological data and from animal experimentation. Reasons are given for concluding that the recommendations are unwise, impractical, and unlikely to lead to a reduced incidence of arteriosclerotic disease. Sinc complacency is equally inappropriate, a few practical questions are outlined that should be settled before the public is assured that a low-fat diet will lead to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1999

A cholesterol-lowering diet does not produce adverse psychological effects in children: three-year results from the dietary intervention study in children.

The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC), a 2-arm, multicenter intervention study, examined the efficacy and safety of a diet lower in total fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol than the typical American child's diet. A total of 663 8- to 10-year-old children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a usual-care group. Intervention included group and individual counseling sessions to assist participants in adopting a dietary pattern containing 28% or less of calories from total fat (<8% as saturated fat, up to 9% as polyunsaturated fat, and 11% as monounsaturated fat) and dietary cholesterol intake of less than 75 mg/1,000 kcal. The dietary intervention reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and 3-year results showed no adverse effects for children in the intervention group in terms of academic functioning, psychological symptoms, or family functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Do eating habits differ according to alcohol consumption? Results of a study of the French cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (E3N-EPIC).

BACKGROUND: The potential of dietary habits to confound the association between alcohol consumption and health needs further study. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether eating habits differed according to alcohol consumption in a large cohort of French women. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of the French cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (E3N-EPIC). The cohort was established in 1990 and includes 100000 women born between 1925 and 1950. Dietary data were obtained between 1993 and 1995 by using self-administered food-frequency questionnaires. About 73000 questionnaires were analyzed, and women were placed into 7 categories of alcohol consumption. RESULTS: After adjustment for energy derived from alcohol, increasing alcohol consumption was associated with a higher total energy intake, a higher percentage of energy intake as protein and lipids, and higher intakes of cholesterol, fatty acids, retinol, iron, and vitamin E. Conversely, energy provided by carbohydrates decreased with increasing alcohol consumption, as did beta-carotene intake. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with higher consumption of animal products, cheese, potatoes, oil, bread, and breakfast cereals and with lower consumption of vegetables and dairy products. CONCLUSION: In this population of middle-aged, highly educated French women, marked differences in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes were found according to alcohol consumption. Part of the detrimental effect of alcohol on health may be due to the less healthy dietary habits of drinkers. This points to a confounding role of eating habits and nutrient intakes in the relation between alcohol and health.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Carbohydrates and dietary fiber.

The most widely spread eating habit is characterized by a reduced intake of dietary fiber, an increased intake of simple sugars, a high intake of refined grain products, an altered fat composition of the diet, and a dietary pattern characterized by a high glycemic load, an increased body weight and reduced physical activity. In this chapter the effects of this eating pattern on disease risk will be outlined. There are no epidemiological studies showing that the increase of glucose, fructose or sucrose intake is directly and independently associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease (CHD). On the other hand a large number of studies has reported a reduction of fatal and non-fatal CHD events as a function of the intake of complex carbohydrates--respectively 'dietary fiber' or selected fiber-rich food (e.g., whole grain cereals). It seems that eating too much 'fast' carbohydrate [i.e., carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (GI)] may have deleterious long-term consequences. Indeed the last decades have shown that a low fat (and consecutively high carbohydrate) diet alone is not the best strategy to combat modern diseases including atherosclerosis. Quantity and quality issues in carbohydrate nutrient content are as important as they are for fat. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that for cardiovascular disease prevention a high sugar intake should be avoided. There is growing evidence of the high impact of dietary fiber and foods with a low GI on single risk factors (e.g., lipid pattern, diabetes, inflammation, endothelial function etc.) as well as also the development of the endpoints of atherosclerosis especially CHD.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

New Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity (QUANTIDD) and its annual changes in the Japanese.

OBJECTIVE: A diverse diet is recommended in many dietary guidelines. However, because there are no unified standards for measurement methods, objective comparisons across different populations or time points is difficult. This report proposes a new dietary diversity index based on quantitative distribution of consumed foods to allow objective measurement of dietary diversity. METHODS: A Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity (QUANTIDD) is proposed: QUANTIDD=(1-summation operatorjn prop[j]2)/(1-1/n), where prop(j) is the proportion of food group(s) j that contributes to total energy or nutrient intake, n is the number of food groups, and j = 1,2,...,n. The numerator is the probability that the two foods taken out of an aggregation of consumed foods belong to different food groups. The denominator is its maximum value. The index ranges from 0 to 1. By using the officially released average data from the National Nutrition Survey in Japan from 1957 to 2000, we investigated annual changes in the QUANTIDD. We also investigated the distribution of the index by using individual data from the National Nutrition Survey in Japan in 1996. RESULTS: The QUANTIDD increased from the 1960s to the 1970s. This was the era of rapid economic growth in Japan, during which the dietary habits of the Japanese underwent rapid changes. The distribution of the QUANTIDD was skewed to the left, but logit-transformation decreased this asymmetry and made it similar to a normal distribution. CONCLUSION: Because this index can measure dietary diversity objectively and is suitable for statistical handling, it is useful as a method to compare dietary patterns across different populations or time points.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1983

The bearing of diverse patterns of diet on growth and menarche in four ethnic groups of South African girls.

Anthropemetric and development studies were made on 4390 black rural and urban, coloured, Indian and white school girls of 6-17 years and a 24-h dietary recall recorded on subsamples. Mean weights and heights of non-white were lower at all ages than those of white girls. Prevalences of obesity (greater than or equal to 120% weight-for-height), were higher in black and coloured than in Indian and white girls, but mean percentage body fat was not significantly different at 17 years. Growth attained was in response to very different dietary patterns. However, this did not delay breast development, which occurred at much the same time in all groups. However, menstruation was delayed in black compared with coloured, Indian and white girls. Although breast development was present in all at 14 years, proportions (%) menstruating differed: 33 rural and urban black; 84 coloured; 93 Indian; 97 white. in non-menstruating girls of 8 years of age all had mean fat greater than 17% (the expected level of menstruation) and, except in black rural and coloured girls, this was greater than 22%, the critical level for regular ovulation. These studies throw doubt on the nutritional components as being wholly responsible for the delay of menarche, as breast development, the earliest sign of puberty in girls, is not delayed despite marked dietary differences. The emergence of obesity without dietary intervention in the 'poorest' of adolescent girls, further questions this hypothesis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Food patterns and risk of breast cancer: A factor analysis study in Uruguay.

To generate broad eating patterns, which could explain more adequately the breast cancer etiology, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 442 newly diagnosed and microscopically confirmed cases with breast cancer and 442 hospitalized controls, with non-neoplastic diseases. Factor analysis (principal components) was conducted in the control series, and as a result, 6 factors were extracted. These factors were labeled as traditional, healthy, western, stew, high-fat and drinker. The model explained 58.3% of the variance. After scoring the rotated factors, the relations between scores and breast cancer risk factors were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficients. After this step, the odds ratios of breast cancer for continuous scores of the rotated factors were carefully analyzed. The highest risk was directly associated with the western diet (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.13-1.51), whereas the traditional (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64-0.93), healthy (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.98) and stew (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.98) diets were significantly protective. Women who reported a history of breast cancer among mother and sisters displayed strong elevations in risk for western (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.11-3.72) and high-fat (OR 2.72, 95%CI 1.16-6.37) dietary patterns. This finding could suggest that gene-dietary interaction could play an important role in breast carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is church attendance associated with Latinas' health practices and self-reported health?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate (a) the relation between frequency of church attendance, self-rated health, and health behaviors controlling for potential confounders and (b) the influence of acculturation on church attendance and health behaviors. METHODS: Physical activity and dietary patterns, demographics, and acculturation levels were compared among Latinas who attended church frequently, infrequently, and not at all. RESULTS: Church attendance was independently and positively associated with healthier dietary and physical activity behaviors, but not with self-rated health. Acculturation attenuated the relation between physical activity and church attendance. CONCLUSION: Latinas' health behaviors and self-rated health may be related to other variables that explain the salutary effects of church attendance.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional status of Korean Americans: implications for cancer risk.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine nutrient intake of Korean Americans, especially those foods and supplements implicated in cancer. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey and descriptive analysis. SETTING: Chicago, IL. SAMPLE: 103 Korean Americans who were between 40 and 69 years of age. METHODS: An Instrument, culturally and linguistically adapted from the Health Habits and History Questionnaire, was administered to assess nutrient intake from food and vitamin and mineral supplements. Bilingual interviewers collected data at respondents' homes. FINDINGS: Relative to their diet in Korea, more than one-third of the respondents reported an increase in the consumption of beef, dairy products, coffee, soda, and bread, as well as a decrease in the intake of fish and rice and other grains. Compared to the general U.S. population included in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), Korean Americans had a greater intake of carbohydrates and vitamins A and C and lower intake of total fat, cholesterol, and saturated fat. Moreover, the percentages of calories were higher from carbohydrates and lower from fat, sweets, and alcohol for Korean Americans than those reported by NHIS respondents. Gender, education, and marital status were significantly associated with nutrient intake. The use of daily vitamin and calcium supplements was similar between respondents and those from NHIS. CONCLUSIONS: At their stage of cultural adaptation, the incorporation of a larger quantity of Western food items did not make for a less healthy dietary pattern among respondents. Data showed that Korean Americans continued to consume diets more consistent with Korean than with American food patterns, in as much as greater than 60% of their calories came from carbohydrates and about 16% of calories from fat. As a group, respondents met the recommended dietary guidelines for most nutrients, except for dietary fiber and calcium. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Variation in dietary intake by age, culture, gender, and years in the United States is well accepted. Effective cancer prevention and initiatives for dietary reform call for the incorporation of available research findings and considerable attention to data gaps regarding Korean Americans and other Asian Americans and Pacific Islander populations. Culturally competent, community-based programs should include the reinforcement of positive traditional dietary habits, encourage the adaptation of healthy Western food items, as well as assist minority populations in developing strategies that will effectively correct likely deficiencies in diet.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Sociodemographic differences in dietary habits in a population-based sample of elderly subjects: the 3C study.

PURPOSE: Diet plays an important role in maintaining quality of life in ageing and can be influenced by sociodemographic factors. We aimed to describe dietary habits in a large population-based sample of elderly people and to explore how they may vary according to sex, age, educational level and lifestyle. METHODS: 9250 community dwellers aged 65 years and over recruited in three French cities were interviewed about their food habits with a brief frequency questionnaire. For each food considered, the subjects were classified as occasional or regular consumers. Quantities of alcoholic beverages consumed daily were also assessed. Dietary habits were compared for men and women separately according each sociodemographic factor. RESULTS: Women were characterized by a more regular consumption of fruit and vegetables and drunk fewer alcoholic beverages. Older subjects ate meat, fish, cereals, raw vegetables and pulses less regularly. The proportion of regular consumers of fish, raw fruit, raw vegetables and cooked fruit or vegetables and the quantity of alcohol consumed increased with educational level. Subjects living alone were less regular consumers of almost all foods. DISCUSSION: The results show that even in a sub-population of elderly people, dietary patterns can vary greatly according to several factors. Identifying such factors is of value for future analytic studies on nutrition and health in the elderly. In view of dietary recommendations advising a high consumption of fruit and vegetables, subjects living alone and people with a low educational level are particularly at risk and should be encouraged to eat more balanced meals.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Food and nutrient intakes and eating patterns in functional and organic dyspepsia.

Forty organic dyspepsia patients and 40 functional dyspepsia patients, endoscopically diagnosed, were recruited from a gastroenterology outpatient unit and were age- and sex-matched with an equal number of patient controls. A diet history of typical eating patterns for a 7-day period was taken and food portions quantified using a photographic atlas. An interviewer-assisted questionnaire was used to identify present eating habits, dietary patterns reported to exacerbate or relieve symptoms and alterations in eating habits as a result of symptoms. Females with organic or functional dyspepsia reported significantly lower energy intakes (P < 0.01) than controls. Females with organic dyspepsia had significantly lower intakes of fat, carbohydrate, fibre and a wide range of micronutrients compared to controls. Females with functional dyspepsia had significantly lower intakes of fat, sugars and vitamin C (P < 0.05) than controls. Organic dyspepsia patients (male and female) had significantly lower intakes of alcohol and vitamin C than controls (P < 0.05). Patients with organic dyspepsia had higher intakes of milk and lower intakes of fresh fruit and/or fruit juice than controls. The main difference in eating pattern noted was that a significantly lower percentage (P < 0.05) of functional dyspepsia patients than controls regularly ate three meals per day. Large numbers of dyspepsia patients in both groups associated certain eating habits and the consumption of specific foods with exacerbation of dyspeptic symptoms and over 80% of both groups reported food avoidance as a result of this.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Food consumption patterns in the economic transition in Vietnam.

This paper investigated Vietnamese food consumption patterns, in terms of food quantity and total energy intake, and examined how these food patterns differ by demography and socio-economic status for the Vietnamese. Data used in this paper were from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey national cross-sectional study in 1997-1998. Descriptive and regression analyses identified different food consumption patterns among 5,999 participating households. Results showed that the traditional diet in Vietnam is high in carbohydrates and low in fat; together with unaccounted eating-out foods, these dietary patterns may contribute to the population's low energy intake. The regression models identified place of residence, family income, household size, education of the head of household, ethnicity, and ecological region to be significantly associated with energy intake. Socio-economic and demographic status must be considered in developing national strategies and implementing plans of action to improve nutrition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Activity, dietary intake, and anthropometry of an informal social group of Thai elderly in Bangkok.

Socio-demographic, anthropometric assessment, dietary pattern, lifestyle of 384 Thai elderly (55 males and 329 females) aged 60-94 years, who were members of an informal social activity group, were investigated. The 3-day dietary record was determined with the help of food models by random sampling of the group (seven males and 25 females). Most of the males investigated were married (88.9%), whereas 42.9% of the females were widowed. Nearly all of the elderly investigated lived with their relatives. Only 3% of the elderly had never attended school. More elderly males than females smoked or had smoked in the past, and this applies also to their drinking habits. The health situation of the individuals investigated seemed to be satisfactory. The most frequent diseases found among the elderly were chronic diseases, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. No statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), and hip circumference was found between males and females. Weight, height, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), arm span, waist, waist/hip ratio and blood pressure of the males were significantly higher than those of the females. Tricep skin-fold thickness (TSF) and subscapular skin-fold thickness (SST) were lower for males than for females. A total of 54.5% of the males and 50.5% of the females were found to be over-nourished. Less than 2% of all the individuals investigated were undernourished. No significant differences were observed for all nutrients between the males and females. Intake of dietary energy from food for males and females was 69.8 and 75.5%, respectively, compared with the Thai RDA. When calculating the intake of macro-nutrients as percentage of total calorie intake, about 17% of the total calorie intake was attributed to fat, 13% to protein and 70% to carbohydrate for the males. For the females, the figures were 17, 15, and 68%, respectively. Intake of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin B1, B2 and niacin seem to be inadequate for both sexes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Tryptophan supplementation for nocturnal bruxism: report of negative results.

This experiment was designed to study the effect of L-tryptophan on nocturnal bruxism. Portable EMG recorders were used to monitor unilateral masseter muscle activity during sleep in eight patients identified as nocturnal bruxists. Following an initial baseline period, the patients were given, in a randomized double-blind study, either tryptophan (50 mg/kg of body weight) or a placebo for 8 days followed by an additional 8 days of reverse medication. Dietary patterns and food intake were monitored throughout the experimental period. No significant treatment differences in bruxing levels were found, suggesting that L-tryptophan supplementation in the absence of dietary manipulation is ineffective in the treatment of nocturnal bruxism.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Riboflavin status among rural children in Southern Italy.

A sample of 107 boys aged 7-10 in a rural area of Southern Italy was studied for riboflavin deficiency and its association with milk consumption. The boys represented 74 per cent of the total male population of that age group in the study area. The nutritional status was assessed by means of anthropometric indicators, dietary intakes by a 24-h recall method and the riboflavin status was evaluated by the assay of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity. The nutritional status was found to be generally satisfactory with about one tenth of the children presenting stunting, wasting, or obesity. This picture is comparable to that recorded at the national level. The overall incidence of biochemical riboflavin deficiency was 13 per cent. No clinical sign of riboflavin deficiency was observed. None of the anthropometric indicators of malnutrition appeared to be related to biochemical evidence of riboflavin malnutrition. Dietary data showed that the children consumed a relatively small amount of milk and dairy products (mean 224 +/- 109 g/d). Thirteen out of 14 children with biochemical evidence of riboflavin deficiency belonged to the group who consumed less than 300 g/d of milk. However, only 15 per cent of the children consuming less than 300 g/d of milk and dairy products had biochemical evidence of riboflavin deficiency. It appears that the dietary pattern in rural areas with traditionally low milk consumption is compatible with a relatively satisfactory riboflavin nutriture. This finding suggests that milk and dairy products may occupy, under different dietary practices, a role less critical than usually attributed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Dietary assessment of adults in three villages in Warsaw, Radom and Biała Podlaska districts].

The objectives of this study was the assessment of dietary patterns of adults individuals living in three villages: Celestynów (Warsaw district), Jasionka (Biała podlaska district) and Babin (Radom district) in Poland. The study was conducted in winter 1994/95 among 71 men and 77 women aged 18 years or more. The information on food consumption during one weekday was obtained by 24-hour dietary recall method. On the average the percentage of total energy intake from proteins and fats was above the recommended limits whereas the proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates was slightly deficient. For women the average daily intake of most nutrients under study (with exception of animal proteins, fats, sodium, phosphorus, manganese, vitamin E, B2 and niacin) was below recommended levels. The consumption of carbohydrates (also dietary fiber), magnesium, zinc, copper, calcium was 29-35% below recommendations and case of vitamin C-51%. In general men had higher mean intake of energy and nutrients than women. Their average daily diet did not meet recommendation only for carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium magnesium, copper, vitamin C and A. Men consumed too much animal proteins, sodium, phosphorus and cholesterol. Daily consumption of minerals and vitamins from diet and supplements together for those subjects who used supplements (41% of respondents) met or exceed recommended dietary intake, with exception of potassium for women. Taking consideration number of faults founded in the nutrition patterns of adults from rural area more nutritional study in this subpopulation group should be conducted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?

An ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter-gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations. The accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consumption of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health.

Animals↗