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PubMed2005

Trends in spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports to the French pharmacovigilance system (1986-2001).

BACKGROUND: The French pharmacovigilance system is based on a network of 31 regional centres located in teaching hospitals and coordinated by the French Medicines Agency ("Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé" [Afssaps]). Since 1984, they have shared a common database of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that are spontaneously reported by healthcare professionals. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of the reports and the reporting trends in the French pharmacovigilance spontaneous reporting database from 1986 to 2001. METHODS: All the reports from January 1986 to December 2001 were included. Drugs and ADRs were translated to anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) codes and MedDRA classifications, respectively. RESULTS: The total number of reports was 197 580 over the 16-year period, with linearly increase over time. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of the patients was 53 (34-70) and the male/female ratio was 0.82. The median (IQR) time between the date of occurrence of the ADR and the date of report was 73 days (34-166). The reporter was a specialist in 74% of the reports and a general practitioner in 17%. The annual rate of reporting according to medical demography strongly increased for the specialists, especially since 1994. At least one ADR was considered as serious in 44.8% of the reports. The ADRs were most frequently related to nervous system drugs (23%), followed by cardiovascular drugs (19%) and systemic anti-infectives (17%). The latter class had the fastest progression mostly due to antiretroviral therapy since 1996. According to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) coding, the system organ most often reported was skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (29%), followed by nervous system disorders (19%), gastrointestinal disorders (12%), blood and lymphatic system disorders (12%), vascular disorders (12%) and general disorders and administration site conditions (12%). DISCUSSION: All spontaneous reporting systems are affected by under-reporting. One of their goals is to generate early signals, which might be more affected by reporting bias than by under-reporting. Some improvements should be made in the design of the French database, but data collected since 1986 constitute an essential tool for the routine work of the 31 pharmacovigilance centres. CONCLUSION: This first description of the data of the French pharmacovigilance database involving all drugs and ADRs shows an increasing tendency to reporting over time, especially in specialists and for systemic anti-infective drugs. The database that uses hierarchical international classifications for drugs and adverse reactions may be used for further studies and could be the basis for an automatic signal generation system.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial work environment and health in U.S. metropolitan areas: a test of the demand-control and demand-control-support models.

The authors use confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the psychosocial dimensions of work environments relevant to health outcomes, in a representative sample of five U.S. metropolitan areas. Through an aggregated inference system, scales from Schwartz and associates' job scoring system and from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) were employed to examine two alternative models: the demand-control model of Karasek and Theorell and Johnson's demand-control-support model. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the two models. The two multidimensional models yielded better fits than an unstructured model. After allowing for the measurement error variance due to the method of assessment (Schwartz and associates' system or DOT), both models yielded acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, but the fit of the demand-control-support model was significantly better. Overall these results indicate that the dimensions of Control (substantive complexity of work, skill discretion, decision authority), Demands (physical exertion, physical demands and hazards), and Social Support (coworker and supervisor social supports) provide an acceptable account of the psychosocial dimensions of work associated with health outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Creative aging.

The terms "creative" and "aging" are antithetical according to dictionary usage-"create" being explicitly described as an active process and "aging" implicitly defined as a passive reactive one. This paper first briefly explores some divergent attitudes toward aging-negative as well as positive. A neurophysiological framework is then presented to support the belief that aging is an active and creative process. Physical, psychological and sociological aspects are explored in the context of neurophysiological data as it relates to the subject of aging. Finally, three factors which emerge from the discussion as essential to assuring a creative aging process are identified and examined.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

What is eHealth (3): a systematic review of published definitions.

CONTEXT: The term eHealth is widely used by many individuals, academic institutions, professional bodies, and funding organizations. It has become an accepted neologism despite the lack of an agreed-upon clear or precise definition. We believe that communication among the many individuals and organizations that use the term could be improved by comprehensive data about the range of meanings encompassed by the term. OBJECTIVE: To report the results of a systematic review of published, suggested, or proposed definitions of eHealth. DATA SOURCES: Using the search query string "eHealth" OR "e-Health" OR "electronic health", we searched the following databases: Medline and Premedline (1966-June 2004), EMBASE (1980-May 2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2004), Web of Science (all years), Information Sciences Abstracts (1966-May 2004), Library Information Sciences Abstracts (1969-May 2004), and Wilson Business Abstracts (1982-March 2004). In addition, we searched dictionaries and an Internet search engine. STUDY SELECTION: We included any source published in either print format or on the Internet, available in English, and containing text that defines or attempts to define eHealth in explicit terms. Two of us independently reviewed titles and abstracts of citations identified in the bibliographic databases and Internet search, reaching consensus on relevance by discussion. DATA EXTRACTION: We retrieved relevant reports, articles, references, letters, and websites containing definitions of eHealth. Two of us qualitatively analyzed the definitions and coded them for content, emerging themes, patterns, and novel ideas. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 51 unique definitions that we retrieved showed a wide range of themes, but no clear consensus about the meaning of the term eHealth. We identified 2 universal themes (health and technology) and 6 less general (commerce, activities, stakeholders, outcomes, place, and perspectives). CONCLUSIONS: The widespread use of the term eHealth suggests that it is an important concept, and that there is a tacit understanding of its meaning. This compendium of proposed definitions may improve communication among the many individuals and organizations that use the term.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1988

The affective tone of words in Velten's mood-induction statements.

An analysis of the words employed in the three conditions of the Velten Mood Induction technique (Elated, Depressed, Neutral) by the Dictionary of Affect in Language provided some validation for the affective tone of the two mood-inducing conditions while highlighting problems associated with the supposedly neutral induction.

Depression↗
PubMed1990

Vocational neuropsychological requirements of U.S. occupations.

Aptitude levels required to perform occupations listed in the U.S. Department of Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles are indicated. Numbers and percentages of jobs requiring each level of each aptitude are presented in a tabular format. These data can be useful in assisting vocational neuropsychologists in evaluating brain-injury disability cases.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1993

Adults' free-form identification of emotions from children's descriptions of their antecedents: a quantitative analysis.

50 adult subjects identified resultant emotions for 28 children's statements of antecedents to emotion in an open-ended task. Responses were scored along the dimensions of evaluation and activation by the Dictionary of Affect in Language, and a priori expectations with respect to evaluation (happy, proud, comfortable > sad, afraid, guilty, angry) and activation (sad, comfortable < angry, happy, proud, afraid, guilty) were confirmed. The importance of a dimensional approach to the study of emotion is highlighted in the discussion.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXVII. Increased geomagnetic activity and decreased pleasantness of spontaneous narratives for percipients but not agents.

A total of 48 adults were tested in 24 separate pairs either during the morning (10:00 A.M.) or evening (10:00 P.M.). One member of each pair was instructed to record (write) impressions and descriptions of 8 different art pieces (5 min. each). At the same time the other member of the pair sat in a comfortable chair within an acoustic chamber in another room and wrote an ongoing narrative. The evaluation and activity dimensions of the words that composed the narratives were scored by the Whissell Dictionary of Affect in Language. The increased global geomagnetic activity two days before the experiments was significantly associated (rhos about 0.60) with the use of more unpleasant words for people who sat in the quiet chamber only. Implications for the hypothesis of affective concordance between emotionally bonded human beings and its role in episodes of potentially veridical telepathic experiences are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Phonosymbolism and the emotional nature of sounds: evidence of the preferential use of particular phonemes in texts of differing emotional tone.

This article addresses the emotional meaning (phonosymbolism) of the most basic unit of language--the phoneme. Language excerpts from many sources were transcribed phonetically with the help of a computer program. The distributions of phonemes in different sources (song lyrics, poetry, word lists, advertisements) were correlated with the emotionality of the language along two dimensions (activation, evaluation) which had been rated by the Dictionary of Affect using another computer program. Significant results characterized all phases of the analysis. Phonemes were distributed differently in different language samples. Frequency of phonemes in a language sample as well as frequency of phonemes in individual words were correlated with emotion. For example, the phoneme /l/ (the one appearing twice in the word lullaby) was used more often in pleasant language samples, in soft or tender language samples, and in passive words. The phoneme /r/ (appearing twice in the word roar) was found more often in unpleasant words and in active words. Possible sources of the relationship between sound production and emotion are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between semantic paraphasias and related nonverbal factors.

Word-finding deficits are a common problem in aphasic patients. One hypothesis suggests that the difficulty that patients experience in naming objects or pictures is related to a disruption in the ability to access the lexicon. Another hypothesis suggests that these problems are caused by a disruption of the mental dictionary and the semantic representations contained in it. The main purpose of this study is to assess whether nonverbal factors such as the ability to distinguish between similar attributes of objects is related to word-use problems in aphasia. 14 adults with left hemisphere cerebrovascular accidents and some word use deficit were administered the first 30 items of the Boston Naming Test and the Conceptual Matching subtest of the Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude. Errors on the Conceptual Matching subtest correlated significantly with the number of semantic paraphasias.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The emotionality of William Blake's poems: a quantitative comparison of Songs of Innocence with Songs of Experience.

Analyses of the words contained in William Blake's Songs of Experience and Songs of Innocence with the new Dictionary of Affect, a tool listing the pleasantness, activation, and imagery of several thousand words, indicated that the Innocence poems were both more pleasant and more active than the Experience poems. On the whole, both sets of poems were richly imaged, rather pleasant in tone, and more emotional than both normative English and the work of Blake's Romantic contemporaries.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Update of the Hevner adjective checklist.

Hevner's checklist has been widely used to measure emotional responses to music. Since the revision of the checklist by Farnsworth in the 1950s and l960s, the list has not been updated. 133 musically experienced people were surveyed regarding the suitability of a list of 91 adjectives in describing music. The words consisted of the original 67 from Hevner's adjective circle, and additional words were taken from Russell's circumplex model of emotion (1980) and Whissell's dictionary of affect (1989). The words and clusters were then grouped according to their position on a two-dimensional emotion space. Some of the words used by Hevner but dropped by Farnsworth were reinstated, and 15 other words were dropped. The final list consisted of 46 words grouped into nine clusters in emotion space.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Using computer-scored measures of emotion and style to discriminate among disputed and undisputed Pauline and non-Pauline epistles.

The Dictionary of Affect in Language that allows measurement of Pleasantness, Activation, and Imagery in texts and a computer program that provides several additional stylistic measures were used to score samples from Disputed (n = 22 samples) and Undisputed (n = 40) Pauline epistles and from Other New Testament epistles (n= 16). All samples came from an English translation. Several significant mean differences were noted between samples from Disputed and Undisputed epistles. A discriminant function predicting Disputed or Undisputed authorship limited to five predictors was 85% successful in assigning samples to either category. The majority of samples from Other epistles were classified as Disputed, i.e., less likely to have been written by Paul. Undisputed Pauline samples were predicted to be those with lower Imagery, shorter words, less frequent words, greater repetitiveness, and greater Pleasantness. There were significant differences in patterns of word use (vocabulary) between Disputed and Undisputed samples.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Pleasantness, activation, and sex differences in advertising.

Advertisements in men's, women's, girls', and boys' magazines (n = 38,195 words) were scored objectively in terms of 15 measures of linguistic style, e.g., use of common words, use of long words, use of specific words and emotional tone (pleasantness and activation, as measured by the Dictionary of Affect). There were several sex- and age-related differences among advertisements from different sources. Advertisements from boys' magazines were extremely active, those from women's and girls' magazines were shorter and unusually pleasant. In two follow-up studies (N = 122 volunteers), objective emotional measures of advertising text proved to be related to ratings of persuasion and of success of appeal for individual advertisements. The most preferred advertisement for women was pleasant and active, that for men unpleasant and active. When men and women created advertisements, women's were shorter and more pleasant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Emotion and style in an English translation of the Quran.

An English translation of the Quran was studied in terms of word use patterns, emotionality of words, and style. Variables were assessed with the help of computer programs and the Dictionary of Affect in Language. On the basis of words used at unusually high frequencies, the translation of the Quran was seen to be emphatically about Allah, his Prophets and Message, and believers. The translation of the Quran was slightly less Pleasant and Active in emotional tone than everyday English and also less concrete. It contained an unusual number of negatives and was repetitive but did not contain many rare or long words. Significant differences were noted between chronologically Early and Late suras (chapters) in terms of emotion, style, and word use. An inflection point was identified in the time-line partway through the Meccan suras of the Quran.

Emotions↗
PubMed2004

Titles of articles published in the journal Psychological Reports: changes in language, emotion, and imagery over time.

Over 1,500 titles of articles in the journal Psychological Reports for 1955-59, 1975, and 1995 were analyzed using the Dictionary of Affect in Language. There were changes across time in emotional tone measured in terms of Pleasantness (which was somewhat low and rose across time) and Activation (which was high and also rose). Significant differences were also present for Imagery (which was high and rose across time), style (titles became longer and more complex across time), and word use (the words used differed significantly across time). Results were interpreted as reflecting the functions of titles and changing trends in psychology, for example, the predominance of Behaviourism in the earliest sample and the inclusion of more social-psychological terms in the most recent one.

Behaviorism↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of the books of the New Testament (English Translation) in terms of emotion and word use.

The 27 books of the New Testament (English Translation) were scored using the Dictionary of Affect in Language. Books were compared with one another in terms of Activation, Pleasantness, and Imagery scores, and in terms of word length, use of the word "love," and mentions of Jesus. Significant differences among books were evident for all variables. A table of means and standard errors is provided. Measures of the books were related to one another, e.g., Pleasantness score and the use of the word "love" (p=.80) and to descriptors of the books, e.g., longer books tended to score lower on Pleasantness (p = -.79).

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modification of activation and evaluation properties of narratives by weak complex magnetic field patterns that simulate limbic burst firing.

In two separate experiments a total of 71 volunteers were asked to generate spontaneous narratives that were scored automatically by the Whissell Dictionary of Affect. During the narratives, weak (1 microT; 10 mG) magnetic fields were applied briefly through the temporal planes. In Experiment I, subjects who were exposed to simple sine wave or pulsed fields generated more scorable words that indicated lower activation and evaluation than sham-field conditions. In Experiment II subjects exposed to a computer-generated wave form, designed to simulate neuronal burst firing, generated narratives dominated by more pleasantness and less activation than a reference group. The possibility that this approach could be utilized to study the affective dimension of language selection was indicated.

Adult↗