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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Classifying spatial patterns of brain activity with machine learning methods: application to lie detection.

Patterns of brain activity during deception have recently been characterized with fMRI on the multi-subject average group level. The clinical value of fMRI in lie detection will be determined by the ability to detect deception in individual subjects, rather than group averages. High-dimensional non-linear pattern classification methods applied to functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) images were used to discriminate between the spatial patterns of brain activity associated with lie and truth. In 22 participants performing a forced-choice deception task, 99% of the true and false responses were discriminated correctly. Predictive accuracy, assessed by cross-validation in participants not included in training, was 88%. The results demonstrate the potential of non-linear machine learning techniques in lie detection and other possible clinical applications of fMRI in individual subjects, and indicate that accurate clinical tests could be based on measurements of brain function with fMRI.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Alexithymia, defensiveness and cardiovascular reactivity to stress.

This article attempts to further our understanding of alexithymia by testing two conceptual questions about the construct: (a) Is alexithymia characterized by reduced autonomic activity? and (b) Can it be clearly distinguished from defensiveness? Eighty healthy university students completed a battery of personality scales including the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, measures of self-deception and impression management, depression, and anger-in. They also participated in three lab stress tasks: isometric handgrip; mental arithmetic; and a negative affect provocation task. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored throughout the lab procedure. Analyses were conducted with tercile groups of low, medium, and high alexithymia scorers. The "high alexithymia" tercile showed smaller heart rate responses to the stress tasks and more anger-in behavior. Blood pressure responses did not differentiate the low/ medium/high alexithymia subgroups. Alexithymia scores were unrelated to defensiveness, that is, there was no relationship between alexithymia and impression management or self-deception, and alexithymia was unrelated to depression. We conclude that students defined as "high alexithymia" on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale are not self-deceptive nor do they try to leave a particular impression; they tend to be somewhat hypoaroused autonomically, and they report as many psychological distress symptoms as do subjects with lower TAS scores.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Misperception, illusion and epistemological optimism: vision studies in early nineteenth-century Britain and Germany.

This article compares investigations of the process of vision that were made in early nineteenth-century Britain and the German lands. It is argued that vision studies differed significantly east and west of the North Sea. Most of the German investigators had a medical background and many of them had a firm grasp of contemporary philosophy. In contrast, the British studies on vision emerged from the context of optics. This difference manifested itself in the conceptual tools for the analysis of vision, deception and illusion and shaped the experiments on visual phenomena that were carried out. Nevertheless, both in Britain and in the German lands vision studies were driven by the same impetus, by epistemological concerns with the nature and reliability of knowledge acquisition in experience. The general epistemological conclusions drawn from researches on vision and deception were optimistic. Precisely because mechanisms of deception and illusion could be uncovered, the possibility of acquiring empirical knowledge could be secured.

Germany↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of polygraph data obtained from individuals involved in mock crimes and actual criminal investigations.

In a preliminary attempt to determine the generalizability of data from laboratory mock-crime studies, the authors examined the similarities and differences among the cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiration responses of deceptive and nondeceptive individuals elicited to crime-relevant and crime-irrelevant questions. Participants in the laboratory group were randomly assigned to nondeceptive (n = 28) or deceptive (n = 27) treatment groups, and a mock-crime scenario was used. The field participants were confirmed nondeceptive (n = 28) or deceptive (n = 39) criminal suspects who underwent polygraph examinations between 1993 and 1997. The results indicated that there were salient differences between field and similarly obtained laboratory polygraph response measures. However, accuracy of laboratory participants' classifications using logistic regression analysis was not significantly different from field participants' classification accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding?

Research suggests that collectivists are more likely to engage in deception and socially desirable responding to maintain good relationships with others. In contrast, individualists are portrayed as candid and sincere because individualism encourages people to "be yourself." The authors propose that people with both types of cultural orientations or backgrounds engage in desirable responding, albeit in distinct ways. In Study 1, respondents from the United States compared with those from Singapore, and European Americans compared with Asian Americans, scored higher on self-deceptive enhancement (SDE)-the tendency to see oneself in a positive light and to give inflated assessment of one's skills and abilities- but lower on impression management (IM) by misrepresenting their self-reported actions to appear more normatively appropriate. In Studies 2 to 4, horizontal individualism as a cultural orientation correlated with SDE but not with IM, whereas horizontal collectivism correlated with IM but not with SDE. Further analyses examining (a) individual differences in the tendency to answer deceptively and (b) responses to behavioral scenarios shed additional light on the culturally relevant goals served by these distinct types of socially desirable responding.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Examination strategies in simulation and functional vision disorders].

The diagnosis of malingering and functional visual loss should be proven by specific tests-after the exclusion of differential diagnoses such as optical disturbances, amblyopia, early stages of macula and optic nerve disease and cortical lesions. Malingering and functional visual loss are based on different causes and pathogenetic mechanisms. However, they produce the same symptoms and can therefore be examined by the same methods. The strategy consists of three parts: 1) check the reproducibility of the results, 2) specific procedures: provocation of reflectory responses, deception, measurement of the same function with different methods and objective methods and 3) proof. In alleged bilateral blindness the provocation of reflexes and deceptive strategies are especially useful, in alleged bilateral reduction of visual acuity deceptive methods (related to the size of the optotype), the examination of central vision by other methods (equivalents to visual acuity) and objective methods are applied. In alleged monolateral blindness or reduction of visual acuity the binocular tests are valuable. Additionally, methods to provoke reflexes, especially pupil reaction, are used as well as the measure of equivalents to visual acuity. In alleged concentric constriction of the visual fields three strategies are mainly used: 1) check if visual field size is in accordance with the visual angle, 2) different methods to examine the isopters and 3) different perimetric methods. In case of an alleged hemianopic field defect the following methods are of special value: 1) binocular examination, 2) reading ability, 3) different perimetric methods and 4) half-field stimulation. After finishing the specific tests the diagnosis of malingering or functional visual loss should be unambiguous and the existing function should be determined. Strategies for further management are shown--dependent on the pathogenesis: the aim is to avoid repetition and to set the right course for the future. In case of malingering the reliable expert's report is helpful. In case of functional visual loss it is important to avoid unnecessary examinations and to offer specific aids.

Blindness↗
PubMed2004

Measurements for active cigarette smoke exposure in prevalence and cessation studies: why simply asking pregnant women isn't enough.

Tobacco smoke exposure during and after pregnancy may cause maternal, fetal, and infant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to (a). describe existing methods of measuring active tobacco exposure among pregnant women and (b). illustrate the usefulness of these measures in validating self-reported smoking status among these women. Medline, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Elite were used to identify measures of cigarette smoking exposure, prevalence reports, cessation and validity studies, and research on deception about smoking during pregnancy. Review of the research on smoking cessation among pregnant women since 1966 revealed that 36% of studies (9 out of 25) located used only self-report to assess smoking status. The remaining 16 studies used either significant other reports or at least one type of biochemical test to confirm self-report. Deception rates were reported at baseline only, follow-up only, or both in 15 studies. Three federal agencies in the United States collect data on self-reported smoking during pregnancy. Smoking prevalence rates are inconsistent among these agencies. This article demonstrates that measuring smoking status during pregnancy via self-report alone leads to discrepancies in national prevalence rates, deceptions in clinical practice disclosure, and inconsistencies in research study results. Evaluation studies that confirm smoking status among pregnant women by biochemical methods provide more accurate prevalence rates and lead to the most effective behavioral interventions to achieve cessation. National statistics should carry a disclaimer indicating the likelihood of underestimation. Researchers and clinicians should be trained in best-practice, evidence-based behavioral methods to assess prenatal smoking status and to assist those who desire to quit.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The other human-subject experiments.

Although deceptive psychology experiments receive less attention than some forms of medical research, they pose similar moral challenges. These challenges mainly concern the use of human subjects and intentional deception. Psychologists provide an argument to justify this deception. But what is an essentially utilitarian argument too often includes faulty comparisons and dubious accounts of risks and benefits. Commentators in other areas of human-subject research might examine this argument and the assumptions behind it. Bioethics commentators seem especially well-positioned for this task.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed2002

Are plastic surgery advertisements conforming to the ethical codes of the american society of plastic surgeons?

Cosmetic surgeons have increasingly come under fire for using advertisements that may be deceptive or intended for the solicitation of vulnerable consumers. However, aesthetic surgery is a growing business that relies heavily on advertising to survive. To prevent the use of deceptive advertisements, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons has developed a code of ethics for its physician members. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of cosmetic surgery advertisements considered objectionable by the lay public. These advertisements were published in the Yellow Pages of the 10 largest U.S. cities. Because all of the advertisements in this study contained the American Society of Plastic Surgeons logo, we also determined whether its members are upholding the ethical code of advertising. We asked a convenience sample of 50 participants to rate 104 advertisements using four yes/no questions derived from the code of ethics and one overall yes/no question regarding whether the advertisement was objectionable. We obtained the mean percentage of "yes" responses for each advertisement, from the total sample, for each question. We found that the study participants felt that 25 percent of the advertisements used images of persons or facsimiles that falsely and deceptively created unjustified expectations of favorable results. The participants responded that 22 percent of the advertisements appealed primarily to the layperson's fears, anxieties, or emotional vulnerabilities. In addition, 18 percent of the advertisements were considered to be objectionable. Discretion is currently left up to physicians as to the ethical nature of their advertisements. Although the majority of American Society of Plastic Surgeons members uphold the ethical code of advertising, there are still a substantial number of published advertisements that the average consumer considers to be in violation of this code.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evidence for pollinator sharing in Mediterranean nectar-mimic orchids: absence of premating barriers?

Pollinator specificity has traditionally been considered the main reproductive isolation mechanism in orchids. Among Mediterranean orchids, however, many species attract and deceive pollinators by mimicking nectar-rewarding plants. To test the extent to which deceptive orchid species share pollinators, we collected and identified hemipollinaria-carrying insects, and used ribosomal sequences to identify the orchid species from which hemipollinaria were removed. We found that social and solitary bees, and also flies, carried hemipollinaria belonging to nine orchid species with different degrees of specialization. In particular, Anacamptis morio, Dactylorhiza romana and Orchis mascula used a large set of pollinator species, whereas others such as Orchis quadripunctata seemed to be pollinated by one pollinator species only. Out of the insects with hemipollinaria, 19% were found to carry hemipollinaria from more than one orchid species, indicating that sympatric food-deceptive orchids can share pollinators. This sharing was apparent even among orchid sister-species, thus revealing an effective overlap in pollinator sets among closely related species. These results suggest varying degrees of pollinator specificity in these orchids, and indicate that pollinator specificity cannot always act as the main isolation mechanism in food-deceptive temperate orchids.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of language in the development of false belief understanding: a training study.

The current study used a training methodology to determine whether different kinds of linguistic interaction play a causal role in children's development of false belief understanding. After 3 training sessions, 3-year-old children improved their false belief understanding both in a training condition involving perspective-shifting discourse about deceptive objects (without mental state terms) and in a condition in which sentential complement syntax was used (without deceptive objects). Children did not improve in a condition in which they were exposed to deceptive objects without accompanying language. Children showed most improvement in a condition using both perspective-shifting discourse and sentential complement syntax, suggesting that each of these types of linguistic experience plays an independent role in the ontogeny of false belief understanding.

Child Language↗
PubMed2000

Child and adolescent illness falsification.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current state of knowledge on factitious illness in children and adolescents to help clarify the relationship of this phenomenon to a range of somatizing disorders in children and factitious disorder by proxy. DESIGN: The literature of the past 30 years was reviewed for cases describing children <18 years old who have intentionally falsified symptoms of illness, without known parental involvement. Cases in which a parent was involved, the child acknowledged a credible motive, the deception was identified after age 18, or which appeared in foreign languages were excluded. Data on age, gender, factitious symptoms, method, duration of deception, and outcome of confrontation, where available, were gathered from case studies. RESULTS: Forty-two cases of illness falsification by children were identified, with a mean age of 13.9, and a range from 8 to 18 years. The majority of patients were female (71%), and the gender imbalance was greater for the older children. The most commonly reported falsified or induced conditions were fevers, ketoacidosis, purpura, and infections, and the fabrications ranged from false symptom-reporting to active injections, bruising, and ingestions. The mean duration of the falsifications was almost 16 months before detection. Many of the children admitted to their deceptions when confronted, and some had positive outcomes at follow-up. The descriptions of some of these children as bland, depressed, and fascinated with health care were remarkably similar to adults with factitious disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Medical conditions fabricated by children may go undetected for a variety of reasons, or diagnosed as somatization. Further study of children who falsify symptoms may in some cases help identify earlier experiences of Munchausen by proxy abuse or covert parental coaching of illness falsification, and provide more effective interventions. Better understanding and identification of these children is likely to help prevent the development of more chronic adult factitious disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The importance of illness behavior in disability management.

Abnormal illness behaviors, ranging from non-deliberate distortion to intentional deception, are associated with clinical phenomena that lie along a continuum from unconscious symptom exaggeration to psychiatric disorders and malingering. Failure to recognize abnormal illness behavior leads to inappropriate treatment and erroneous estimates of impairment or disability. This review is divided into three sections. First, basic terms are defined, including dissimulation, distortion, deception, misattribution, false imputation, and malingering. Second, syndromes characterized by abnormal illness behavior are described, including somatization, somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, and symptom magnification. Third, methods for detecting deception are illustrated, including maximum voluntary effort assessment, objective personality inventories, and symptom validity testing.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1997

Regulating firearm advertisements that promise home protection. A public health intervention.

Firearms are a consumer product responsible for 38500 deaths in the United States in 1994. Like other products, firearms are advertised. In the absence of rules governing the design of firearms, regulating the way guns are advertised may be a useful public health intervention. Some gun advertisements include messages suggesting that bringing a handgun into the home is generally protective for the occupants of the home. The best available scientific information contradicts this message. Given this disjunction, regulating those advertisements may be an appropriate response. Under federal law, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has authority to prohibit advertisements that are "deceptive" or "unfair." Under the FTC's deception analysis, the focus is on whether consumers are misled by an advertisement. For a finding of unfairness, the FTC looks for advertisements that may cause substantial injury to consumers. Under either analysis, a strong argument can be made that firearm advertisements promising home protection are unlawful. On February 14, 1996, several organizations sent separate petitions to the FTC asking it to consider the issues raised by firearm advertisements that promise home protection. The FTC is still reviewing the information presented. There are no First Amendment or Second Amendment impediments to FTC regulation of deceptive firearm advertising under the US Constitution.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

The "Hassle Factor": what motivates physicians to manipulate reimbursement rules?

BACKGROUND: Some physicians are willing to misrepresent clinical information to insurance companies to circumvent appeals processes. Whether characteristics of appeals processes affect the likelihood of misrepresentation is unknown. This study sought to determine the relationship between the likelihood of a successful appeal, appeals process length, and severity of the health condition and physicians' willingness to sanction deception. METHODS: A random sample of 1617 physicians was surveyed by mail to assess their willingness to accept an insurance company restriction, to appeal the restriction, or to misrepresent the facts to an insurance company to obtain coverage for a patient. RESULTS: Most respondents would appeal (77%) rather than accept (12%) or misrepresent (11%) regarding a restriction on medically necessary care. Physicians' decisions were related to the likelihood of a successful appeal (chi(2) = 7.56; P =.02), the appeals process length (chi(2) = 8.53; P =.01), and the severity of the medical condition (chi(2) = 71.10; P<.001). A small but significantly larger number of physicians chose to misrepresent the facts to an insurer as the appeals process became more cumbersome. Among physicians asked about severe angina, their decisions were particularly affected by the hassle associated with appealing, being more likely to choose to misrepresent the facts to the insurer than to appeal as the hassle increased. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians are more willing to sanction deception when the appeals process is longer, the likelihood of a successful appeal is lower, and the health condition is more severe. Changes in the difficulty of appeals processes may ease the tensions physicians face regarding patient advocacy and honesty.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

An empirical test of the behaviour analysis interview.

The present experiment is the first empirical test of the Behaviour Analysis Interview (BAI), an interview technique developed by F. E. Inbau, J. E. Reid, J. P. Buckley, & B. C. Jayne (2001) designed to evoke different verbal and non-verbal responses from liars and truth-tellers. Inbau et al. expect liars to be less helpful than truth-tellers in investigations and to exhibit more nervous behaviours. Just the opposite predictions, however, follow from the deception literature, which notes that liars take their credibility less for granted and are therefore more aware of their responses and their impact on others. This suggests that liars' answers should be more helpful than truth-tellers' answers, and liars' non-verbal responses should appear more relaxed than truth-tellers' non-verbal responses. In the present experiment, 40 participants (undergraduate students) lied or told the truth about an event during a BAI interview. The interviews were coded according to Inbau et al.'s guidelines. The results showed that, compared to liars, truth-tellers (a) were more naive and evasive when explaining the purpose of the interview, and (b) were less likely to name someone who they felt certain did not commit the crime. Truth-tellers also exhibited more nervous behaviours. The results were consistent with the predictions of the deception literature, and directly opposed to the predictions of BAI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A silent conspiracy?: some ethical issues of participant observation in nursing research.

In this paper I suggest that too little attention has been paid to ethical problems underlying health care research, particularly that which uses covert participant observation. Some of the chief arguments surrounding the use of deception in data collection in health care settings are evaluated, and a study by Field (1989) [Nursing the Dying. Routledge, Tavistock] in which covert observation was used is examined in relation to two moral principles--human rights and general utility. Conclusions include the responsibility of researchers to explicitly justify their approach in terms rather more than mere technical advantage, and the need to encourage the teaching and use of non-deceptive methods of data collection at this most crucial developmental stage in the evolution of nursing and health care research.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1994

Is the hypnotized subject lying?

Do the verbal reports of deeply hypnotized Ss truthfully reflect their subjective experiences of hypnotic suggestions? Experiment 1 established that the electrodermal skin conductance response (SCR) provides an effective method for detecting deception in the laboratory equally well in hypnotized and nonhypnotized Ss. In Experiment 2, deeply hypnotized and simulating Ss were administered a number of hypnotic suggestions in a typical hypnotic session, without mention of deception, and were questioned about their experiences while SCR measures were recorded concurrently. Results indicate that 89% of the hypnotized Ss' reports met the criterion for truthfulness, whereas only 35% of the simulators' reports met this criterion. Implications for the theory of hypnosis are discussed.

Adult↗