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PubMedDate not supplied

Os trigonum impingement in dancers.

Sixteen patients underwent surgical excision of an impinging ossicle through a posterior lateral approach. Twelve of these patients (15 ankles) were available for followup and were retrospectively surveyed at an average of 28 months after surgery. There were 9 women and 3 men. Nine were professional ballet dancers and 3 were students of advanced ballet schools. Preoperative symptoms included pain localized to the posterior ankle, limitation of motion, weakness, swelling, or neurologic changes associated with dance activities. All patients were severely hampered in their dance participation and had failed nonsurgical therapies. Postoperatively, all patients followed an aggressive rehabilitation protocol. All had improvement in their impingement symptoms; eight (67%) still had occasional discomfort. All professional dancers returned to unrestricted dance activity. The mean time to full activity was 3 months. One patient had a superficial wound infection requiring antibiotic treatment and another suffered a transient tibial nerve neurapraxia. Both of these complications resolved without sequelae. We conclude that posterior ankle impingement in ballet dancers, caused by an os trigonum and resistant to nonsurgical therapies, is effectively treated with simple excision of the offending structure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ankle flexibility and injury patterns in dancers.

Lower-extremity injuries are common among dancers and cause significant absences from rehearsals and performances. For this study of lower-extremity injuries in 101 ballet and 47 modern dance students, injuries requiring medical attention sustained over 1 academic year were associated with the following data obtained at the beginning of the school year: ankle flexibility, sex, dance discipline, previous injury, body mass index, and years of training. Eighty-three of the 148 students (age range, 12 to 28 years) reported prior lower-limb injuries, the most common being ankle sprains (28% of all dancers). Previous leg injuries correlated significantly with lower dorsiflexion measurements and with more new injuries. Female students had greater ankle and first metatarsophalangeal flexibility. Modern dancers had greater ankle inversion. Ninety-four students sustained 177 injuries during the study, including 75 sprains or strains and 71 cases of tendinitis. Thirty-nine percent (N = 69) were ankle injuries; 18% (N = 33) were knee injuries; 23% (N = 40) were foot injuries; and 20% (N = 35) were either hip or thigh injuries. Sixty-seven percent (N = 78) of the injured students were ballet dancers. Age, years of training, body mass index, sex, and ankle range of motion measurement had no predictive value for injury; previous injury and dance discipline both correlated with increased risk of injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Foot and ankle injuries in theatrical dancers.

The theatrical dancer is a unique combination of athlete and artist. The physical demands of dance class, rehearsal, and performance can lead to injury, particularly to the foot and ankle. Ankle sprains are the most common acute injury. Chronic injuries predominate and relate primarily to the repeated impact loading of the foot and ankle on the dance floor. Contributing factors include anatomic variation, improper technique, and fatigue. Early and aggressive conservative management is usually successful and surgery is rarely indicated. Orthotics play a limited but potentially useful role in treatment. Following treatment, a structured rehabilitation program is fundamental to the successful return to dance.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1987

Talar compression syndrome.

Ballet dancers frequently stand on the tips of their toes in the en pointe and demi-pointe positions, resulting in compression of the posterior structures of the ankle during repeated plantar flexion of the foot, producing the talar compression syndrome. This mechanism may result in posterior block or impingement of an os trigonum or Stieda's process. When the dancer attempts to force the foot into plantar flexion, the os trigonum or the Stieda's process may be impinged between the calcaneus and the posterior edge of the tibia. Pain and tenderness are localized at the posterolateral aspect of the ankle behind the peroneal tendons. In nondancing members of the population, these conditions are usually asymptomatic. It is the requirement of the classical dance for a well-pointed foot that produces symptoms. We are reporting up to 7 years follow-up of six professional ballet dancers in whom we removed the os trigonum for symptomatic talar compression syndrome, caused by the trauma of the en pointe position of toe dancing. Two patients had bilateral operations. All six patients returned to professional dancing within a few months and remained asymptomatic. The anatomy of this condition is reviewed, as well as the diagnosis and treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Musculoskeletal demands on flamenco dancers: a clinical and biomechanical study.

The flamenco dancer acts on the floor like a drummer. The percussive footwork and vibration patterns created during dancing impose unusual demands on the musculoskeletal system. This study investigated the clinical and biomechanical aspects of this task. Using the electrodynogram and skin-mounted accelerometers, foot pressures as well as hip and knee vibrations were recorded in 10 female dancers after a thorough clinical evaluation. A health questionnaire was also distributed to 29 dancers. Foot pressures and acceleration data reveal the percussive nature of the dance. Some clinical findings, like calluses, are related to pressure distribution. Urogenital disorders, as well as back and neck pain, may be related to the vibrations generated by the flamenco dance form. The hip joint seems to absorb most of the impacts. "Vibration-pressure" diagrams are suggested as a useful tool for evaluating a dancer's biomechanical behavior, as well as the effect of floors and footwear on this behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Physiological characteristics of classical ballet.

The aerobic and anaerobic energy yield during professional training sessions ("classes") of classical ballet as well as during rehearsed and performed ballets has been studied by means of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration determinations on professional ballet dancers from the Royal Swedish Ballet in Stockholm. The measured oxygen uptake during six different normal classes at the theatre averaged about 35-45% of the maximal oxygen uptake, and the blood lactate concentration averaged 3 mM (N = 6). During 10 different solo parts of choreographed dance (median length = 1.8 min) representative for moderately to very strenuous dance, an average oxygen uptake (measured during the last minute) of 80% of maximum and blood lactate concentration of 10 mM was measured (N = 10). In addition, heart rate registrations from soloists in different ballets during performance and final rehearsals frequently indicated a high oxygen uptake relative to maximum and an average blood lactate concentration of 11 mM (N = 5). Maximal oxygen uptake, determined in 1971 (N = 11) and 1983 (N = 13) in two different groups of dancers, amounted to on the average 51 and 56 ml X min-1 X kg-1 for the females and males, respectively. In conclusion, classical ballet is a predominantly intermittent type of exercise. In choreographed dance each exercise period usually lasts only a few minutes, but can be very demanding energetically, while during the dancers' basic training sessions, the energy yield is low.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Achilles tendinitis in ballet dancers.

Overuse injuries of tendons are known to occur in persons whose activities submit the tendon to excessive stress. Classical ballet dancers performing en pointe, demie point, or plié exert forces that, although normal in magnitude, are increased in frequency, thus overusing the Achilles tendon. In the present study all cases of Achilles tendinopathy seen in a period of three years in three ballet companies were reviewed by a special orthopedic clinic. The cause, whether by abnormal tension or incorrect use, development, and progression to chronic tendinopathy, as well as measures to prevent it, were analyzed in 19 cases. The methods of treatment, including conservative treatment with rest and refraining from dancing, local treatment such as ice and adhesive strapping, antiinflammatory drugs, local injections, thermotherapy, and laser therapy, were compared, and the time of recovery and ability to resume dancing were evaluated. Two cases required surgical treatment to subside, and the patients had to retire from professional dancing. The roentgenographic diagnosis of stage and progression of the tendinopathy is emphasized as a valuable accessory sign. The similarity in lesions between Achilles and patellar tendon problems was observed and confirmed.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1989

The rehabilitation of overuse foot injuries in athletes and dancers.

Overuse injuries in athletes and dancers provide a challenge to the diagnostic acumen and rehabilitative and preventive skills of the medical community. The challenge is intensified when the primary lesion is located in the foot, whose levers, arches, and pulleys are responsible for absorbing shock, as well as converting a mobile adapter into a rigid lever for propulsion. A thorough knowledge of these active and passive mechanisms is essential for the appropriate and expeditious management of overuse syndromes. Sports and dance medicine health practitioners must also explore and comprehend the kinesiology of the sports and/or dance activity prevalent among their clientele. Furthermore, in order to determine the etiology and make judicious recommendations, clinicians must familiarize themselves with the density and inclines of popular running and dancing surfaces within their referral area. Rehabilitation of the foot requires a multifaceted approach. Physical therapists dealing with these problems need to develop expertise in manual techniques, along with clinical competency in laser, electrical, and thermal modalities. Reduction of predisposing factors is of utmost importance in the successful management of overuse injuries, and often requires greater skill and attention than does the treatment of the primary lesion.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1988

The rehabilitation of overuse foot injuries in athletes and dancers.

Overuse injuries in athletes and dancers provide a challenge to the diagnostic acumen and rehabilitative and preventive skills of the medical community. The challenge is intensified when the primary lesion is located in the foot, whose levers, arches, and pulleys are responsible for absorbing shock, as well as converting a mobile adapter into a rigid lever for propulsion. A thorough knowledge of these active and passive mechanisms is essential for the appropriate and expeditious management of overuse syndromes. Sports and dance medicine health practitioners must also explore and comprehend the kinesiology of the sports and/or dance activity prevalent among their clientele. Furthermore, in order to determine the etiology and make judicious recommendations, clinicians must familiarize themselves with the density and inclines of popular running and dancing surfaces within their referral area. Rehabilitation of the foot requires a multifaceted approach. Physical therapists dealing with these problems need to develop expertise in manual techniques, along with clinical competency in laser, electrical, and thermal modalities. Reduction of predisposing factors is of utmost importance in the successful management of overuse injuries, and often requires greater skill and attention than does the treatment of the primary lesion.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1984

Physiologic profiles of female professional ballerinas.

The prospect of the application of scientific techniques of physiology and movement science to dance promises to enhance not only the performance but also the safety of ballet dancing. The scientific analysis of nutrition, strength, and cardiovascular and movement demands of elite athletes in a great variety of competitive sports has increased our understanding of the stresses placed upon the body in these sports and in so doing has improved training techniques, enhanced performance, and helped to decrease the incidence of injuries. The application of these scientific analysis techniques to dance may reap similar benefits. Although the classical ballet teacher may, at first glance, be horrified by a computer analogue analysis of a grand jete, the information obtained from such studies may help him or her to decide when a young dancer is ready for such a technique or demonstrate a technical deficiency in the performance of such a technique. Similarly, the often debated question of when a young dancer should attempt pointe may become less subject to a teacher's intuition or parental pressure if research on the strength of muscles, bones, and ligaments teaches us the specific levels needed before this technique should be attempted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pediatric and young adult exposure to chemiluminescent glow sticks.

BACKGROUND: Although chemiluminescent plastic rods, commonly called "glow sticks" or "light sticks," are typically considered to be minimally toxic or nontoxic, published data about exposure to these products are scarce. OBJECTIVES: To test our hypothesis that exposure to chemiluminescent products is unlikely to result in significant morbidity or mortality and to describe factors associated with exposure by reviewing reports to our urban poison control center of human exposure to chemiluminescent products. METHODS: Pediatric and young adult exposure to chemiluminescent products reported between January 1, 2000, and April 1, 2001, to our poison control center were evaluated with regard to demographic group, type of product involved, circumstances of exposure, symptoms, and management. RESULTS: Reported routes of exposure (n = 118) included ingestion (n = 108), ocular (n = 9), and dermal exposure (n = 1). Only patients exposed to chemiluminescent fluid from a leaking container reported symptoms (n = 27). Symptoms were limited to transient irritation of the exposure site, and no systemic toxicity occurred. All adults (n = 4) inadvertently ruptured or swallowed intact light sticks while at a dance club or dance party. Most exposure and all adult exposure occurred on holidays or weekends. CONCLUSIONS: Most incidences of exposure to chemiluminescent products involve asymptomatic ingestion of fluid that leaks from glow sticks or ingestion of an intact glow stick. Symptoms occur after exposure to chemiluminescent fluid and consist of transient irritation at the site of exposure. The clustering of reported exposure on weekends and in dance clubs and parties coupled with a lack of occupational or workplace exposure suggest that recreational use is a major contributory factor. Exposure to chemiluminescent products infrequently resulted in symptoms and the symptoms reported were minor. Exposure to chemiluminescent products as described is unlikely to cause significant morbidity or mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Foraging reactivation in the honeybee Apis mellifera L.: factors affecting the return to known nectar sources.

This paper addresses, what determines that experienced forager honeybees return to places where they have previously exploited nectar. Although there was already some evidence that dance and trophallaxis can cause bees to return to feed, the fraction of unemployed foragers that follow dance or receive food from employed foragers before revisiting the feeder was unknown. We found that 27% of the experienced foragers had no contact with the returning foragers inside the hive. The most common interactions were dance following (64%) and trophallaxis (21%). The great variability found in the amount of interactions suggests that individual bees require different stimulation before changing to the foraging mode. This broad disparity negatively correlated with the number of days after marking at the feeder, a variable that is closely related to the foraging experience, suggesting that a temporal variable might affect the decision-making in reactivated foragers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Chemical compounds of the foraging recruitment pheromone in bumblebees.

When the frenzied and irregular food-recruitment dances of bumblebees were first discovered, it was thought that they might represent an evolutionary prototype to the honeybee waggle dance. It later emerged that the primary function of the bumblebee dance was the distribution of an alerting pheromone. Here, we identify the chemical compounds of the bumblebee recruitment pheromone and their behaviour effects. The presence of two monoterpenes and one sesquiterpene (eucalyptol, ocimene and farnesol) in the nest airspace and in the tergal glands increases strongly during foraging. Of these, eucalyptol has the strongest recruitment effect when a bee nest is experimentally exposed to it. Since honeybees use terpenes for marking food sources rather than recruiting foragers inside the nest, this suggests independent evolutionary roots of food recruitment in these two groups of bees.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis.

Although the potent microfilaricidal activity of ivermectin is well established, its efficacy against adult Wuchereria bancrofti is unknown. We used longitudinal ultrasound examinations for periods of 3-9 months to assess directly the macrofilaricidal effect of a single 400 micrograms/kg dose of ivermectin in 15 men from Recife, Brazil who were infected with W. bancrofti. Before treatment, microfilarial densities ranged from 3 to 3098 microfilariae per mL of blood, and movements characteristic of the living adult worm (the 'filaria dance sign') were observed by ultrasound examination of the scrotal lymphatic vessels in all 15 men. Following treatment, microfilarial density was markedly reduced in all men, but the filaria dance sign remained unchanged in both location and pattern. Eight months after treatment, a dilated lymphatic vessel was surgically removed from one patient at the site of the filaria dance sign, and 3 intact adult worms were released. When given as a single 400 micrograms/kg dose, ivermectin had no observable effect on adult W. bancrofti. Therefore, prolonged suppression of microfilaraemia following treatment with ivermectin cannot be explained by a macrofilaricidal effect of the drug. Ultrasound is a valuable new tool for directly and rapidly assessing the macrofilaricidal efficacy of antifilarial drugs in lymphatic filariasis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaraemia.

To determine the frequency with which living adult Wuchereria bancrofti can be detected by ultrasound in the scrotal area of men with filarial infection, we used a 7.5 MHz transducer to perform weekly ultrasound examinations on 100 microfilaraemic men (18-34 years old) from Greater Recife, Brazil. The peculiar pattern of movement that characterizes the adult worm image on ultrasound (the filaria dance sign) was detected in the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord in 80 men (bilaterally in 29 men). Among 20 men with no filaria dance sign, the geometric mean microfilarial density was 68/mL, compared with 238/mL and 775/mL among those with unilateral and bilateral filaria dance signs, respectively (P = 0.0001). The lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord appear to be a common, and perhaps the principal, site of adult W. bancrofti in men with asymptomatic microfilaraemia. Studies are needed to define the relationship between the presence of filarial worms in the scrotal area and the development of filaria-associated morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse.

Drug abuse patterns are different due to cultural, social and geographical differences. Methamphetamine (MA) is the most important drug of abuse in Taiwan followed by opiates. Recently, there has been an increase of ketamine and MDMA abuse in disco dancing clubs. Here, we report the patterns of drug abuse by the participants in a metropolitan city disco-dancing club and the general public in Taiwan. The positive rates of common drugs of abuse detected in samples collected from participants in a dancing club were as follows: MDMA, 75.7%; ketamine, 47.0%; MA, 41.6%; opiates, 0%. Marijuana and cocaine were detected at much lower rates (3.4 and 4.7%, respectively). Ketamine and one of the amphetamines were detected together in 42.9% of the samples. The positive rates in samples collected from police detainees suspected of drug abuse in the general public were as follows: MA, 76.0%; OPA, 37.0%; MDMA, 6.0%; ketamine, 2.0%.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed2002

Single-bubble sonochemiluminescence in aqueous luminol solutions.

Sonochemiluminescence (SCL) of luminol due to a single bubble is studied through spectral measurement. No SCL was observed from a stable single bubble that emitted high-intensity sonoluminescence (SL). In contrast, SCL was observed under conditions of an unstable dancing bubble, where a bubble grows and ejects tiny bubbles, making it "dance" by counteraction. Furthermore, SCL was observed from dancing bubbles even when SL was not observed, depending on the dissolved gas content. The instability of bubble collapse is the key parameter governing SCL.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Effects of exercise intensity on physical fitness and risk factors for coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether "low-intensity" exercise (walking) and "high-intensity" exercise (aerobic dance), when added to a weight loss diet, have different effects on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and physical fitness. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Ninety obese women were divided into diet only (DO), diet plus walking (DW), and diet plus aerobic dance (DA) groups. DXA was used to evaluate segmental body composition. Leg-extension strength and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were the indicators of physical fitness. Blood pressure, lipoproteins, and fasting glucose were used as indices for CHD risk factors. These items were measured before and after a 14-week intervention period. RESULTS: Whole-body plus all segmental fat masses were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Reductions in whole-body and lower-limb fat- and bone-free masses were significantly less (p < 0.01) in the DA group (-1.5 and -0.1 kg, respectively) compared with the DO (-2.1 and -0.4 kg, respectively) and DW (-2.5 and -0.5 kg, respectively) groups. Improvements in leg-extension strength and VO2max were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the DA group compared with the DO group. The CHD risk factors clearly improved (p < 0.05) within each group. Reductions in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and fasting glucose were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the DA group compared with the DO and DW groups. DISCUSSION: Adding higher intensity aerobic dance to a weight-loss diet program may help maintain fat- and bone-free mass and may be more effective in improving CHD risk factors compared with low-intensity walking.

Adipose Tissue↗