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PubMed1996

Two approaches to learning a theatrical script.

Previous research has shown that actors recall text with word-for-word fidelity by using a type of meaning-based learning strategy that usually results only in retention of the gist (Noice, 1993). Six actors generated think-aloud protocols while studying a theatrical script. Analysis of these protocols indicated that the actors' application of their strategy required minute attention to the exact wording, punctuation, etc. in order to derive the deep meaning they require for interpretation and performance. A think-aloud protocol of the well-known mnemonist, Harry Lorayne, was collected for the same theatrical script. Although the strategies of the actors and the mnemonist were totally different, they appear to be dependent on the same underlying processes. An additional finding was that, although the mnemonist employed imagery-mediation (usually used for learning discrete items), he had devised an original variation capable of yielding verbatim retention. The reasons why mnemonic devices might be useful to actors in certain situations are discussed.

Association Learning↗
PubMed2005

Shakespeare's chancre: did the bard have syphilis?

Shakespeare's obsessive interest in syphilis, his clinically exact knowledge of its manifestations, the final poems of the sonnets, and contemporary gossip all suggest that he was infected with "the infinite malady." The psychological impact of venereal disease may explain the misogyny and revulsion from sex so prominent in the writings of Shakespeare's tragic period. This article examines the possibility that Shakespeare received successful treatment for syphilis and advances the following new hypothesis: Shakespeare's late-life decrease in artistic production, tremor, social withdrawal, and alopecia were due to mercury poisoning from syphilis treatment. He may also have had anasarca due to mercury-related membranous nephropathy. This medical misadventure may have prematurely ended the career of the greatest writer in the English language.

Drama↗
PubMed2005

A theory of scandal: Victorians, homosexuality, and the fall of Oscar Wilde.

Oscar Wilde is considered to be the iconic victim of 19th-century English puritanism. Yet the Victorian authorities rarely and only reluctantly enforced homosexuality laws. Moreover, Wilde's sexual predilections had long been common knowledge in London before his trial without affecting the dramatist's wide popularity. Focusing on the seemingly inconsistent Victorian attitudes toward homosexuality and the dynamics of the Oscar Wilde affair, this article develops a general theory of scandal as the disruptive publicity of transgression. The study of scandal reveals the effects of publicity on norm enforcement and throws into full relief the dramaturgical nature of the public sphere and norm work in society.

Drama↗
PubMed1992

"To everything there is a season": some Shakespearean models of normal and anomalous aging.

Shakespeare perceived aging characters as falling broadly into two categories: normal and anomalous. The former age in conformity to societal expectations, often displaying an inability to affect the outcome of events; the latter (e.g., Lear and Falstaff), deviating from these behavioral norms, dominate the action of their respective plays. Falstaff, a prime example of the anomalous ager, suffers rejection by King Henry V, his former boon companion, a consequence of ageism.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The effect of aging on dramatic realization of old age: the example of Ingmar Bergman.

Ingmar Bergman's films Wild Strawberries and Fanny and Alexander can be viewed as two readings of the psychosocial world of old age. The picture of aging emerging from Wild Strawberries is dominated by pressure toward resolution, and Fanny and Alexander is governed by fragmentation. Closure and fragmentation are related to the artist's position in the life span at the time of creation. Whereas closure appears to be a midlife attempt to handle death anxiety and a sense of finality, fragmentation is the older Bergman's means of adapting to the experience of aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

On the uniqueness of biological research. 1949.

The significance of the behavior of biological entities cannot be fully explained in terms of the physical and chemical processes upon which contemporary biological and medical research depends. The characteristic proper of biological entities is that they are systems marked by 'inwardness', that is, a capacity to interpret meanings in order to reach goals. The significance of this characteristic is given in examples from the author's morphological research.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The unity of the natural sciences: comment on Portmann. 1949.

Is Portmann's concept of inwardness objectively useful in understanding biological phenomena? If it is, it would seem that there is no unity to the physical sciences, because biology is as fundamental as physics. On the other hand, Portmann's interpretation of inwardness as a meaning or significance that we have to give our interpretation of biological phenomena suggests that it is sheerly subjective, and so should be reduced to objective correlates. This dilemma is false, however. One should realize that scientists construe physical and chemical processes as processes devoid of intrinsic meaning, just as they construe biological processes as having this meaning, which is Portmann's inwardness. From this angle we can integrate the significance of physical and biological processes in a way which does not reduce the latter to the former.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The use of music on Barney & Friends: implications for music therapy practice and research.

This descriptive study examined the music content of 88 episodes from the PBS television show Barney & Friends, which aired from September 1992 to September 1998, in an attempt to quantify musical examples and presentations that may be considered introductory music experiences for preschoolers. Using many of the procedures identified by Wolfe and Stambaugh (1993) in their study on the music of Sesame Street, 25% of Barney & Friends' 88 episodes were analyzed by using the computer observation program SCRIBE in determining: (a) the temporal use of music; (b) performance medium; and (c) intention of music use. Furthermore, each structural prompt presentation (n = 749) from all 88 episodes was examined for: (a) tempo; (b) vocal range; (c) music style; (d) word clarity; (e) repetition; (f) vocal modeling; and (g) movement. Results revealed that the show contained more music (92.2%) than nonmusic (7.8%), with the majority of this music containing instrumental sounds (61%). The function of this music was distributed equally between structural prompt music (48%) and background music (48%). The majority of the structural prompt music contained newly composed material (52%), while 33% consisted of previously composed material. Fifteen percent contained a combination of newly composed and previously composed material. The most common tempo range for presentations on the show was 80-100 bpm, while vocal ranges of a 9th, 8th, 6th, and 7th were predominant and most often sung by children's voices. The adult male voice was also common, with 84% of all adult vocals being male. The tessitura category with the greatest number of appearances was middle C to C above (n = 133), with the majority of the presentations (n = 435, 73%) extending singers' voices over the register lift of B above middle C. Children's music and music of the American heritage were the most common style categories observed, and these two categories combined on 260 (35%) presentations. The use of choreographed movement and props/costumes was also prevalent, and may have contributed to high interobserver reliability of tempo. Implications for music therapists and teachers working with young children and music researchers examining various epistemological questions of music learning and behavior are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

The impact of a television soap opera on the NHS Cervical Screening Programme in the North West of England.

BACKGROUND: Mass media interventions can influence health care utilization but the effect of televised fictional accounts of illness upon national screening programmes is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of a Coronation Street story line, in which one of the characters died from cervical cancer, on the National Health Service (NHS) Cervical Screening Programme. METHODS: The study involved a retrospective analysis of information held on cervical screening databases ('Exeter' computer systems) of the nine Health Authorities constituting the Lancashire and Greater Manchester zones of the North West Region of the NHS. The number of cervical smears performed in the community, in women over 25 years of age, whose previous smear was normal and who were on routine recall, during a 6 month period that included the story line, was compared with those taken over the same period in the previous year. The proportions of smears classified by a screening interval of 'unscheduled', 'on time', 'overdue' or 'no previous smear' were compared. RESULTS: The number of smears performed increased from 65,714 in 2000 to 79,712 in 2001, an increase of 13,998 (21.3 percent; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 21.0-21.6 per cent) in the 19 weeks after the story line. The increase in the number of smears occurred in all categories of screening interval, with the largest increase seen in those attending 'on-time' (26 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated a large impact of a soap opera story line on the cervical screening programme although the benefit to health is not clear. Further research will determine the long-term effect of the story.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effect of 'Alma's' death on women attending for a cervical smear: a questionnaire survey.

Following a story line in Coronation Street in which 'Alma' died of cervical cancer there was a large increase in the number of cervical smears taken in Manchester. To ascertain the extent to which women were influenced to attend for smears by this story line and why, we carried out a postal survey. Our results show that women were influenced to attend for smears (22 per cent) with many women doing so because the story line made them worry. Television influenced screening behaviour but it must be of concern to health promoters that this was done through the generation of anxiety.

Adult↗