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PubMed1990

Neuropeptides in the dental pulp: distribution, origins, and correlation.

It is known that many factors participate in the process of inflammation and pain transmission. Recently, various neuropeptides have been demonstrated in the intrapulpal nerve fibers immunobiohistochemically. These neuropeptides may play some role in the process of inflammation and transmission of pain sensation. In this presentation, the distribution, origins, and correlation of neuropeptides in the dental pulp is reviewed.

Dental Pulp↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal and inflamed human dental pulps.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in normal, painful, and asymptomatic human dental pulps. METHODS: Pulps were obtained from three groups of teeth, including healthy teeth, asymptomatic teeth with caries and/or large restoration, and symptomatic teeth with clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis. Pulpal tissues were collected, prepared, and analyzed for TNF-alpha concentration by ELISA technique. RESULTS: Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences between TNF-alpha concentration in normal samples (64.01 +/- 53.12 pg/g) and irreversible symptomatic pulpal tissue (1962.99 +/- 1288.75 pg/g), between irreversible symptomatic and asymptomatic (1120.09 +/- 649.72 pg/g), and between normal and irreversible asymptomatic pulpal tissue (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha may be an objective marker for determining extent of pulpal inflammation associated with irreversible pulpitis.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2003

Age-related changes in blood capillary endothelium of human dental pulp: an ultrastructural study.

AIM: To describe the ultrastructural changes that occur in pulpal blood capillaries as a result of ageing. METHODOLOGY: Thirty samples of healthy dental pulps were obtained from functional human permanent teeth. Two age groups were examined: young (10-17 years) and old (>60 years). The teeth were extracted under local anaesthesia using mepivacaine without adrenaline (Scandonest 3%, Septodont, Saint-Maur des Fossés, France) and split longitudinally in a bench press. The pulps were gently removed, immersed in fixative solution, sectioned and processed by conventional transmission electron microscopic techniques. Micrographs were taken from the endothelium, and the whole capillary area of each vessel was examined. RESULTS: In young pulps, the endothelial cell layer was characterized by the presence of numerous pinocytotic vesicles and microvesicles, RER cisterns, free ribosomes, a small Golgi complex, centrioles, microtubules, microfilaments and mitochondria. In the endothelial cell cytoplasm of older pulpal vessels, pinocytotic vesicles and microvesicles, as well as microfilaments, were more numerous. In addition, lipid-like vacuoles, monogranular glycogen granules and extensive Golgi complexes with dilated cisterns were also present. Weibel-Palade bodies were observed in both age groups without showing variations related with age. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in capillaries of aged pulpal tissue suggest that the endothelium experiences morphological changes that could be associated with advancing age.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1999

Increased interleukin-8 expression in inflamed human dental pulps.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated levels of interleukin-8, a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, are associated with infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about interleukin-8 expression in human dental pulp. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tissue levels of interleukin-8 are elevated in irreversibly inflamed human pulps. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental samples were from teeth clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis (diseased pulps). Controls were from freshly extracted, caries-free third molars (normal pulps). Samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or immunohistochemical analysis with specific antibodies to interleukin-8. RESULTS: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies showed elevated levels of interleukin-8 in diseased pulps (mean, 1.82+/-0.79 pg/mL/microg protein), as compared to detectable interleukin-8 levels in samples from normal pulps (mean, 0.08+/-0.04 pg/mL/microg protein; P<.05). Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that diseased samples exhibited a higher density of localized interleukin-8 staining in areas with heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells. In contrast, normal pulps showed negative or weak interleukin-8 staining. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-8 concentration was higher in pulps diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis; only negligible amounts of interleukin-8 were present in normal pulps.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1980

Reactions of the dental pulp to microbial provocation of calcium hydroxide treated dentin.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether treatment of dentin with calcium hydroxide reduces pulp irritation caused by microbial products. The experiment was carried out in three young monkeys. Cavities were prepared on the buccal tooth surface deep into dentin of 62 teeth. Calcium hydroxyde mixed with distilled water was placed in one group of cavities. A set of control cavities received treatment with saline soaked filter-paper discs. The calcium hydroxide dressing and the saline discs were separated from the oral cavity for a period of 14 or 60 d by a Teflon disc and a layer of zinc oxide-eugenol cement. At the end of these periods the content of each cavity was removed and substituted by lyophilized material from cultivated plaque bacteria. After 3 d of exposure the monkeys were killed and the teeth subjected to histologic treatment. Assessments made in the light microscope revealed that pulps subjacent to calcium hydroxide-treated dentin in the majority of cases showed no or only slight infiltrates of inflammatory cells. In controls, 13 out of 22 pulps showed severe inflammatory cell infiltrates or total pulp tissue necrosis. It was concluded that treatment of dentin with calcium hydroxide may reduce the possibility for bacterial components to cause pulp tissue damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The effect of fibrin sealant on dental pulp for pulp capping in experimental dogs].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pulp tissue reaction and reparative dentine formation of dog pulp capped with Fibrin Sealant (FS). METHODS: The fibrin was from a tisseel Kit (Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria) consisting of solution A (freeze-dried human fibrinogen, factor XIII, Aprotinine) and solution B (thrombin powder, calcium chloride) with 0.02 ml from each for each tooth. The Ca(OH)2 paste (Calar, China) was served as the control. Forty nine cuspid, premolar and molar teeth in 4 adult dogs weighed 11-13 kg were used. Surgical anesthesia was obtained by muscle injection of 3% sodium pentobarbital (1 ml/kg). The pulp were exposed by using sterile high-speed rotary cutting instruments with water-cooling. The pulps were treated with 0.02 ml fibrin or Ca(OH)2 paste respectively. The cavity was filled with zine phosphate cement. The animals were killed at intervals of 1, 4, 6, 9 weeks after surgery and perfused with phosphate-buffered saline followed by 10% formalin in phosphate-buffered saline. The jaws were resected and the samples prepared by removing each experimental tooth in block, further fixing them by immersion in 10% formalin in phosphate-buffered saline. The specimen were processed for histologic examination. Serial sections (5 nm thick) were made, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, examined using a light microscope. RESULTS: 7 days after operation, the samples treated with the FS showed no hemorrhage and degeneration of pulp tissue and a small amount inflammatory cells near the wounds. The samples treated with Ca(OH)2 showed hemorrhage and degeneration (2/6) and a large amount inflammatory cells near the wounds. 28 days after operation, pulp health of teeth treated with FS and Ca(OH)2 was nearly recovered. Dentin bridges were observed in 2 out of 6 cases treated with Ca(OH)2. 42 days after operation, pulp health of teeth treated with FS and Ca(OH)2 was totally recovered. Dentin bridges were observed in 2 out of 7 cases of pulp treated with FS and four out of 6 cases treated with Ca(OH)2. 63 days after operation, pulp health of teeth treated with FS and Ca(OH)2 was soundly resumed. The dentine bridge was observed in 4 out 6 cases of pulp treated with the FS and in all 6 cases treated with Ca(OH)2. CONCLUSION: FS has no dentin inducing activity, but can enhance exposed pulp healing, so FS can be served as a promised pulp capping agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of neural and neural-crest-related antigens in human dental pulp by immunohistochemistry.

Human teeth (formalin-fixed, demineralized and paraffin-embedded as well as frozen sections of human dental pulp) were examined by immunohistochemistry to detect the presence and distribution of a series of neural and neural-crest-associated antigens: S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilaments (NF). Although several experimental pieces of evidence support a neural crest derivation for dental papilla and odontoblasts with the histological method used in the present study, these structures were immunonegative for most of the markers employed in the present investigation. Indeed, mesenchymal cells as fibroblasts and endothelial cells were devoid of immunostaining. Schwann cells were strongly immunostained by S-100, NSE and GFAP. Nerve fibres running in the pulp showed a positive labelling for NF, S-100 and MBP antisera. It is concluded that the lack of labelling of pulp cells (excepting nerves) by the neural and neural-crest-associated antibodies could be due to a loss of capacity to express these antigens during differentiation. However, the possibility that these antigenic determinants are expressed but outside the limits of sensitivity of immunohistochemistry cannot be ruled out. Further studies, including molecular biology techniques, are required to clarify these alternatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of morphine and fentanyl on evoked potentials in the brain under various conditions of dental pulp stimulation].

The effect of morphine and phentanyl on the potentials in the cortex of the large hemispheres, thalamus and midbrain developing with different modes of the dental pulp stimulation was studied in cats. Morphine (1--2.5 mg/kg) and phentanyl (0.05--0.1 mg/kg) above all bring down the potentials amplitude in associative and nonspecific structures with rhythmic stimulation and eliminate post-activation relief. With the morphine donse rising to 2.5--10 mg/kg and that of phentanyl--to 0.1--0.2 mg/kg the responses in mono-and bipolar, sub- and supramaximal and paired stimulation become weaker. With these types of stimulation the potentials amplitude decreases roughly in the same measure. The evoked responses in specific afferent pathways experience less marked changes than do potentials in the associative and nonspecific structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Interaction between the autonomic and sensory nerves in the dental pulp.

The function of intradental sensory receptors is strongly affected by activation of the sympathetic nerves. This effect is most probably indirect and due to changes in pulpal blood flow. Also, in inflamed teeth the sensitivity changes of pulp nerves seem to be closely related to changes in the blood flow. Such inflammatory mediators as histamine, bradykinin and serotonin affect the sensitivity of intradental receptors in pulpal inflammation. In addition, many neuropeptides, for example substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), seem to be involved and may interact with histamine or bradykinin. Recent studies indicate that intradental nerves with their neuropeptides may play a significant role in the inflammatory and defence reactions of the dental pulp.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A histopathological and immunohistochemical study of dental pulp and pulpal nerve fibers in rats after the cavity preparation using Er:YAG laser.

The purpose of this study was to investigate histopathological changes in the dental pulp after Er:YAG laser irradiation compared with those after high-speed drill preparation. For evaluation, repair of nerve fibers was observed using an immunohistochemical technique. There was no significant difference between the remaining dentin thickness in either cases. (Mann-Whitney U test). In the Er:YAG laser group a marked fibroblast proliferation and the formation of reparative dentin were observed relative to the high-speed drill group. The time course of the increase and decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers in the high-speed drill group was similar to that of previous reports. In the Er:YAG laser group an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers was seen earlier than in the high-speed drill group, and 7 days after operation these fibers decreased to control level. The results suggested that the Er:YAG laser leads to pulpal repair earlier than the high-speed drill.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2005

Stimulation of glutathione depletion, ROS production and cell cycle arrest of dental pulp cells and gingival epithelial cells by HEMA.

2-Hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is the major component released from resin-modified glass ionomer cements and dental adhesives. Human tissues mainly affected by HEMA are oral epithelium and dental pulp. We treated human gingival epithelial S-G cells and pulp fibroblasts (HPF) with various concentrations of HEMA, to evaluate its effects on cell growth, cell cycle progression, intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. HEMA-induced growth inhibition in HPF and S-G cells in a dose-dependent manner, which may be partially explained by induction of cell cycle perturbation. G(2)/M phase arrest was noted after exposure of HPF to 5 and 10mm of HEMA, concomitant with glutathione depletion and ROS production. S-phase arrest occurred in S-G cells when treated with 2.5 and 5mm, while at 10mm a sub-G(0)/G(1) peak was noted, indicating the potential induction of apoptosis. GSH depletion was marked in S-G cells only at concentrations of 5 and 10mm, but excessive ROS production was noted at concentration of 1mm and rose with dose increase between 1 and 5mm, then lessened at 10mm. This suggested that the increase of ROS in S-G cells was not mainly caused by GSH depletion. These results helped to define the mechanism of the cytotoxicity caused by HEMA.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2006

The performance of human dental pulp stem cells on different three-dimensional scaffold materials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo behavior of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) isolated from impacted third molars, when seeded onto different 3-dimensional (3-D) scaffold materials: i.e. a spongeous collagen, a porous ceramic, and a fibrous titanium mesh. Scaffolds were loaded with DPSC, and subsequently divided into two groups. The first group was cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium in vitro for 4 weeks. The second group of samples was implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 6 or 12 weeks. Samples cultured in vitro were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and RT-PCR for dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) expression. In vivo samples were evaluated by histology, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that in vitro, cells developed abundant deposition of mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) with expression of DSPP in all 3-D materials. The simultaneous implantation experiment showed formation of tissue that was DSPP positive in all three scaffolds materials. However, the aspect of the formed tissues in all scaffolds resembled more connective tissue than a dentin-like tissue. Limited calcification of the ECM was only seen in the ceramic scaffold. In both experiments, no other differences could be attributed to the different materials used. In conclusion, the in vivo behavior of DPSC and their relations with 3-D scaffold materials should be further studied before clinical use can be considered.

Animals↗