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PubMed1992

Dentin bonding agents.

Dentin bonding is discussed both in terms of the substrate and in terms of newer bonding systems that have recently been marketed. The most popular bonding systems are presented along with several new systems from Germany and Japan. Etching of dentin is discussed in terms of both its advantages and its disadvantages. Bonding systems can be used to repair fractured teeth as well as to restore carious teeth. This area of knowledge is rapidly expanding. Most of the new products are improvements over their predecessors.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1992

Clinical comparison of Class V resin composite and glass ionomer restorations.

Three techniques for restoring abrasion/erosion lesions were evaluated over a 2-year period: 1) glass ionomer restoration (Ketac-Fil); 2) composite restoration with a dentin bonding agent (Silux Plus, Scotchbond 2); 3) composite restoration with glass ionomer liner and a dentin bonding agent (Silux Plus, Vitrebond, Scotchbond 2). There were 116 lesions restored and 115 evaluated for color match, cavosurface discoloration, surface texture, caries development, and retention. Most restorations were rated clinically acceptable for color match, cavosurface discoloration, surface texture, and caries development when measured at 2 years. Glass ionomer restorations and composite restorations with a glass ionomer liner and a dentin bonding agent demonstrated better retention rates, 97.4% and 100% respectively, than the composite restorations with a dentin bonding agent only (86.8%) (Cochrane Q test, P = 0.07).

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Clinical microleakage evaluation of a cavity varnish.

This clinical study evaluated the microleakage effectiveness of a cavity varnish when used in combination with two types of amalgam: a spherical particle and a dispersed phase alloy. Calcium hydroxide was utilized as the microleakage detection agent. Copalite showed a reduction in microleakage when it was employed with the spherical particle alloy used in this study. This study clinically demonstrated that Copalite is not totally effective in eliminating microleakage.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1992

Influence of low-viscosity liners on the retention of three luting materials.

A number of materials are available to protect the pulp from postoperative sensitivity. The effect of a calcium hydroxide liner and a dentinal desensitizing agent (potassium oxalate) on crown retention was investigated. Gold crowns were cemented on standardized crown preparations with zinc phosphate cement, glass-ionomer cement, or one of two resin cements. A tensile force was applied until separation occurred. The mean applied force at rupture varied greatly among the groups, indicating that the pulpal protection agent may have a distinct effect on the retention of cast restorations. In addition, other clinical factors, such as angle of convergence, crown height, and total surface area of the tooth should be considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Sealing ability of two intermediate restorative materials in bleached teeth.

This study compared the radicular penetration of bleaching agents in endodontically treated teeth containing an IRM base, a Cavit base, and no base. Forty-five extracted human maxillary central incisors treated with conventional endodontic therapy with laterally condensed gutta percha and sealer were randomly divided into three groups: (1) Cavit base, (2) IRM base and (3) no base. In groups 1 and 2, a 3.5 mm thickness of base material was placed at the time of obturation. After storage in saline for 1 week, the teeth were bleached with a mixture of 35% hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate, combined with a 10% methylene blue dye solution, using a combination thermocatalytic and non-thermocatalytic bleaching technique. The apical distance of dye penetration was measured. The control group demonstrated dye penetration to the apex, indicating that a base is required to prevent leakage of bleaching agents when this combination of bleaching techniques is used. The mean distance of leakage was 3.43 mm (+/- 1.14) for the Cavit group and 5.94 mm (+/- 1.72) for the IRM group. Analysis with a t-test revealed that Cavit was a more effective barrier to leakage than IRM (T = 4.20, P less than 0.001).

Borates↗
PubMed1992

Visible light-activated glass ionomer cement: use as liners/bases and restoratives.

Traditional glass ionomer cements were sensitive to moisture during the initial state and were subject to dehydration as the material began to harden. Preliminary findings from in vitro studies and clinical trials indicate that a new light activated glass ionomer cement exhibits high shear bond values, reduced microleakage and improved aesthetics.

Dental Cavity Lining↗
PubMed1992

Pneumatic versus hand condensation of amalgam: effect on microleakage.

This study compared two techniques of amalgam condensation for effect on early microleakage. Class V preparations were restored with a high-copper amalgam using pneumatic condensation or conventional hand condensation. Significantly less microleakage was observed when pneumatic condensation was used. Further, pneumatic condensation proved equally effective in reducing early microleakage whether or not a dentinal sealant was used as an intermediary.

Air Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro evaluation of the use of resin liners to reduce microleakage and improve retention of amalgam restorations.

This in vitro study evaluated the ability of three commercially available adhesive resins to reduce microleakage and provide retention between amalgam restorations and tooth structure. Results indicated that Amalgambond reduced leakage significantly more than Panavia EX, Prisma Universal Bond 2, and Copalite. In addition Amalgambond and Panavia EX exhibited the ability to bond amalgam to tooth structure. These results suggest that Amalgambond has the potential for serving successfully as a cavity liner with amalgam.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of the link between a new dentinal desensitizer and dentine.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction of a novel dentinal desensitizer Twin Pro with enamel-dentinal adhesive preparations or filling materials and dentine using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology. METHODS: Black's I class cavities were drilled extracted molar teeth free of caries or fissures, and the cavities disinfected. The specimens were divided into 4 groups of 2 teeth each treated as follows: Group A: Twin Pro, fluid (Tetric-Flow Vivadent) and micro-hybrid (Tetric-Ceram Vivadent) composites placed on the etched (Liner Bond 2V Clearfil) cavities. Group B: Twin Pro, PQ1-Ultradent loaded Primer-Bonding plus fluid and micro-hybrid composites applied to the acid-etched (37% orthophosphoric acid) cavities. Group C: Twin Pro plus Silver amalgam alloy (Phasealloy- Sybram Kerr). Group D (control group): self-etching primer plus fluid and micro-hybrid composite. Specimens were investigated by SEM. RESULTS: The results obtained in all groups show that the application of Twin Pro does not alter the adhesiveness of the restorative composite materials to the dental wall. In fact the desensitizer and the adhesive layers are indistinguishable at SEM observation, and well adherent to the dentinal surface of the cavities. CONCLUSION: The results of SEM investigations show that Twin Pro does not decrease the adhesion of restorative materials to the tooth surface, as it establishes an efficient interconnection with the different materials used, and it forms a uniform layer covering and occluding dentine tubules, and this might constitute an efficacious sealing of dentinal tubules which possibly contribute to decrease dentinal sensitivity to environmental nociceptive stimuli.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1992

Amalgam, composite resin and glass ionomer cement in Class II restorations in primary molars--a three year clinical evaluation.

Amalgam (ANA 2000), composite resin (Occlusin), and glass ionomer cement (ChemFil) were compared in conventional Class II restorations in second primary molars. Twenty-five restorations of each material were placed by two dentists in 50 patients. The restorations were evaluated during a three year period using the USPHS criteria. Great differences could be found between the materials. The failure rate (USPHS ratings Charlie) was after three years 8 per cent for the amalgam, 16 per cent for the composite resin and 60 per cent for the glass ionomer cement restorations.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed2003

Experimental comparison of cavity sealing ability of five dental adhesive systems after thermocycling.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cavity sealing obtained after thermocycling with five adhesive systems in which one all-in-one adhesive was compared to three one-bottle adhesives, and to observe the effect of a low-charged resin layer added to a one-bottle adhesive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five recently extracted teeth were randomly allocated to five experimental adhesive systems (n = 5 each): Optibond Solo (OS), Scotchbond 1 (SB1), PQ 1, Prompt-L-Pop (PLP), SB1+Revolution (R). On each tooth, two rectangular cavities at the cementoenamel junction were filled with a microhybrid composite (Z100) and the tested adhesives. Teeth were thermocycled and stained with AgNO3 + vitamin C. Leakage was evaluated on a 6-point (0-5) severity scale and the highest score was selected for each restoration. Results were treated by ordinal logistic regression and considered to be significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between leakage values for enamel and dentin interfaces. Leakage scores never exceeded 2 for OS, SB1 and SB1+R, while they reached a maximum of 5 in 20% of PLP cases. OS was significantly better than the other adhesive systems, which were statistically equivalent. The addition of a flowable composite layer on SB1 did not yield a significant difference, but tended to give better results mainly at the dentin interface. CONCLUSION: The all-in-one adhesive PLP, because of quite variable results, seems less reliable than the one-bottle adhesives, of which OS provides significantly the best results. Addition of a flowable composite on SB1 appears to yield slightly better results.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed1992

Composite-resin materials and techniques in dentistry.

Important features to consider when selecting composite resins are filler size and amount, radiopacity, and fluoride content. Submicron particles provide the best polishability, and heavily filled resins demonstrate better wear resistance. The radiopacity of the composite resin should slightly exceed that of enamel to allow visualization of the restoration and recurrent decay. Fluoride added to the matrix may arrest the progression of caries. Properly cured composite resins should not cause chronic pulpal irritation; however, infection of the cervical contraction gap resulting from poor bonding to root surfaces may cause pulpal irritation. Techniques to improve curing include incremental build-up, reflective matrices and wedges, and controlling the direction of light vectors. A surface sealant is highly recommended to reduce wear, especially in the posterior region. Porcelain veneers perform better clinically than do composite-resin veneers. Class I and II composite-resin restorations reinforce weakened tooth structure; however, problems with cervical leakage and wear prevent the recommendation of these materials for larger posterior restorations that involve occlusal contacts or that require bonding to root surfaces.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1992

Glass ionomer (polyalkenoate) cement restorations.

Glass ionomer cements are recognized for their properties of reliable adhesion to tooth structure and fluoride release. The introduction of light-cured base and liner glass ionomer cements has overcome some of the disadvantages of self-cured materials. During the review period, most papers deal with either fluoride release, microleakage, or adhesion. There were few clinical studies.

Dental Bonding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro evaluation of pH changes induced by calcium hydroxide liners.

OBJECTIVES: Since the highly alkaline pH of calcium hydroxide is considered by many to be responsible for its biologic activity, the possible variations of pH induced by the different calcium hydroxide liners are accepted as a major concern. The aim of the present study was to determine the pH changes of five different calcium hydroxide liners and variations of pH levels at different time intervals. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The materials tested were Dycal, Life, Calic, Dycal VLC, and Calcident 450. Samples were prepared according to manufacturer instructions and by using plastic molds; five standard samples from each material were prepared. The samples were then placed in separate vials, containing 10 mL deionized water (pH 7.0), and stored at room temperature (200C). The pH measurements were taken 1 hour, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after mixing. The pH variations of each material at the given time intervals were recorded, and the means were calculated. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed significantly high differences between the mean pH values induced by each material at all time intervals. The highest value for the first-hour measurement was for Dycal VLC, and the highest values for the other time intervals were for Calcident 450. The pH values of the materials exhibited statistically significant differences among all the time intervals. CONCLUSION: All materials changed the pH of deionized water toward alkaline.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of conditioner on bond strength of glass-ionomer adhesive to dentin/enamel with and without smear layer interposition.

The effect of a polyalkenoic acid conditioner pretreatment on the bond strength of a glass-ionomer adhesive to tooth substrates with or without smear layer was evaluated. Smear-layer covered and smear-layer free dentin and enamel surfaces were prepared from 24 extracted human molars. Resin composite was bonded to the surfaces using FujiBond LC with or without a polyalkenoic acid conditioner and subjected to microtensile bond strength (microTBS) testing. Failure modes were determined using scanning electron microscopy. For dentin, smear-layer coverage and conditioner treatment did not reveal significant differences in microTBS, which ranged from 20 to 29 MPa. For enamel, smear-layer coverage did not significantly affect microTBS, whereas, the use of conditioner significantly improved microTBS, reaching the same microTBS-values as when bonded to dentin. Regarding failure mode, most dentin specimens failed mixed adhesive cohesively. For enamel, adhesive failures mostly occurred when no conditioner was used, though mixed failures were predominant when the specimens were conditioned beforehand. Bonding of the glass ionomer adhesive to dentin can be achieved without the separate use of a polyalkenoic acid conditioner, even with the interposition of a smear layer. However, instrumented and non-instrumented enamel requires separate conditioning to provide sufficient micro-mechanical retention.

Acrylic Resins↗