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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Skin effects of trichothecenes and their amelioration by decontamination.

The ability of trichothecenes, in particular T2 toxin (T2), to cause irritant effects on the skin has been investigated in laboratory rodents and rabbits. Quantitatively, T2 was found to be highly potent in this respect, causing irritant reactions on rat skin at contamination densities of less than 1 microgram.cm-2. The first appearance of skin effects was delayed for approximately 6 h after application, irrespective of the dose applied. Similarly, variation in solvent or injection into or beneath the skin failed to accelerate the onset of the irritant reaction. An aqueous soap solution was largely effective in removing low doses of T2 from the skin, but was ineffective in removing larger doses. However, washing the contaminated skin with polyethylene glycol 300 was very effective at removing even large doses of T2 from the skin. The macrocyclic trichothecene verrucarin A was of comparable irritancy to T2 on rat skin. Diacetoxyscirpenol and nivalenol were less potent.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

An evaluation of 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride as a decontaminant in the primary isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from bovine lesions.

For the primary isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from bovine lesions, 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPC) at a concentration of 0.75% was as effective as 2% NaOH in controlling the growth of contamination. The advantages of using HPC over NaOH are that it is a rapid one-step procedure not requiring neutralisation with acid, it is less toxic to M. bovis thus increasing isolation rates, and it promotes the earlier appearance of colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Polymetallic complexes in microemulsions for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate: a bio-mimetic model for decontamination of organophosphates in the environment.

Reactions of several metal ions and polymetallic complexes toward hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) were investigated at 10(-3)M concentration in oil-in-water microemulsions and aqueous media. The reactions were monitored by measuring the absorbance of the nitrophenolate ion produced in the reaction aliquots with time. The order of effectiveness of the metal ions and polymetallic complexes at neutral pH toward hydrolysis of NPP was found to be Turnbull's Blue>magnetite>Fe(III)>Fe(II)>Co(II)>Ca(II)>Cu(II). The possible application of these systems for sites contaminated with chemical warfare agents such as organophosphates is discussed.

Calcium↗
PubMed2006

Skin decontamination: Importance of the wash-in effect.

That skin washing/decontamination may increase percutaneous absorption is commonly referred to as the 'wash-in' (W-I) effect. This article traces the development of the W-I effect both in vivo and more recently in vitro. The mechanism(s) responsible for this effect are examined particularly in relation to the laboratory method used in vitro. The importance of the W-I effect is presented and it is recommended that caution be practiced when skin is washed as the W-I effect may increase both local cutaneous and general systemic toxicity. Experimental data on a wide variety of chemicals are urgently needed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Point-of-care controls for nosocomial legionellosis combined with chlorine dioxide potable water decontamination: a two-year survey at a Welsh teaching hospital.

This study reports a two-year programme of attempted eradication of Legionella colonization in the potable water supply of a 1000-bed tertiary care teaching hospital in Wales. There was a simultaneous, point-of-care, sterile-water-only policy for all intensive care units (ICU) and bone marrow and renal transplant units in order to prevent acquisition of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. The programme was initiated following a case of nosocomial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1-Bellingham-like genotype A on the cardiac ICU. The case occurred 14 days after mitral and aortic valve replacement surgery. Clinical and epidemiological investigations implicated aspiration of hospital potable water as the mechanism of infection. Despite interventions with chlorine dioxide costing over 25000 UK pounds per annum, Legionella has remained persistently present in significant numbers (up to 20000 colony forming units/L) and with little reduction in the number of positive sites. Two further cases of nosocomial disease occurred over the following two-year period; in one case, aspiration of tap water was implicated again, and in the other case, instillation of contaminated water into the right main bronchus via a misplaced nasogastric tube was implicated. These cases arose because of inadvertent non-compliance with the sterile-water-only policy in high-risk locations. Enhanced clinical surveillance over the same two-year period detected no other cases of nosocomial disease. This study suggests that attempts at eradication of Legionella spp. from complex water systems may not be a cost-effective measure for prevention of nosocomial infections, and to the best of our knowledge is the first study from the UK to suggest that the introduction of a sterile-water-only policy for ICUs and other high-risk units may be a more cost-effective approach.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Flexible naso-endoscopic decontamination-rationalizing the next step forward.

Naso-endoscopes are important tools in the everyday practice of otolaryngology. However, cleaning methods have not yet been standardized. The aims of this article are to assess the degree of variation in practice both within and outside the UK, and to propose explanations why standard national and international guidelines have not been forthcoming. It is hoped that the systematic identification of the problems facing health authorities will lead to a better understanding of the task at hand, and bring us closer to drawing up a more specific standard for 'best possible' practice.

Decontamination↗
PubMed2006

Surface decontamination of surgical instruments: an ongoing dilemma.

The issues of cross-infection and the survival of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) on surgical instruments have highlighted the importance of cleanliness of multiple-use surgical instruments. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of total protein contamination on a wide range of surgical instruments as an indication of the effectiveness of routine cleaning and disinfection in hospitals. Anonymized trays of wrapped and autoclaved instruments were supplied to two laboratories for analysis at the stage where they would normally be returned to operating theatres. Instruments were assessed for residual protein and total organic matter. Laboratory A showed that 17% (35/206) of instruments were above a threshold that equated to 200 microg. The worst examples, a McIvor gag, a Draffin rod (child) and a Yankaur sucker, had 1.028, 1.286 and 2.228 mg of extractable protein, respectively. The median (25th, 75th percentiles) amount of protein from instruments from different hospitals assessed in Laboratory B ranged from 8 (3, 30)mug (Hospital C) to 91 (35, 213) mug (Hospital D) (P=0.044). The residual matter washed from instruments varied from 0.62 (0.32, 0.81) mg (Hospital E) to 3.5 (3.5, 4.0) mg (Hospital A) (P=0.0001). In one case, 45 mg of residual organic matter was washed from an instrument (split stem). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a proportion of instruments at the point of use show levels of protein that could pose a direct cross-infection risk via prion agents and other organic contamination that may reduce the effectiveness of cleaning/disinfection strategies targeted against either prions or traditional infectious agents.

Decontamination↗
PubMed2006

A laboratory evaluation of the decontamination properties of microfibre cloths.

Standards of cleanliness in health care continue to attract attention. Effective cleaning requires the input of energy, and microfibre cloths may help in the physical removal of soil. The ability of these cloths to remove organic soil (measured by ATP) and bacteria was compared with paper towel and a conventional cloth in controlled wet and dry conditions. When used wet on a dry surface, the cleaning ability of six different microfibre cloths was variable, and in most cases, not significantly better than paper towel or a conventional cloth. One type of microfibre cloth did perform significantly better than the others and paper towel in reducing both organic soil and microbial load. When used dry on a dry surface, there was no significant difference between the cloths, and none of the cloths reduced microbial and organic bioburden effectively. The ability of the cloths to recontaminate the surface was also tested, and some of the microfibre cloths transferred significantly less organic debris and micro-organisms back to the surface than other cloths. Different makes of microfibre cloths have different characteristics, and the name 'microfibre' should not imply superior cleaning efficacy.

Colony Count, Microbial↗