Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cross Circulation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Lack of cross tolerance between LPS and muramyl dipeptide in induction of circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 in guinea pigs.

In guinea pigs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) from gram-positive bacteria are potent inducers of systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines and fever. However, there is a striking difference between these two bacterial pyrogens in so far as repeated administration of LPS, but not of MDP, in short-term intervals induces tolerance by a progressive downregulation of the systemic cytokine network. In the present study, we investigated MDP-induced fever and the systemic release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-tolerant guinea pigs in comparison with naive animals. Endotoxin tolerance was induced by repeated intramuscular injections of 20 microg/kg LPS at intervals of 3 days. In response to the last of five injections with LPS, systemic production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 as well as the development of a febrile response was abrogated almost completely. Those guinea pigs that had developed an LPS tolerance could, however, produce the same amounts of TNF-alpha and IL-6 as naive animals in response to a challenge with MDP. Also, MDP-induced fever was identical in LPS-tolerant and naive guinea pigs. These results provide evidence for a lack of cross tolerance between LPS and MDP in induction of circulating cytokines and fever in guinea pigs.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1987

Corticosteroid treatment of maternal ITP and risk of neonatal thrombocytopenia.

Maternal ITP is associated with a high risk of thrombocytopenia in the fetus and newborn infant. Methods of predicting this risk include determinations of maternal platelet count and platelet-associated IgG prior to delivery. In this report we show that prednisolone treatment normalized maternal platelet count and platelet-associated IgG without eliminating circulating platelet antibodies, which thus crossed the placenta and rendered the infant severely thrombocytopenia. Determination of maternal circulating platelet antibodies may be the best way of predicting infant thrombocytopenia, especially if the mother has received corticosteroids.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influenza surveillance in Victoria, 2005.

Influenza activity remained within normal seasonal activity with a well-defined peak at week 29 (beginning 18 July) during the Victorian influenza season from May to September 2005. Surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ILI) notifications with laboratory confirmation, medical locum service ILI notifications and laboratory notification of influenza detections. One thousand and eighty-seven consultations for ILI were reported from 38 general practices, while medical practitioners from the locum service reported 317 consultations for ILI. The average weekly rate of ILI from sentinel surveillance was 7.3 per 1,000 consultations. Similar numbers of influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 were detected; 45 per cent of which were A/California/7/2004-like (H3), 44 per cent were A/New Caledonia/20/99-like (H1) and 11 per cent were A/Wellington/1/2004 (H3). Of the influenza B samples, 67 per cent were B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like and 33 per cent were B/Shanghai/361/2002-like. The influenza vaccine for 2005 contained: A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus, A/Wellington/ 1/2004(H3N2)-like virus, and B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus. Although the predominant H3 and B circulating strains were not included in the vaccine, there was reasonable serological cross protection between vaccine and circulating strains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Effects of celiprolol on systemic and forearm circulation in hypertensive patients: a double-blind cross-over study versus metoprolol.

The antihypertensive efficacy of a new beta-receptor blocking agent, celiprolol, was compared with that of a well-established antihypertensive drug, metoprolol. Their systemic and forearm hemodynamic effects were investigated using echocardiography and two-dimensional pulsed Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Twenty hypertensive patients completed a double-blind, cross-over, randomized study using celiprolol and metoprolol. Two six-week courses with celiprolol or metoprolol were preceded and followed by a two-week placebo period; the total duration of the study was 18 weeks. In spite of a comparable efficacy in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure (about 10% of the basal value), the two drugs showed quite different systemic and regional hemodynamic effects. Celiprolol induced a significant decrease in forearm vascular resistance (from 157 +/- 17 to 113 +/- 13 mm Hg/mL/s, P less than .01) and total peripheral resistance (from 1596 +/- 90 to 1398 +/- 91 dyne.s.cm-5, P less than .05) whereas cardiac output remained unchanged and forearm blood flow increased. Metoprolol reduced cardiac output (from 6.5 +/- 3 to 5.7 +/- 3 L/min, P less than .05), through a reduction in heart rate, since stroke volume was unchanged. Both drugs did not significantly modify cardiac performance, as evaluated by left ventricle fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Thus, the two drugs seem to reduce blood pressure through different hemodynamic mechanisms.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resuscitation with diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin increases cerebral and renal blood perfusion in hemorrhaged rats.

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb Baxter Healthcare Corp., Round Lake, IL, USA), a hemoglobin-based blood substitute has been found to be an effective resuscitative agent following hemorrhage in animals. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of DCLHb on microvascular perfusion in the brain and kidney following hemorrhage in anaesthetized, male Sprague Dawley rats using laser Doppler flowmetry. Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawal of arterial blood at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 ml/min until blood pressure of 35-40 mmHg was achieved. This was maintained for up to 30 min. The arterial blood pH, pO2, pCO2 and total hemoglobin (THb) were monitored. Hemorrhage significantly decreased pH, pCO2 and THb and increased pO. Hemorrhage significantly decreased (26%) brain blood perfusion due to a decrease (17%) in the concentration of moving red blood cells (CMBC). In the kidney there was a greater decrease (65%) in blood perfusion due to a significant decrease in both CMBC (28%) and red blood cell velocity (49%). Resuscitation with vehicle (Ringer's lactate, 4 ml/kg, i.v.) did not produce any improvement in cerebral and renal blood perfusion. Resuscitation with DCLHb (400 mg/kg, i.v.) improved perfusion in the brain (112%) due to an increase in the CMBC (69%) and the velocity of red blood cells (33%). Similarly, in the kidney, DCLHb increased perfusion (178%) by increasing CMBC (55%) and red blood cell velocity (89%) of hemorrhaged rats. The increase in renal blood perfusion was more marked (p < 0.001) than the changes in cerebral blood perfusion following resuscitation with DCLHb in hemorrhaged rats. It is concluded that DCLHb can significantly increase cerebral and renal blood perfusion of hemorrhaged rats and this effect may contribute to its efficacy as a resuscitative solution.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2003

Ventricular cardiac-assist devices in infants and children: anesthetic considerations.

OBJECTIVE: The application of a mechanical cardiac-assist device is now a common procedure in modern cardiac surgery in patients with end-stage failure, whereas in pediatric patients it is still a great challenge. In the recent literature, a broad range of survival and weaning rates have been reported, depending on the variety of mechanical devices and the choice of patients with different conditions before implantation or if the device is used in emergency surgery. In this article, the authors report their experience with pediatric cardiac-assist devices and the perioperative anesthesia management in this group of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1997 to 2001, 11 infants and children were supported with a left and/or right ventricular-assist device. Diagnosis included myocarditis and complex cardiac malformations (hypoplastic left heart syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot with cardiomyopathy, and combined heart defects). The data sets of all patients were recorded using the online anesthesia record-keeping system NarkoData (IMESO GmbH, Hüttenberg, Germany). The program collects all perioperative data during surgery and during a stay in the PACU, including vital signs, administered drugs, as well as the data set of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. RESULTS: All patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 = survivors and group 2 = nonsurvivors. A total of 5 patients were in group 1, and group 2 consisted of 6 patients. The duration of anesthesia in group 1 patients (173.2 +/- 95.1 minutes) was significantly (p < 0.05) shorter than in group 2 (631.1 +/- 258.8 minutes) as well as the amount of packed red cells (group 1= 540.5 +/- 150.3 mL, group 2 = 880.6 +/- 400.3 mL). Cardiopulmonary bypass before implantation of a VAD was necessary only in 2 patients from group 1, whereas 5 patients in group 2 were on pump during the procedure. The rate of aortic cross-clamping was also significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical outcome depends on the patient's condition at the time of surgery. Emergency surgery, preoperative multiorgan failure, and the need for an extracorporeal circulation with aortic cross-clamping seem to predict a negative outcome in this group of patients.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transvaginal color Doppler assessment of fetal circulation in normal early pregnancy.

A prospective cross-sectional study was performed in 81 consecutive patients with low-risk singleton pregnancies and gestational age from 9 to 12 weeks of gestation in order to assess the fetal circulation at this stage of pregnancy. Patients' mean age was 29.8 +/- 3.8 (SD) years. Mean gestational age was 10.5 +/- 1.1 weeks. All patients underwent transvaginal color velocity imaging and pulsed Doppler ultrasound to obtain the blood flow velocity waveforms (FVWs) from three fetal vessels: umbilical artery, abdominal aorta, and intracranial vessels. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and pulsatility index (PI) were analyzed. Optimal FVWs from each vessel were obtained in 98.8, 75.3 and 91.3% of fetuses, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed a significant progressive increase in PSV in the umbilical artery (r = 0.49, p < 0.0001) and intracranial vessels (r = 0.36, p = 0.018) simultaneous to a significant decrease in PI in both vessels (umbilical artery r = -0.37, p = 0.0007; intracranial vessels r = -0.56, p < 0.0001). No significant change was noted in the abdominal aorta in PSV (r = 0.06, p > 0.05) or in PI (r = -0.15, p > 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Topotecan in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Topotecan is one of a new class of agents that targets topoisomerase I (Topo I) and stabilizes the DNA-topo1 complex, ultimately resulting in cell death. The rationale for the use of topotecan in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is based on the finding that levels of Topo I are elevated in the lymphocytes of patients with this disease. METHODS: Twelve patients with CLL were treated with topotecan to assess its clinical efficacy; in addition, DNA-protein cross-linking was measured after exposure of the cells to topotecan, in an attempt to correlate potential anti-CLL effects with this parameter. The median age of the patients was 63 years; all had received prior therapy with fludarabine and four (33%) were resistant to fludarabine. Four patients (33%) had also received therapy with chlorambucil, and three of them were resistant to this agent. Seven patients (58%) were Rai stage I-II and five (42%) were Rai stage III-IV. Topotecan was given as a 30-minute infusion at a daily dose of 2 mg/m2 for 5 days, and courses were repeated monthly. Cells were obtained from the patients before treatment and exposed to 2 microM topotecan or control in vitro. In addition, cells were obtained from patients after they received the first dose of topotecan and protein-bound DNA was measured with the same technique. RESULTS: No patient responded to therapy with topotecan (95% confidence interval, 0-27%). Nonhematologic toxicity was mild and thrombocytopenia occurred in four of eight patients whose conditions could be evaluated. One patients died of myocardial infarction and another died of fungal pneumonia. DNA-protein cross-linking was detected in all nine patients whose cells were assessed in vitro, with levels of cleavable complex ranging from twofold to 7.5-fold that of the control cells. Only two of eight patients with evaluable conditions had increased cross-linking detectable in circulating cells after the first dose of topotecan, which was consistent with the drug's lack of effect in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Although exposure of cells from patients with CLL to topotecan in vitro at 2 microM resulted in detectable protein-DNA cross-linking, this effect was not seen in patients who received a bolus dose of 2 mg/m2, and no remissions were noted in 12 patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Humoral immune response and antigenemia in sheep experimentally infected with Schistosoma bovis. Cross-reactivity with Fasciola hepatica antigens.

Circulating antigen level, IgG antibody response to worm antigens and to excretory/secretory products (ES), and specificity to Fasciola hepatica antigens were determined in 6 Schistosoma bovis-infected sheep at weekly intervals for 15 wk. A noninfected control group was included. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) sandwich and a double-antibody ELISA test was used for antibody and antigen detection, respectively. The infection induced an early and relatively low IgG response to adult worm extract. This response was significantly elevated by 3 wk postinfection (PI), reached its maximum level at 9 wk PI, and was followed by a subsequent decrease. The response to ES antigens was slightly higher than that to adult worms, although the response started later, at 8 wk PI, and remained at its maximum level until 15 wk. A remarkable level of cross-reactivity was observed when adult F. hepatica extract was used. However, a low degree of cross-reactivity was found with ES antigen. The ELISA for circulating antigens was performed at weekly intervals for 8 wk. Antigens were detected as early as the first week of infection, although differences were statistically significant from week 5 onward. The highest values were observed at 7 week PI.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Past and present in myocardial protection.

Both the certainty of anatomical repair and early complete recovery of cardiac function are essential elements of successful cardiac surgery. Successful operations require adequate visualization of the operative field, arrest and relaxation of the hearts and sufficient operative time. Extracorporeal circulation and aortic cross-clamping are necessary to maintain a bloodless field. However, interruption of coronary perfusion by the aortic clamp produces myocardial ischemic injury, and unclamping induces reperfusion injury. For years, hypothermia was the most commonly used strategy for myocardial protection. However, the practice of warm heart surgery under normothermic extra corporeal circulation has increased recently. Cardiac surgeons now have a variety of myocardial protection strategies from which to choose. We introduce here the history of myocardial protection and our own recent investigations.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1979

Effects of immunization with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone on corpus luteum function in the rhesus monkey.

Rhesus monkeys immunized with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLHbeta) developed circulating antibodies which cross-reacted strongly with rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin. Normal ovulatory cycles continued, but the fertility of immunized monkeys as compared with that of controls was significantly reduced. Thus, the rhesus monkey represented a useful animal model for the study of certain aspects of an "antifertility vaccine." We investigated the effects of circulating antibodies to oLHbeta on corpus luteum function by measuring production rates (PRs) and peripheral concentrations of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Both parameters were significantly lower in immunized animals than in control animals. The length of the menstrual cycle was also significantly reduced. Progesterone PRs were also determined on days 10 and 15 after mating to test the assumption that the antifertility vaccine prevents pregnancy by interfering with "corpus luteum rescue" (the increase in PRs of progesterone usually occurring on day 15 after mating in fertilized animals). PRs increased from days 10 to 15 in pregnant controls, were unchanged in nonpregnant controls, and were significantly lower on day 15 in immunized monkeys as compared with nonpregnant and pregnant controls. These results suggest that "corpus luteum rescue" is suppressed in immunized animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Tight junction modulation and its relationship to drug delivery.

In order for therapeutic agents to exert their pharmacological effects, they have to cross the biological membranes into the systemic circulation and reach the site of action. Drugs cross the membranes by one of two pathways; paracellular or transcellular. Most drugs are transported transcellularly depending on their physiocochemical properties, however the paracellular route is usually the main route of absorption for hydrophilic drugs (proteins, peptides, etc.). The paracellular pathway is governed by the tight junctions (TJs). The modulation of the TJs by absorption enhancers for paracellular drug transport enhancement and hence drug delivery improvement has been hampered for so many years by lack of comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of the TJs. The TJs are a multiple unit structure composed of multiprotein complex that affiliates with the underlying apical actomyosin ring. TJ proteins identified include transmembrane proteins; occludin and claudin, and cytoplasmic plaque proteins; ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, cingulin, and 7H6. Among the new absorption enhancers that evolved in the past few years is Zonula Occludens toxin, Zot. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that Zot and its biologically active fragment DeltaG could be effectively used to increase the transport/absorption of paracellular markers and low bioavailable drugs across the intestinal epithelium. Above all, the transient opening of the TJs by Zot suggests that it could be used as a novel approach for the safe drug delivery of therapeutic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Chronic iliac vein obstruction as a cause of venous claudication. A plethysmographic and isotope phlebographic study.

Chronic obstruction of the iliac vein may be followed by severe pain, tense swelling and cyanosis of the affected lower limb on exercise (venous claudication). Four patients with venous claudication were examined by strain gauge plethysmography and isotope phlebography. One patient had earlier undergone vein by-pass surgery and one caval ligation. All patients had anatomically abundant, but functionally insufficient cross-over and collateral circulation as the cause of the venous claudication symptom. The venous emptying rate was below normal in all the affected limbs; the venous capacity was low in both limbs in 2 of the 4 patients. It is concluded that in venous claudication isotope phlebography confirms occlusion of the iliac vein and the presence of abundant cross-over veins. The pathologically slow venous return demonstrated by plethysmography in the affected and occasionally also in the unaffected limb, results from the fixed resistance of the cross-over veins.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of the major form of cholecystokinin in human intestine: CCK-58.

Acid extracts of human intestines obtained from surgical samples or from organ donors contain cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivity. From surgical samples, extracted and eluted quickly, greater than 75% of the CCK immunoreactivity eluted in the same region as purified canine CCK-58 during analytical reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A major portion of the CCK immunoreactivity from donor intestinal extracts also eluted in this region. This immunoreactivity has been purified from human intestinal extracts by a series of several reverse-phase and cation-exchange chromatographies. Amino acid and microsequence analysis showed that this immunoreactivity is human CCK-58. Tryptic digestion of purified human CCK-58 produced another immunoreactive form that eluted in the position of CCK-8 during analytical reverse-phase HPLC. The immunoreactivity of the trypsin-digested material was 2.6-fold higher than that of an identical sample of CCK-58 incubated without trypsin. Thus the carboxyl-terminal antibody used for radioimmunoassay cross-reacts greater than twofold less with human CCK-58. This diminished cross-reactivity would lead to an underestimation of the relative proportions of CCK-58 in tissue and plasma extracts. If CCK-58 is the major circulating form this diminished cross-reactivity would also lead to underestimations of the circulating levels of total CCK. Determination of human CCK-58 structure confirms that one of the major components of human CCK that expresses biological activity is CCK-58.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Beneficial circulatory support by left heart bypass with a centrifugal (BioMedicus) pump for aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta.

A comparative study between left heart bypass with a centrifugal (BioMedicus) pump and with a temporary external shunt was performed to assess the efficacy of distal organ perfusion in the surgical treatment of 31 patients with aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Eighteen patients were supported with a centrifugal pump, and the remaining 13 were supported by temporary shunt with either a Gott shunt or a Dacron graft. Heparinless bypass with a centrifugal pump provided a significant decrease of intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion by the combined application of Cell-Saver. The pressure difference between upper and lower extremities decreased (p < 0.05) in the centrifugal pump group even with aortic cross-clamping, and the urine output increased during operation. Among 13 patients supported with the temporary shunt, 3 had postoperative renal failure, and 2 died of it. All patients with a centrifugal pump survived without any complications. It could be concluded that the left heart bypass with a centrifugal (BioMedicus) pump was safe and was favorable for support of the distal circulation during aortic cross-clamping and to prevent ischemic complications such as renal failure and spinal cord injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents: no evidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a cross-sectional study.

Left ventricular filling alterations occur early in the development of systemic hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that alteration of diastolic filling might be present in a normotensive population with increased genetic risk for hypertension in the absence of increased left ventricular mass. In a blinded study we compared 31 lean, normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents having normal left ventricular mass (risk group) with 30 matched individuals without family history of hypertension (control group). Left ventricular diastolic function was assessed using Doppler echocardiography. Transmitral flow velocities showed no significant differences between the two groups. Peak early diastolic flow was 0.79+/-0.12 m/s and 0.79+/-0.13 m/s in the risk group and control group, respectively. Peak late diastolic flow was 0.44+/-0.08 in the risk group and 0.42+/-0.11 m/s in the control group. The ratio of early to late diastolic velocity was 1.85+/-0.32 and 1.94+/-0.37. The deceleration time of the early diastolic flow was identical in both groups: 138+/-24 ms and 138+/-23 ms. There was no significant prolongation of the isovolumic relaxation time in the risk group: 75+/-17 compared to 73+/-17 ms in the control group. Doppler measurements showed no correlation with left ventricular mass. We conclude that, in this cross-sectional study, young normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents do not exhibit Doppler echocardiographic signs of diastolic filling alteration in the absence of increased left ventricular mass.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae serotype b in the Netherlands a few years after the introduction of routine vaccination.

We assessed antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HibPS) in the Dutch population a few years after a mass vaccination against H. influenzae (Hib) was begun. We observed sharp declines in the geometric mean titer (GMT) and the prevalence of HibPS antibodies at levels of < or =0.15 microg/mL in children who had received 4 doses of vaccine: from 8.65 microg/mL (prevalence, 99.4%) after 0-2 months to 0.8 microg/mL (prevalence, 83.3%) after 27-29 months. In adult groups, both the prevalence of HibPS antibodies and the GMT declined significantly with increasing age but remained high (prevalence, > or =83.7%; GMT, 0.73 > or = microg/mL). We conclude that the overall immunity in the Dutch population seems satisfactory. We draw our conclusions from the current serosurveillance study and from the sharp decline in invasive Hib disease noted after the introduction of vaccination. The key questions for the future are (1) whether Hib and cross-reacting organisms will circulate sufficiently to provide natural reexposure, and (2) how long memory immunity will persist after vaccination without reexposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Impact of left ventricular dysfunction on cytokines, hemodynamics, and outcome in bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: Although patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing cardiac operation experience a higher rate of perioperative complications, the contribution of proinflammatory cytokines released during extracorporeal circulation is not well defined. METHODS: We compared arterial and mixed venous levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and interleukin-2 at 10 points in time (24 hours before until 48 hours after extracorporeal circulation) in 21 patients with an ejection fraction of less than 0.45 (study group) to 15 patients with an ejection fraction of more than 0.55 (control group) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. The study and control group differed with regard to left ventricular ejection fraction (0.37 +/- 0.05 versus 0.66 +/- 0.11, p < 0.05) and reperfusion time (35 +/- 42 minutes versus 18 +/- 4 minutes, p = 0.07), but not age, sex, vessel involvement, number of grafts performed, cross-clamp time, extracorporeal circulation time, core temperature, and duration of ventilation. RESULTS: Six patients in the study group required mechanical support and 1 died. There were no complications in the control group. In the study group, there were higher preoperative interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and a higher maximum cytokine response to extracorporeal circulation for interleukin-2, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (all p < 0.05). Interleukin-6 correlated with duration of extracorporeal circulation, dose of norepinephrine and epinephrine support, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, and inversely with systemic vascular resistance. Interleukin-6 was highest in patients with complications. Arterial and venous cytokine levels correlated closely. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative left ventricular dysfunction is associated with a higher degree of proinflammatory cytokine release during elective coronary artery bypass grafting. This response is associated with impaired hemodynamics and a higher incidence of perioperative complications.

Case-Control Studies↗