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Patient care competency in emergency medicine graduate medical education: results of a consensus group on patient care.

"Patient Care" is the first listed core competency of the six new core competencies recently formulated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and, arguably, the most important. To assist emergency medicine (EM) program directors in incorporating and assessing this competency, the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD-EM) held a consensus conference in March 2002. Definitions of this competency were generated that are specific for the training of practitioners in EM. These built upon the ACGME base definition, but include elements unique to or critically important in EM. In addition, all of the ACGME assessment tools were examined and prioritized for use in assessing the competency of EM residents in the area of patient care. Suggestions for an implementation process are also described.

Clinical Competence↗

Defining and evaluating professionalism: a core competency for graduate emergency medicine education.

Professionalism, long a consideration for physicians and their patients, is coming to the forefront as an essential element of graduate medical education as one of the six new core competency requirements of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Professionalism is also integral to the widely endorsed Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (Model). Program directors have now been charged with implementing the new core competencies in training programs and to assess the acquisition of these competencies in their trainees. To assist emergency medicine (EM) program directors in this endeavor, the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD-EM) held a consensus conference in March 2002. A focused Consensus Group addressed the specific core competency of professionalism during the course of this conference, and the results are highlighted in this article. The definition and curricular requirements relating to professionalism are highlighted, specific techniques for evaluating this core competency in EM are reviewed, and recommendations are provided regarding the most appropriate assessment method for EM programs.

Behavior↗

An expert panel approach to assessing the rural implications of health care reform: the case of the Health Security Act.

The policy arena is hungry for objective information regarding the potential effects of comprehensive national and state health care reform. Such information reduces the dependence of policy-makers on information generated solely by advocacy groups and serves as a checkpoint for such information. Unfortunately, the academic community is often unable to mobilize its resources quickly enough to help meet this information need. This article describes one model for overcoming this difficulty. When the time frame is especially short, academic expertise can be brought together in the form of an expert panel. However, for such an approach to be effective, it must be carefully configured and orchestrated. Critical ingredients include much preparatory groundwork, a well-defined framework and methodology for conducting the policy analysis, and a professional facilitator. The Rural Policy Research Institute used such an approach to analyze President Clinton's Health Security Act shortly after the initial blueprint was released (but before the legislative language was released). The consensus of the expert panel was that the Health Security Act would, on balance, represent an improvement over today's rural reality. However, a number of troubling aspects were noted. First, the Act's emphasis on primary care and nonphysician providers is a double-edged sword. While these are precisely the types of providers needed in rural areas, the short-run effect may be to create increased competition for such providers from urban areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comprehensive Health Care↗

Development and dissemination of minimum standards of care for asthma.

Asthma is a common illness in children and adults that is often associated with suboptimal outcomes, despite the existence and distribution of carefully considered national and international guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. The need to improve asthma care in North Texas motivated a coalition of health plans, employers, hospitals, academic medical centers, providers, and benefit consultants to collaborate in developing and implementing Minimum Standards of Care for Asthma. To gain consensus, the North Central Texas HEDIS Coalition used a panel of regional asthma experts and surveyed a large number of primary-care providers to construct a one-page document that was ultimately approved by regional stakeholders in healthcare participating in this coalition and also by specialty organizations in Texas. Adopting a minimum standard guideline, developed and supported by multiple stakeholders, may represent a more realistic intermediate goal when implementing "best practice" guidelines is limited by practical barriers.

Adult↗

The Southampton examination schedule for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.

OBJECTIVES: Following a consensus statement from a multidisciplinary UK workshop, a structured examination schedule was developed for the diagnosis and classification of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb. The aim of this study was to test the repeatability and the validity of the newly developed schedule in a hospital setting. METHOD: 43 consecutive referrals to a soft tissue rheumatism clinic (group 1) and 45 subjects with one of a list of specific upper limb disorders (including shoulder capsulitis, rotator cuff tendinitis, lateral epicondylitis and tenosynovitis) (group 2), were recruited from hospital rheumatology and orthopaedic outpatient clinics. All 88 subjects were examined by a research nurse (blinded to diagnosis), and everyone from group 1 was independently examined by a rheumatologist. Between observer agreement was assessed among subjects from group 1 by calculating Cohen's kappa for dichotomous physical signs, and mean differences with limits of agreement for measured ranges of joint movement. To assess the validity of the examination, a pre-defined algorithm was applied to the nurse's examination findings in patients from both groups, and the sensitivity and specificity of the derived diagnoses were determined in comparison with the clinic's independent diagnosis as the reference standard. RESULTS: The between observer repeatability of physical signs varied from good to excellent, with kappa coefficients of 0.66 to 1.00 for most categorical observations, and mean absolute differences of 1.4 degrees -11.9 degrees for measurements of shoulder movement. The sensitivity of the schedule in comparison with the reference standard varied between diagnoses from 58%-100%, while the specificities ranged from 84%-100%. The nurse and the clinic physician generally agreed in their diagnoses, but in the presence of shoulder capsulitis the nurse usually also diagnosed shoulder tendinitis, whereas the clinic physician did not. CONCLUSION: The new examination protocol is repeatable and gives acceptable diagnostic accuracy in a hospital setting. Examination can feasibly be delegated to a trained nurse, and the protocol has the benefit of face and construct validity as well as consensus backing. Its performance in the community, where disease is less clear cut, merits separate evaluation, and further refinement is needed to discriminate between discrete pathologies at the shoulder.

Adult↗