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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Functional specialization within medial frontal cortex of the anterior cingulate for evaluating effort-related decisions.

The rat medial frontal cortex (MFC) has been implicated in allowing animals to work harder to receive larger rewards. However, it is unknown what role the individual MFC regions [anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and prelimbic-infralimbic cortex (PL-IL)] play in such decision making. To investigate this, we trained rats on a T-maze cost-benefit task with two possible courses of action, shown previously to be affected by complete MFC lesions. One response involved climbing a 30 cm barrier to obtain a large quantity of reward (high cost-high reward), whereas the other had a lower energetic demand but also a smaller reward gain (low cost-low reward). Before surgery, all animals preferred to select the high cost-high reward option. However, after excitotoxic ACC lesions, there was a complete reversal of behavior, with the ACC group selecting the low cost-low reward response on nearly every trial. In contrast, both control animals and rats with PL-IL lesions continued to choose to climb the barrier for the larger reward. When the same rats were tested on a delayed match-to-sample paradigm however, it was the PL-IL group that was significantly impaired at learning the response rule, with the performance of ACC rats being comparable with controls. This double dissociation indicates that the ACC is the important region within the MFC when evaluating how much effort to expand for a specific reward.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Controlled movement processing: superior colliculus activity associated with countermanded saccades.

We investigated whether the monkey superior colliculus (SC), an important midbrain structure for the regulation of saccadic eye movements, contains neurons with activity patterns sufficient to control both the cancellation and the production of saccades. We used a countermanding task to manipulate the probability that, after the presentation of a stop signal, the monkeys canceled a saccade that was planned in response to an eccentric visual stimulus. By modeling each animal's behavioral responses, with a race between GO and STOP processes leading up to either saccade initiation or cancellation, we estimated that saccade cancellation took on average 110 msec. Neurons recorded in the superior colliculus intermediate layers during this task exhibited the discharge properties expected from neurons closely involved in behavioral control. Both saccade- and fixation-related discharged differently when saccades were counter-manded instead of executed, and the time at which they changed their activity preceded the behavioral estimate of saccade cancellation obtained from the same trials by 10 and 13 msec, respectively. Furthermore, these intervals exceed the minimal amount of time needed for SC activity to influence eye movements. The additional observation that saccade-related neurons discharged significantly less when saccades were countermanded instead of executed suggests that saccades are triggered when these neurons reach a critical activation level. Altogether, these findings provide solid evidence that the superior colliculus contains the necessary neural signals to be directly involved in the decision process that regulates whether a saccade is to be produced.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Neural coding of "attention for action" and "response selection" in primate anterior cingulate cortex.

Noninvasive imaging techniques showed that the anterior cingulate cortex is related to higher-order cognitive and motor-related functions in humans. To elucidate the cellular mechanism of such cingulate functions, single-unit activity was recorded from three cingulate motor areas of macaque monkeys performing delayed conditional Go/No-go discrimination tasks using spatial (location) and nonspatial (color) visual cues. Unlike prefrontal neurons, only a few neurons coded the visual information on individual features (e.g., "left" or "red") in all of the rostral (CMAr), dorsal (CMAd), and ventral (CMAv) cingulate motor areas. Instead, many neurons in the CMAr exhibited the attention-like activity anticipating the second (conditioned) visual cues, with the specificity to visual category ("location" or "color"). In addition, there were a number of CMAr neurons specific to motor response (Go or No-go) in relation to the second visual cues. Some of the visual category-specific neurons in the CMAr further displayed the motor response-specific activity. On the other hand, many of the task-related CMAd and CMAv neurons seemed to be implicated directly in motor functions, such as preparation and execution of movements in Go trials. The present results suggest that the CMAr neurons may participate in cognitive and motor functions of "attention for action" and "response selection" for an appropriate action according to an intention, whereas the CMAd and CMAv neurons may be involved in "motor preparation and execution".

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A factor analysis of behavioral organization in mice].

Laboratory mice with Robertsonian translocation Rb(8,17)1Iem, mice of CBA substrain with the same translocation as well as CBA normal karyotype mice were investigated in several behavioural tests, their results being analysed by means of factor analysis. The genetic differences were revealed in the patterns of factor loadings, in particular in factors "feeding behaviour structure" and "weight loss". The behaviour of mice during logic problem solving (the ability to extrapolate the direction of food stimulus movement was tested) proved to be genotype-dependent in respect to connections with exploratory behaviour indices. Tendencies towards stereotypic or variable (plastic) behaviour patterns were revealed in CBA mice and mice with Rb(8,17)1Iem mice respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Involvement of the olfactory tubercle in cocaine reward: intracranial self-administration studies.

Cocaine has multiple actions and multiple sites of action in the brain. Evidence from pharmacological studies indicates that it is the ability of cocaine to block dopamine uptake and elevate extracellular dopamine concentrations, and thus increase dopaminergic receptor activation, that makes cocaine rewarding. Lesion studies have implicated the nucleus accumbens (the dorsal portion of the "ventral striatum") as the probable site of the rewarding action of the drug. However, the drug is only marginally self-administered into this site. We now report that cocaine (60 or 200 mm in 75 nl/infusion) is readily self-administered into the olfactory tubercle, the most ventral portion of the ventral striatum. Cocaine (200 mm) was self-administered marginally into the accumbens shell but not into the core, dorsal striatum, or ventral pallidum. In addition, cocaine injections (200 mm in 300 nl) into the tubercle but not the shell or ventral pallidum induced conditioned place preference. Rewarding effects of cocaine in the tubercle were blocked by coadministration of dopamine D1 or D2 antagonists (1 mm SCH 23390 or 3 mm raclopride) and were not mimicked by injections of the local anesthetic procaine (800 mm). In conclusion, the tubercle plays a critical role in mediating rewarding action of cocaine.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed2003

Correlated coding of motivation and outcome of decision by dopamine neurons.

We recorded the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in an instrumental conditioning task in which monkeys made a series of behavioral decisions on the basis of distinct reward expectations. Dopamine neurons responded to the first visual cue that appeared in each trial [conditioned stimulus (CS)] through which monkeys initiated trial for decision while expecting trial-specific reward probability and volume. The magnitude of neuronal responses to the CS was approximately proportional to reward expectations but with considerable discrepancy. In contrast, CS responses appear to represent motivational properties, because their magnitude at trials with identical reward expectation had significant negative correlation with reaction times of the animal after the CS. Dopamine neurons also responded to reinforcers that occurred after behavioral decisions, and the responses precisely encoded positive and negative reward expectation errors (REEs). The gain of coding REEs by spike frequency increased during learning act-outcome contingencies through a few months of task training, whereas coding of motivational properties remained consistent during the learning. We found that the magnitude of CS responses was positively correlated with that of reinforcers, suggesting a modulation of the effectiveness of REEs as a teaching signal by motivation. For instance, rate of learning could be faster when animals are motivated, whereas it could be slower when less motivated, even at identical REEs. Therefore, the dual correlated coding of motivation and REEs suggested the involvement of the dopamine system, both in reinforcement in more elaborate ways than currently proposed and in motivational function in reward-based decision-making and learning.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Reward without dopamine.

Dopamine (DA) is believed to play a fundamental role in reward processes. Virtually all drugs of abuse activate dopaminergic systems, as do "natural" rewards such as sexual interaction and food. Sweet-tasting solutions, for example, are a well characterized natural reward. In the present experiments, we used mice that cannot make DA (DD mice) to test the hypothesis that DA is necessary for reward. Sucrose preference, assessed with a computerized "lickometer," was used to determine whether DD mice respond preferentially for rewarding stimuli. DD mice preferentially chose sucrose over water, and also preferred the noncaloric sweetener saccharin. Furthermore, the rate of licking, bout size, and length were greater in DD mice drinking sweets than in controls. These data refute the necessity of DA for the reward processes manifested by sucrose preference. However, DD mice initiated licking less frequently than control mice and had fewer total licks. We suggest that DD mice have a deficit of goal-directed behavior that is not specific to reward processes. Lastly, juvenile DD mice demonstrate robust sucrose preference before experience with food in the presence of DA. Thus, DA is not required for mice to learn to consume sweet solutions preferentially. We conclude that DA is not required to find the sweet tastes of sucrose or saccharin rewarding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the cigarette brand preferences of adult and teenaged smokers--United States, 1989, and 10 U.S. communities, 1988 and 1990.

Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States (1). Approximately three fourths of adult regular smokers tried their first cigarette before the age of 18 years (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 1988 NIDA Household Survey, unpublished data); about half had become regular smokers before their 18th birthday (2). Knowing what brands young smokers prefer may suggest what encourages them to smoke and may suggest smoking-prevention or smoking-cessation strategies (3-5). To determine brand preferences of smokers, data were reviewed from CDC's National Center for Health Statistics' 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS) and the National Cancer Institute surveys of adults in 1988 and 9th-grade students in 1990 in 10 U.S. communities* participating in the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) evaluation (6). This report examines the findings of these surveys on the cigarette brand preferences of adult and teenaged smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An exploration of participants' treatment preferences in a partial RCT.

The partial RCT is a modified design meant to account for participants' treatment preferences. Little is known about the factors that influence such preferences. This study investigated the extent to which participants are willing to be randomized and the factors that affect their treatment preferences. The quantitative and qualitative data collected as part of a partial RCT evaluating 2 behavioural interventions for insomnia were analyzed. Of the participants, 75% were unwilling to be randomly allocated to a treatment group. This figure increased to 90% after information on the 2 interventions was provided. Participants' knowledge of the treatment, its suitability, and their perceived ability to adhere to it influenced their treatment preference. A few participants who had no strong preference and who required treatment were willing to be randomized. The findings raise questions about the impact of treatment preference and allocation procedures on the validity of study conclusions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Eye preference for vigilance during feeding in coot Fulica atra, and geese Anser anser and Anser cygnoides.

Most research in avian brain lateralisation has been done using birds under laboratory conditions rather than natural settings. I studied eye preference during feeding in coot and geese when head position only allows use of one eye for vigilance. Birds regularly interrupt feeding to be vigilant. This behaviour is directed towards detecting predators. Recently, evidence was found that birds might perform some kind of "low-cost" vigilance even during feeding. Because coot and geese often turn their head to either side during feeding, laterality in head turning is expected to follow a consistent pattern in which the eye used for detecting predators should be less often directed towards the obstructive ground. Coot and geese were digitally videotaped and the number of pecks with either side oriented towards the ground at an angle of at least 45 degrees was counted. I found a strong bias in swan geese oriented their left eye towards the ground and thus using the right eye for vigilance during feeding. Coot showed a similar but less pronounced pattern, while in greylag geese no preference could be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Stimulus-response spatial contiguity vs. S-R spatial discontiguity in auditory spatial tasks. I. Acquisition by normal dogs.

Twelve dogs were trained in spatial tasks with auditory location cues. One group, tested on delayed response with stimuli and responses spatially contiguous, solved the task at once, whereas the other group, trained with actual stimuli and responses spatially discontiguous, attained criterion after errors. The differences in behavior of these groups suggest that two learning strategies may be involved. In the first group - approaching a specific (directly determined by auditory targeting reflex) feeder by an unspecific directional response. In the other group - approaching a non-specific feeder by a specific directional response, established in the differentiation learning.

Animals↗