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PubMed1989

[A case of chronic bronchitis with Pasteurella multocida possibly resulting from infection from a bird].

A 60-year-old woman was admitted to our division for further evaluation of fever and purulent sputa. In sputum cultures performed when the patient had complained of an increase in symptoms on three occasions during the previous 6 months, Pasteurella multicoida was usually detected. Based on the fact that the bacteria had been detected from the patient's sputa after feeding a macaw, but was not detected after treatment of the bird with OFLX, a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection by P. multocida was made. Clinical symptoms and laboratory data of the patient were markedly improved after treatment with cefaclor (750 mg/d). The bacteria in this case were sensitive toward many antibiotics. This case was considered to be the first case of bird-mediated Pasteurella infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ofloxacin: bactericidal effect in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model.

Ofloxacin has been evaluated in an in vitro model where microorganisms were exposed to the varying concentrations met in human serum after the oral administration of a 200 mg dose. The recently isolated strains were selected with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) representative of the MICs 90% of ofloxacin against the species considered. Results showed that ofloxacin sterilized the bacterial cultures of S. aureus, P. morganii and E. coli, with 99.99% of killing still evident for P. aeruginosa after 12 hours of exposure. All the reference compounds (amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d., cefaclor 500 mg t.i.d., rifampicin 450 mg b.i.d.) showed, in the same test, worse results than ofloxacin.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1988

In vitro evaluation of ceftibuten (7432-S, SCH 39720), a novel orally administered cephalosporin.

7432-S (SCH 39720) was the most active beta-lactam tested against the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting 92% of strains at less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml compared to 82%, 65% and 39% of strains inhibited by cefixime, cefuroxime and cefaclor, respectively. 7432-S was also very effective against Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90, less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml), Branhamella catarrhalis (MIC90, 4.0 micrograms/ml) and Neisseria meningitidis (MIC90, less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml). Serogroup B streptococci and the penicillin-resistant pneumococci were generally less susceptible to 7432-S and comparison cephems than Streptococcus pyogenes or penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae isolates. Pseudomonas spp., enterococci, Acinetobacter spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were routinely resistant to 7432-S (MIC50s, greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of the bactericidal potency of cefatrizine and other oral antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes].

The in vitro determination of the T log and the minimal bactericidal time of cefatrizine was evaluated against H. influenzae, Str. pyogenes A isolated from clinical specimens. and K. pneumonia ATCC 10031 and compared with that of amoxycillin, cefaclor, cefroxadine and miocamycin against the same bacterial strains. Cefatrizine demonstrate the shorter TMB against all bacterial strains and antibiotic tested with MBCs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

[Cell-mediated immunity in antibiotic therapy].

Should antibiotic therapy required in the treatment of acute infection be administered frequently in patients at risk with clinical conditions involving recurrent superinfection? The results of our ongoing investigations initiated in 1967 and the present study indicate that macrolides, particularly erythromycin depress the host defense system. In contrast in a study performed in subjects treated for 8 days using cell-immunity tests, we found that cefaclor and amoxicillin may have an enhancing effect on host defenses.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1987

[Antibiotic resistance and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Zurich (1984-1985)].

We have investigated the serotypes and sensitivity of 133 pneumococci against 11 antimicrobial agents in the agar dilution test. The strains had been isolated from clinical specimens sent to the Department of Medical Microbiology of the University of Zurich during 1984 and 1985. - Three strains (2.3%) had reduced sensitivity to penicillin G. 23 strains (17.3%) showed resistance or reduced susceptibility to tetracycline, one strain each (0.8%) to amoxycillin and cefaclor, and two strains each (1.5%) to erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. All pneumococcal strains investigated were susceptible to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. In view of this situation, routine testing of all clinically significant pneumococci is to be recommended. However, in the agar diffusion test the use of a penicillin G disk is unreliable and may give results with false sensitivity. Therefore, the susceptibility test should be performed with a disk containing oxacillin. - The prevalent capsular serotypes were - in descending order - types 3, 6, 23, 19, 14, 7, 8, 9, 1, and 17. 90.2% of the isolated pneumococci belonged to serotypes which are contained in the new vaccine "Pneumovax-23".

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1986

Three-day and seven-day treatment in acute otitis media: a double-blind antibiotic trial.

Ninety-six children with acute otitis media were randomized into a double-blind general practice trial of three-day and seven-day courses of cefaclor 125 mg tds. These regimens were equally effective in terms of resolution of symptoms and signs of otitis media, even in children presenting with bulging of the tympanic membrane. There was no difference between the groups in the recurrence of middle-ear infection during the six weeks after entry to the trial. The results provide further evidence about the effectiveness of short courses of antibiotics for children with presumed middle-ear infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

[In vitro susceptibilities of causative organisms isolated from patients with primary respiratory tract infections to BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid/amoxicillin)].

The in vitro susceptibilities of various causative organisms recently isolated from patients with primary respiratory tract infections to BRL 25000 (a formulation of amoxicillin, 2 parts, and potassium clavulanate, 1 part), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefaclor (CCL), cephalexin (CEX), cefadroxil (CDX) and cefroxadine (CXD) were determined. beta-Lactamase producing strains were detected by nitrocefin chromogenic method and PCG acidometric method. The frequency of isolation of beta-lactamase production in strains of S. aureus, H. influenzae, B. catarrhalis and K. pneumoniae was 92%, 18%, 36% and 98%, respectively. Against S. aureus strains with MIC values to AMPC of less than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml and CEX of less than or equal to 25 micrograms/ml BRL 25000 showed MIC values in the range 0.39-6.25 micrograms/ml with inocula of 10(6) CFU/ml, while BRL 25000 required 12.5-100 micrograms/ml of concentrations for inhibition of the strains with MIC values to AMPC of greater than 100 micrograms/ml and CEX of greater than or equal to 25 micrograms/ml. Against S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae BRL 25000 showed MIC values in the range less than 0.024-0.10 micrograms/ml with inocula of 10(6) CFU/ml, which is much more active than CCL, CEX, CDX and CXD and slight less active than AMPC. Against H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis BRL 25000 showed MIC values in the range 0.20-6.25 micrograms/ml with inocula of 10(6) CFU/ml, which showed most potent activity among the agents tested. The activity of BRL 25000 against K. pneumoniae was approximately equal to that of CCL and superior to that of AMPC, CEX, CDX and CXD.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1985

[Clinical studies of S6472 in otorhinolaryngologic infections].

A multicenter cooperative clinical trial was carried out on S6472 (a long-acting preparation of cefaclor (CCL)) to evaluate its effectiveness and safety in the treatment of infectious diseases in the field of otorhinolaryngology. The results are as follows: The clinical efficacy of the drug could be evaluated in 114 patients. An efficacy rate of 65.8% was obtained. The efficacy rate for each disease was found to be 60.0% for acute suppurative otitis media, 12.5% for chronic suppurative otitis media and 44.4% for acute exacerbation of chronic suppurative otitis media. The overall efficacy rate for all cases of suppurative otitis media was 46.4%. The efficacy rate for acute tonsillitis was found to be 93.1%. In the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, the efficacy of the drug was rated as excellent or good in all cases. The overall efficacy rate for all cases of tonsillitis was found to be 93.9%. In the treatment of other infectious diseases, the efficacy was rated as excellent or good in all cases. When the cases by resistant organisms to CCL were excluded from the evaluation, the overall efficacy rate of the drug was found to be 74.2%. The bacteria could be identified in 106 cases. Regarding the bacteriological efficacy of single infections, its bacterial elimination rate was found to be 81.1% for Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, etc., while it was 42.9% for Gram-negative bacteria. The overall elimination rate of bacteria in single infections was 73.1%. The bacterial elimination rate for mixed infections was found to be 85.7%, whereas it was 76.8% when the single and mixed infections were combined. Regarding side effects, 1 case each of diarrhea, soft stool and rash, or 3 cases in total (2.4%), were recorded in a total of 123 patients. However, the severity of each side effect was mild. Regarding abnormal laboratory findings, there were 1 case each of an increase in S-GPT, leukopenia and complication of eosinophilia and thrombocytopenia, or 3 cases in total (7.0%). Each of these adverse reactions was, however, transient in nature, and no serious cases were observed. On the basis of the above results, it was concluded that S6472 can provide sufficient clinical efficacy when it is administered at daily dosage of 750 mg or 1,500 mg in 2 divided doses after the breakfast and dinner.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antibiotics and cortisone in the treatment of otitis media with effusion].

Persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) is a pathology very frequent in the first year of life and causes hearing loss which can be a negative factor in language and cognitive development and may result in disturbances in psychological adjustment. Generally OME has spontaneous resolution but if it persist for more than 3 months a medical or surgical treatment is compulsory. OME is frequently a result of recurrent otitis media and bacterial infection is considered to play a definitive causative role in the development of this pathology. A wide variety of medical treatments (antibiotics, aerosolized corticosteroids, oral antihistamine-decongestants, mucolytics) is indicative of lake of success. We have treated 60 children with OME with antibiotics (amoxicillin or cefaclor for 1 month) and oral steroids (prednisone for 7 days). All patients had a history for more than 3 months, without adenoid hypertrophy. Diagnosis of OME was established after pneumatic otoscopy, tympanometry and audiometry. Following the therapeutical association 53 patients showed a complete resolution of the effusion. At the follow-up after 2 months, 4 children had a recurrence of effusion. We consider this treatment with a short course of steroids and antibiotics and effective method before referral for tube placement.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1994

[A double blind controlled study on S6472 capsules and granules in complicated urinary tract infection].

The efficacy, safety and usefulness of S6472 capsules (cefaclor, long-acting preparation) were investigated in non-catheterized patients with complicated cystitis using the double blind method with S6472 granules as a control. Each of the patients was orally administrated with 375 mg of the drug twice a day for 7 days, and clinical effectiveness was evaluated according to the Criteria of Drug Efficacy of UTI (the Third Edition). The following results were obtained. 1. There was no significant bias between the capsule-administrated group (A) and the granule-administrated group (B) in background factors. 2. The overall clinical efficacy rates were 78.7% in Group A and 80.5% in Group B, which showed no significant difference. No significant difference was observed also between groups IV and VI in the efficacy for any of the UTI groups. 3. Eradication rates in bacteriological response were 85.9% and 86.0% in Group A and B, respectively. 4. Clinical efficacy rates evaluated according to doctors in charge of patients were 78.7% and 74.7% in Group A and B, respectively, showing no significant difference between the two groups. 5. The incidences of adverse reactions were 3.0% in Group A (3 out of 101 cases) and 7.1% in Group B (7 out of 98), thus no significant difference was found between the two groups. Abnormal test values in laboratory examinations included 5 cases (in 4 among 75 patients) in Group A, but were not detected in any of the 76 patients in Group B. No statistically significant difference were observed between the two groups, however. 6. No significant difference between the two groups was observed in the usefulness evaluation including efficacy and safety profiles on an analog scale by the doctors in charge of patients. These results indicate that S6472 capsules have the same efficacy, safety and usefulness as S6472 granules, suggesting that both drugs are equally excellent for non-catheterized patients with complicated cystitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Study of susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to beta-lactams by using HTM gelose (Haemophilus test medium)].

HTM agar was used for in vitro study of bêta-lactam antibiotics activity on H. influenzae. Tested strains belong to the three ampicillin phenotypes: sensitive, betalactamase production and ampicillin resistance without production of betalactamase. Using 2 micrograms ampicillin disk, diameters > or = 20 mm and < 20 mm separate ampicillin sensitive and resistant strains. The following zone-size breakpoints could be suggested: ampicillin (10 micrograms) > or = 25 and < 22 mm; amoxicillin (25 micrograms) > or = 26 mm and < 23 mm; ampicillin/sulbactam (10/10 micrograms) > or = 25 mm and < 22 mm; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 micrograms) > or = 26 mm and < 23 mm; cefaclor (30 micrograms) > or = 25 mm and < 20 mm; cefuroxime (10 micrograms) > or = 22 mm and < 19 mm; cefixime (10 micrograms) and cefpodoxime (10 micrograms) > or = 26 mm; cefotaxime (30 micrograms) et ceftriaxone (30 micrograms) > or = 30 mm. The zone-size breakpoints concentrations, distribution of bacterial populations, mechanisms of resistance. In vitro study may screen for ampicillin resistance mechanisms.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1995

[Azithromycin, pharmacodynamic evaluation in animal models].

Several experimental models have been used in order to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of azithromycin against numerous human pathogenic bacteria and parasites, including comparison between azithromycin and other antibiotics belonging or not to the macrolide family. Using the experimental models, three major objectives can be distinguished: the comparative studies of the efficacy dose 50 (ED50) of azithromycin compared to other orally given antibiotics, the azithromycin efficacy in animal infected with intracellular multiplying micro-organisms, and the demonstration of the specific azithromycin accumulation in tissues in direct relationship with the local recruitment of phagocytic cells at the infectious foci. The ED50 of azithromycin has been compared with those of erythromycin or cefaclor in varying acute murine infections. Evidence was given of a similar efficacy for the three tested antibiotics. Nevertheless a marked advantage for azithromycin was observed in experimental local infections and with infections due to Gram-negative bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis). The second objective was to confirm in vivo the preferential efficacy of azithromycin in models using intracellular multiplying microorganisms, due to its great capacity to accumulate inside of professional phagocytes. Several models have been used, such as those performed with Listeria monocytogenes, Legionella pneumophila, S. typhimurium, Brucella melitensis, M. avium and C. trachomatis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Analytical investigation of beta-lactam antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations. IX. Colorimetric determination of six cephalosporins of second and third generation in the range of micromolar concentrations.

A sensitive, accurate, precise and the same time simple and rapid method for the colorimetric determination of some cephalosporins of the second and third generations, such as: cefoxitin sodium (CFXT), cefaclor (CFCL), cefamandole nafate (CFMD), ceforanide l-lysine (CFRN), cefotaxime sodium (CFTX), and cefurozime sodium (CFRX) was described. The new method proposed is based: a) On the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by the drug analysed and b) On complexation of Fe(II) formed with o-Phenanthroline (O-Phen) consistently the formation of the well known highly stable orange-red coloured chelate complex [Fe(II)-(o-Phen)3]2+ which exhibits an absorption maximum at lambda = 510 nm (pH 4.50 +/- 0.2). Beer's law is obeyed for: 1.0 - 37.5 microgram mL-1 for CFX, 1.0 - 25.0 microgram mL-1 for CFMD, CFRN, and CFTX and 2.0 - 37.5 microgram mL-1 for CFTX and CFCL, while the apparent molar absorptivity ( epsilon in L mol-1cm-1) and the Sandell's sensitivity in (ngcm-2) both referred to the drug analyzed, are 1.29 x 10(4); 34.7 (CFXT), 7.61 x 10(3); 50.7 (CFCL), 3.33 x 10(4); 15.4 (CFMD), 2.60 x 10(4); 17.6 (CFRN) respectively. The regression line equation for each one of the above studied cephalosporins were calculated with a correlation coefficient 0.9997 < r < 1.0000; the accuracy and the precision of the method was considered as very satisfactory, while the results of a statistical analysis by means of the Student's t-test and the variance ratio F-test prove that no significant difference was observed between the results of the proposed method and those of official one.

Cefaclor↗
PubMed1997

[The drug susceptibility pattern of the presumed etiologic agents of infectious enteritis including verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O-157].

The drug susceptibility patterns were investigated for verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) including O-157, Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni that were obtained in and after July 1996. The results are summarized as follows; 1. We found highly resistant strains of VTEC to tetracycline (TC) and ampicillin (ABPC). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of some of the drugs against VTEC in an aerobic condition were significantly different from those in an anaerobic condition. For example, aerobic.anaerobic MIC ranges of the drugs tested were as follows: chroramphenicol (CP): 1.56-3.13 micrograms/ml.0.78-1.56 micrograms/ml, TC: 1.56-> 100 micrograms/ml.0.78-> 100 micrograms/ml, minocycline (MINO): 1.56-12.5 micrograms/ml.0.78-3.13 micrograms/ml, kanamycin (KM): 3.13-6.25 micrograms/ml.25-100 micrograms/ml, fosfomycin (FOM): 3.13-25 micrograms/ml.0.78-6.25 micrograms/ml, norfloxacin (NFLX): < or = 0.025-0.2 microgram/ml.< or = 0.025-0.2 microgram/ml, ABPC: 1.56-> 100 micrograms/ml.0.78-> 100 micrograms/ml and cefaclor (CCL): 1.56-25 micrograms/ml.56-12.5 micrograms/ml. MICs of CP and tetracyclines (TCs) in an anaerobic condition were lower by twofold and the MIC of FOM was lower by fourfold, but the variabilities of MIC-ranges of NFLX, ABPC and CCL were small. The MIC of KM was high. 2. We observed that some of Salmonella spp. were highly resistant to CP, TCs and MINO, and some were moderately resistant to NFLX. 3. The detection frequency of TC-resistant strains and NFLX-insensitive or resistant strains were high among C. jejuni subsp. jejuni. 4. Strains of V. parahaemolyticus and C. jejuni subsp. jejuni were mostly resistant to ABPC and CCL, MICs of which were in high ranges. 5. Fecal concentrations in MINO, KM, FOM and NFLX reported in literatures are high enough to have some antimicrobial activities, leed dose of ABPC and CCL are quite low.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1998

[Drug susceptibility of clinically isolated Helicobacter pylori].

Between January 1995 and March 1997, 78 Helicobacter pylori strains were isolated from patients with gastritis and gastric ulcer and their drug-susceptibilities to 8 antimicrobial agents and 3 anti-ulcer drugs were determined. Imipenem was the most active agent and its MICs to all the strains tested were lower than 0.013 microgram/ml. Amoxicillin, cefaclor and minocycline were active against H. pylori with MIC90s of 0.05 microgram/ml, 0.78 microgram/ml and 0.39 microgram/ml, respectively, and no resistant strains against these drugs were isolated. However, resistant strains to clarithromycin (isolation frequency: 9%), erythromycin (13%), ofloxacin (8%) and metronidazole (13%) were isolated. Triple, double and single resistant strains to above 4 antimicrobial agents were noted. No quadruple resistant strain was isolated. Frequencies of those resistance patterns were 14.3% (triple), 28.6% (double), and 57.1% (single), respectively. Seven erythromycin-resistant strains were shown to be cross-resistant to clarithromycin but 3 erythromycin-resistant strains were susceptible to clarithromycin. It seems likely that this phenomenon is caused by the fact that clarithromycin is more active to H. pylori than erythromycin. The MIC90 value of lansoprazole was lower than those of omeprazole and famotidine.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1997

[The drug sensitivity of enterohemorragic Escherichia coli and antibiotics treatment for hemorrhagic enterocolitis--from an outbreak of enterocolitis in Sakai city].

In July, 1996, a massive outbreak of hemorrhagic enterocolitis involving more than 5,000 people was caused by enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 occurred mainly among elementary school children of Sakai City, Japan. The antibacterial activities in vitro against EHEC from stool specimens were determined. Norfloxacin showed the highest antibacterial activity, and fosfomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, cefaclor were considered as effective drugs. But doxycycline showed lower antibacterial activities compared to other examined drugs, and it appears necessary to take antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli into consideration when a treatment regimen is determined. As a result of the oral administration of fosfomycin to 95 patients of hemorrhagic enterocolitis and carrier, no patients developed complications with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). However, a study of 17 patients with HUS demonstrated the fact that most of them were subjected to intravenous administration of fosfomycin. It may be needed to consider oral administration route of effective antibiotics in the treatment of enterocolitis in order to maintain high concentrations of a drug in the intestine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

[Selection of antibacterial therapy for treatment of infections in elderly patients].

Examination of 60 elderly outpatients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) revealed that 73 per cent of the patients isolated the pathogen associations and only 27 per cent isolated the monocultures. Grampositive cocci including Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from 70 per cent of the patients, Haemophilus influenzae and H.parainfluenzae were isolated from 20 per cent of the patients and Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginsa were isolated from 10 per cent of the patients. The patients were treated with ciprofloxacin, cefaclor or amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Ciprofloxacin proved to be the most efficient agent. The regimens of the ofloxacin use in a dose of 400 mg orally once a day or in a dose of 200 mg intravenously twice a day for 2-4 days followed by the oral use for 6-8 days in the treatment of 24 patients with LRTI hospitalized into a therapeutic unit were compared. it was shown (pharmacokinetically as well) that the regiment with the drug use in the single dose was more efficient. Lomefloxacin was suggested to be the most advantageous drug in the treatment of elderly patients with LRTI because of its easy use, practically no dependence of the pharmacokinetics on the patient age and almost no nephrotoxic action.

Aged↗